Corresponding author: David R. Smith (
Academic editor: W. Pulawski
Seven species of the primarily hyperparasitoid family
Other than original descriptions and catalogs, no work has been done on the trigonalid fauna of Madagascar. In the most recent list by
Trigonalids have been recorded from the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Majunga, Toamasina, and Toliara and probably occur throughout Madagascar.
Images were obtained using an EntoVision Imaging Suite that included a firewire JVC KY-75 3CCD digital camera mounted to a Leica M16 zoom lens via a Leica z-step microscope stand. Multiple focal planes were merged using Cartograph 5.6.0 (Microvision Instruments, France) software.
Specimens used in this study are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA (CAS); Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany (MNHU); Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM); and the collection of Pierre Tripotin, Mont Saint-Aignan, France (PT).
Locality data are recorded essentially as they appear on the specimen labels. Characterization of genera and validity of generic names was treated by
Madagascar previously was divided into six provinces and 22 regions. The 22 regions became the highest subdivisions in 2007 (
1 | Antenna black; mesosoma and metasoma predominantly black; wings darkened ( |
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– | Antenna with white central band; mesosoma and usually metasoma predominantly orange to yellow, metasoma commonly partly black dorsally; wings hyaline ( |
2 |
2 | Mesosoma black posterior to transscutal articulation, mesoscutellum and metascutellum white ( |
3 |
– | Mesosoma orange, mesoscutellum and metascutellum may be yellow ( |
4 |
3 | Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, anterior width about 0.8× medial length ( |
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– | Mesoscutellum about as long as broad, anterior width about 1.1× medial length ( |
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4 | Frons completely white, not interrupted in center by broad, black band ( |
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– | Frons interrupted in middle by broad black stripe ( |
5 |
5 | Propodeum with transverse carinae ( |
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– | Propodeum with irregular reticulate sculpture ( |
6 |
6 | Mesoscutellum slightly broader than long, anterior width 1.2× medial length ( |
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Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, anterior width about 0.9× medial length ( |
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male, labeled “PROVINCE TOAMASINA: Montagne d'Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev 470 m, 8–12 Mar 2003,
Same data as for holotype (1 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS, USNM); “PROVINCE ANTSIRANANA: Marojejy Nat'l Park, 5 km W Manantenina village, Camp Mantella, 28 April – 7 May 2005,
Female (
(
Antenna with 28 antennomeres. Head from above slightly concave behind, distance behind eyes about 0.7× eye length (
Madagascar: Antsiranana, Toamasina.
The specific name is from the Latin
The short parameres of the male genitalia place this species close to
Holotype female at MNHN, labeled “Muséum Paris,” “Madagascar, Mgn l’Ambre,” “Muséum Paris 1.34 A. Seyrig,” “TYPE [red],” “Orthogonalys gigantea sp. n. holotype ♀, det. P. L. G.
PROVINCE ANTSIRANANA: “Madagascar Nord, dct Diégo-Suarez, Analamerana, 80 m, 50 km SE Diégo, I-59, Andria R.” (1 ♂, MNHN).
Female (
Antenna missing (see male). Head from above nearly straight behind, behind eyes slightly expanded, distance behind eyes about equal to eye length (
(
Antenna with 28 antennomeres, otherwise similar to female. Paramere oval, about 1.4× as long as broad, broadly rounded at apex (
Madagascar: Antsiranana.
The status of this species has been questionable.
After study of both sexes, we note a number of characters that justify treating
This species is known only from northern Madagascar. The holotype and associated male were collected in the same area, around Diego Suarez, the two localities only about 50 km apart.
PROVINCE FIANARANTSOA: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 10–21 March 2003,
Female (
(
Antenna with 26–28 antennomeres. Head from above almost straight behind, distance behind eyes about 0.8× eye length, with scattered fine punctures (
Madagascar: Antananarivo (Ankaratra,
See discussion under
Holotype male at MNHU, labeled “O. –Madagaskar, Rogez 11.32, Seyrig S.” “Orthogonalos seyrigi f. maculata Bisch. Type ♂ 1933, det. Bischoff” “TYPUS” “Zool. Mus. Berlin.”
PROVINCE ANTSIRANANA: Marojejy Nat'l Park, 5 km W Manantenina village, Camp Mantella, 18–30 May 2005,
Female (
(
Antenna with 28–29 antennomeres. Head from above nearly straight behind; distance behind eyes about 0.7× eye length (
Madagascar: Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina.
The color of
Male, labeled “Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 15–28 May 2003,” “
“Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Miandritsara Forest, 40 km S Ambositra,
Female. Unknown.
(
Antenna with 28–29 antennomeres. Head from above slightly emarginated behind; head behind eyes about 0.8× eye length (
From the species name “
This species is similar to
There are five paratypes at MNHN from Rogez, most in bad condition. Two are males, one with the antennae missing; one is a female, probably the only female in the original type series and the allotype designated by Bischoff, and is missing the head; two others are probably males but have the head and metasoma missing.
Female. Known by female allotype as designated by
(
Antenna with 26 – 28 antennomeres. Head from above with posterior margin slightly concave; head behind eyes subequal to eye length (
Madagascar: Mahajanga (Andreba) (
The short parameres of the male genitalia (
Not examined. Kriechbaumer described this species from a female from “Port Natal 24.4.93”, now Durban, South Africa. The holotype of
PROVINCE FIANARANTSOA: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 5–13 May 2002,
Female (
Not seen.
Madagascar: Fianarantsoa, Toliara (type locality of
Schultz (1910) stated that this was reared from an unidentified lepidopteran pupa.
We have seen only one specimen and do not characterize this species further. It is readily separated from the
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-0072713 to B. L. Fisher and C. E. Griswold and DEB-0344731 to B. L. Fisher and P. S. Ward. Fieldwork that provided the basis for this work could not have been completed without the gracious support of the Malagasy people. We thank R. Zuparko, California Academy of Sciences, and F. Koch, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, for loan of specimens, and C. Villemant and Agniėle Touret-Alby, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, for allowing study of specimens and taking images. We are thankful for the work of Michele Touchet, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, DC, for helping with the images. We appreciate the reviews of J. Prena and T. J. Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, DC. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.