Corresponding author: James Woolley (
Academic editor: M. Yoder
The
The genus
The genus
Species in
Group | Species | Original description |
mali complex |
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1 new species described in this paper2 insufficient description to be included in tree or key3 difference from
Three new species in the
We tabulated and coded 19 traits for species in the
The ventral surface of the antennal scape refers to the surface that is ventral when the antennae are deployed, or anterior when the antennae are folded on the face. F1, F2 and F3 refer to the first, second and third segments of the funicle of the antennal flagellum, respectively. T1, T2 etc. refer to metasomal terga. We use the term ovipositor to refer to the anatomical cluster consisting of the first valvula, second valvula, third valvula, first valvifer and second valvifer. Length of the ovipositor is the measurement (generally of a slide-mounted specimen) from the anterior margin of the second valvifer to the posterior (distal) end of the third valvula.
Measurements were made with an eyepiece reticle in a Leica MZ16 microscope or Zeiss standard 16 compound microscope, or from digital images captured using the methods described above. As with any species of
Traits coded for species in
Species | F3 female1 | F3 male2 | Club female3 | Club male4 | Procoxa color5 | Profemur color6 | Mesofemur color7 | Protibia color8 | Mesotibia color9 | Metatibia color10 | Metasoma color11 | Ovipositor to mesotibia12 |
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1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ? |
1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
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1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
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2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | |
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1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
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1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
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2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
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2 | 3 | ? | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ? |
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1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
1- F3 female: 1 = subquadrate, 2 = at least 1.2× longer than wide2- F3 male: 1 = subquadrate, 2 = 1.2 to 2.0× longer than wide, 3 = more than 2.0× longer than wide3- Club female: 1 = less than 2.5× as long as wide, 2 = at least 2.5× as long as wide4- Club male: 1 = less than 3× as long as wide, 2 = at least 3× as long as wide5- Procoxae: 1 = dark, 2 = yellow, 3 = pale in females, dark grey in males6- Profemora: 1 = dark, 2 = dark with apex pale, 3 = yellow or pale, 4 = yellow in females, middle part fuscous in males7- Mesofemora: 1 = dark, 2 = dark with apex pale, 3 = yellowish white, 4 = yellow in females, middle part fuscous in males, 5 = middle part dark brown in both sexes8- Protibia: 1 = pale brownish yellow with basal half dark brown, 2 = white, yellow or pale, 3 = pale to grey, 4 = pale yellow, often with middle part darker9- Mesotibia: 1 = black with apex brownish yellow, 2 =- middle part dark, base and apex lighter, 3 = yellow or yellowish white, 4 = pale yellow, middle part dark, 5 = dark with distal half pale10- Metatibia: 1 = dark brown or black, 2 = dark with apex pale, 3 = black or brown with base white, 4 = pale yellow, often with middle part darker11- Metasoma: 1 = T1 or T1&T2 yellow, 2 = T1 or T1&T2 and apex pale, 3 = T1-T3 yellow, 4 = dark, black, 5 = female yellow with brown dorsum, except T1&T2, male dark with pale base, 6 = female yellow with brown dorsum except T1&T2, male base and apex pale12- Ovipositor / mesotibia: 1 = less than 1.2, 2 = 1.3–1.5, 3 = more than 1.5
List of anatomical terms and links to URI locations in the
Term | Definition | URI |
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antenna | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the scape, pedicel and flagellum. |
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apical denticle | The spur that is located distally on the gonossiculus. |
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base | The tergum that is located on abdominal segment 2 AND The tergum that is located on the abdominal segment 3. | |
body | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the whole organism but which excludes the antennae, legs and wings. |
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club | The anatomical cluster composed of the apical flagellomeres that are differentiated by size from the basal flagellomeres. |
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compound eye | The compound organ that is composed of ommatidia. |
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costal cell | The membranous region of the forewing anterior to the submarginal vein, measured from the basal constriction that delimits the apex of the humeral plate of the wing to the point at which the submarginal vein touches the leading edge of the wing. |
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coxa | The leg segment that is connected to the body and to the trochanter via conjunctivae and muscles. |
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digitus | The sclerite that is located distally on the parossiculus. |
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edge | The margin that extends along the border of two areas that are oriented differently. |
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eye margin | The margin of the compound eye. |
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F1 | The flagellomere that is proximally attached to the pedicel. |
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F2 | The flagellomere that is located distal to the first flagellomere. |
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F3 | The flagellomere that is located immediately distal to the second flagellomere. |
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femur | The leg segment that is distal to the trochanter and proximal to the tibia. |
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fore wing | The wing that is located on the mesothorax. |
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frontovertex | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the vertex and the dorsal area of the upper face dorsal to the frontofacial ridge. |
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genitalia | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupula, gonostyle, volsella and the aedeagus. |
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head | The tagma that is located anterior to the thorax. |
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hind wing | The wing that is located on the metathorax. |
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leg | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the coxa and all distal leg segments and is connected to the pectus. |
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longitudinal sensillum | The multiporous plate sensillum that is elongate. |
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mandible | The sclerite that is connected to the cranium along the anterior margin of the oral foramen via the anterior and posterior cranio-mandibular articulations. |
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margin | The line that delimits the periphery of an area. |
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marginal vein | The abscissa that is located along the anterior margin of the fore wing and is thought to correspond to the anterior abscissa of the radius (R1). |
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mesobasitarsus | The basitarsus that is located in the mid leg. |
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mesocoxa | The coxa that is located on the mid leg. |
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mesofemur | The femur that is located on the mid leg. |
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mesoscutum | The area that is located anterior to the transscutal articulation. |
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mesosoma | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the prothorax, mesothorax and the metapectal-propodeal complex. |
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mesotibia | The tibia that is located on the mid leg. |
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mesotibial spur | The tibial spur that is located on the mesotibia. |
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metabasitarsus | The basitarsus that is located on the hind leg. |
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metabasitarsus | The basitarsus that is located on the hind leg. |
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metacoxa | The coxa that is located on the hind leg. |
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metasoma | The tagma that is connected anteriorly to the metapectal-propodeal complex at the propodeal foramen and consists of abdominal segments. |
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metatibia | The tibia that is located on the hind leg. |
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metatibial spur | The tibial spur that is located on the metatibia. |
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mid lobe of mesoscutum | The area that is located between the notauli. |
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occipital margin | The edge that separates the occiput from the vertex. |
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ocellus | The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus. |
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ovipositor | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the first valvulae, second valvulae, third valvulae, first valvifers and second valvifers . |
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pedicel | The antennal segment that is the second segment of the antenna and is connected proximally with the scape and distally with the flagellum. |
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phallobase | The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupulae, gonostipites and volsellae. |
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posterior ocellus | The ocellus that is paired. |
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procoxa | The coxa that is located on the fore leg. |
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profemur | The femur that is located on the fore leg. |
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protibia | The tibia that is located on the fore leg. |
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row | The anatomical cluster that is composed of repeated units of anatomical structures. |
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scape | The antennal segment that is proximal to the pedicel and is connected with the head via the radicle. |
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sculpture | The area that is located on the sclerite and that is composed of repetitive anatomical structures. |
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scutellar sensillum | The campaniform sensillum that is paired and is located submedially on the mesoscutellum. |
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scutellum | The area that is located posteriorly of the transscutal line and is composed of the axillae and the mesoscutellum. |
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secretory pore | The anatomical space that corresponds to the distal end of an exocrine gland. |
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seta | The sensillum that is multicellular and consists of trichogen, tormogen, and sense cells. |
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side lobe | The area that is located between the notaulus and the parascutal carina. |
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stigma | The patch on the wing that is sclerotized and is located on the anterior margin of the fore wing. |
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submarginal vein | Basal-most portion of the forewing vein complex that occurs behind the costal cell; measured from the constriction that delimits the humeral plate to the point at which the vein touches the leading edge of the wing apically. |
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T1 | The tergum that is located on abdominal segment 2. |
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T2 | The tergum that is located on the abdominal segment 3. |
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tarsus | The leg segment that is apical to the tibia. |
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third valvula | The sclerite that is located posterior to the second valvifer and is connected to the second valvifer via conjuntiva. |
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tooth | The projection that is located distally on the mandible. |
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wing | The wing that is located on the mesothorax. |
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Following the work of
1 | Female: procoxa white or yellowish-white, male: procoxa yellowish-white or grey, both sexes: meso- and metacoxae dark | 2 |
– | All coxae dark in both sexes | 4 |
2(1) | F3 more than twice as long as broad in male, subquadrate in female |
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– | F3 less than twice as long as broad in male and from subquadrate to more than 1.4× as long as broad in female. | 3 |
3(2) | Procoxa yellowish white in male; metatibia yellowish white; metabasitarsus pale; club light brown in male; metasoma dark with base yellow in female and slightly pale in male; ovipositor less than 1.2× middle tibia . |
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– | Procoxa grey in male, particularly on anterior surface; metatibia dark in center; metabasitarsus greyish brown; club yellow in male; metasoma dark with T1&2, venter, and apex yellow in female and base and apex yellow in male; ovipositor more than 1.2× mesotibia. | |
4(1) | F3 longer than broad in male and subquadrate to longer than broad in female; metasoma dark or dark with pale base, but with apex dark | 5 |
– | F3 subquadrate in both male and female; metasoma dark with pale base or pale base and apex. | 8 |
5(4) | Pro- and metafemur dark; protibia dark or dark with yellow apex; metasoma dark or dark with pale base | 6 |
– | Pro- and metafemur partly yellow; protibia yellow; metasoma dark with pale base. | 7 |
6(5) | Scape yellow to pale brown with apical third yellow; pedicel and club infuscate brown; metabasitarsus dark; F3 subquadrate in female and 1.2–2× as long as broad in male; metasoma dark with pale base |
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– | Scape dark brown to black; pedicel yellow in female and yellow to dusky in male; club yellow; metabasitarsus yellow; F3 longer than broad in female and more than 2× as long as broad in male; metasoma dark. |
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7(6) | Pro- and mesofemur dark with base and apex pale; protibia dark with pale base and apex, metatibia dark with pale apex; F3 1.2–1.5 as long as broad in female and 1.2–2× as long as broad in males; ovipositor equal to metatibia; metasoma dark with T1–T3 yellow |
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– | Pro- and mesofemur dark with apex pale; protibia dark with brownish yellow apex, metatibia dark; F3 subquadrate in female and 1.2–2× as long as broad in male; ovipositor more than 1.5× mesotibia; metasoma dark with T1 or T1&2 yellow. |
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8(4) | Profemur pale yellow, mesofemur pale yellow in female, dark brown in male; metabasitarsus yellow; metasoma dark with base yellow |
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– | Profemur dark with apex pale yellow, mesofemur dark in both sexes; metabasitarsus dark; metasoma dark with base and apex yellow. | 9 |
9(8) | Club more than 2× as long as broad in female; metatibia dark with pale base | 11 |
– | Club 2× as long as broad in females; metatibia all dark. | 10 |
10(9) | Club and pedicel light brown in female and darker in males; mesofemur dark; mesotibia dark with pale base and apex. |
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– | Club pale yellow in female and male; pedicel dusky yellow in female and light brown in male; mesotibia dark with brownish yellow apex |
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11(9) | Club more than 3× as long as broad in males; scape yellowish white in female and infuscate brown in male; mesotibia dark with base and apex pale | |
– | Club less than 3× as long as broad in males; scape dark brown with distal half yellow in both sexes; mesotibia dark with distal half yellow |
Female (
(card-mounted, deposited in USNM, USNM ENT 00703637).“China: Liaoning, Xiuyan |
(USNM, TAMU, BMNH)
In the field,
This species is named for the host from which it was collected. The species epithet is a noun in genitive case.
Female (
(card-mounted, deposited in USNM, USNM ENT 00763638)
(USNM, TAMU, BMNH)
In the field,
This species is named for the primary host plant of the aphid species from which it was collected. The species epithet is a noun in genitive case.
Female (
(
(USNM, TAMU, BMNH)
None.
In the field,
This species is named for its country of origin. The species epithet is a noun in genitive case.
Alyssa Mann, undergraduate student at Texas A&M University, helped with digital imaging and preparation of figures. Kathryn Lanier, USDA-ARS, Newark, Delaware, reared the cultures of