Extreme shape differences between Apis mellifera intermissa, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. capensis along the first two canonical variates (Fig. 3A, B). A and B fore wing shape differences along the first and second canonical variate, respectively. C and D hind wing shape differences along the first and second canonical variate, respectively (scale factor ×3 and ×2 respectively). Grey lines depict the shape associated with the negative values and black lines the shape associated with the positive values of the respective canonical variate.