Corresponding author: Elijah J. Talamas (
Academic editor: Matthew Yoder
Among platygastroid genera, the diversity of species revealed by recent taxonomy is often an order of magnitude greater than was previously known (e.g.,
Our focus for this revision is on the geographical regions of Africa, Melanesia and the Indo-Malay islands based on the accessibility of primary types.
Although we were unable to access the type material for the Indian species, the high quality images of
Previous phylogenetic analyses of platygastroids have used morphological data (
This work is conducted as part of the
American Entomological Institute, Gainsville, USA
Natural History Museum, London, England
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada
Fiji National Insect Collection, Suva, Fiji
Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA
Lund Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Columbus, USA
Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Leiden Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum, Netherlands
Iziko Museums of Cape Town, South Africa
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA
anterior propodeal projection
felt field
occipital carina
post gena
posterior mesepimeral area
transverse carina of T2
Morphological terms used in this revision were matched to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO,
The description of surface sculpture is presented in two formats. Areas of the exoskeleton in which the sculptural elements are inseparable are described simply as “sculpture”. For areas in which the sculptural elements vary independently, sculpture is divided into three categories: punctation: round depressions associated with setae; macrosculpture: raised or sunken patterns of texture that are oriented linearly or radially with respect to punctation or the axes of the body; microsculpture: unoriented, very fine wrinkles or pustulations that occur on, in, or between elements of macrosculpture and punctation.
All of our analyses confirmed monophyly of the
Strict consensus tree based on 18S, 28S and CO1 sequences. Bootstrap support of 49 and higher indicated on tree. CI: 0.515. RI: 0.476.
Strict consensus tree based on 72 parsimony informative morphological characters. Bootstrap support of 45 and higher indicated on tree. CI: 0.289. RI: 0.782.
Strict consensus tree based on combined dataset of 72 morphological characters and 18S, 28S, and CO1 sequences. Bootstrap support of 49 and higher indicated on tree. CI: 0.481. RI: 0.585. Black circles indicate the optimization of characters from
The analysis of Partitioned Bremer Support (see
The pattern of clade support from 18S was consistent with a relatively slow rate of evolution in this gene; nodes at the base of
Morphological homoplasy within
We note that the genera within
The outgroups in our analysis represent a small fraction of the subfamily
The
The association between the
In addition to these ubiquitously present characters, species of the
The fauna of
Three valid species are known from the Seychelles.
The single species from Madagascar,
1 | Metascutellum setose ( |
|
– | Metascutellum glabrous ( |
2 |
2 | Occipital carina absent or incomplete and not reaching base of mandible ( |
3 |
– | Occipital carina extending to base of mandible ( |
4 |
3 | Frons without central keel ( |
|
– | Frons with central keel ( |
|
4 | T6 tranverse and evenly rounded posteriorly ( |
|
– | 6 about as long as wide and constricted apically ( |
5 |
5 | Horn of T1 with posteriorly directed spine ( |
|
– | Horn of T1 unarmed ( |
6 |
6 | Gena along posterodorsal margin of eye smooth and shining ( |
|
– | Gena along posterodorsal margin of eye with coarse surface sculpture ( |
1 | Metascutellum setose ( |
|
– | Metascutellum glabrous ( |
2 |
2 | Occipital carina incomplete and not reaching base of mandible ( |
|
– | Occipital carina extending to base of mandible ( |
3 |
3 | Gena along posterodorsal margin of eye with coarse surface sculpture ( |
|
– | Gena along posterodorsal margin of eye smooth and shining ( |
4 |
4 | Posterior mesepimeral area with large nonsetigerous punctures ( |
|
– | Posterior mesepimeral area entirely smooth ( |
Female body length: 1.32–1.75 mm (n=20). Male body length: 1.04–2.02 mm (n=19).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: spherical.
Color of head: brown to black. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: straight. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: dorsoventrally strigose; absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: present. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: appressed toward ocelli. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: brown to black.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: punctate.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: present; absent. Size of punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: very fine. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: mostly rugose with small smooth patch; smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area; coarsely sculptured. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: indistinguishable from propodeal sculpture except at posterior apex. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: punctate rugulose.
Length of postmarginal vein: slightly longer than stigmalis (<1.5×); equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous; spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: nebulous; spectral. M vein in forewing: nebulous; spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout; reduced anad of submarginal vein.
Color of metasoma: brown to black. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: longitudinally striate; weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: weakly crenulate laterally. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: longitudinally striate; rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: present.
The species epithet “anikulapo” is a Yoruban name meaning “he who carries death in his pouch”. It is given to this species as a reference to the parasitoid life history and is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 1.83 mm (n=1). Male body length: 2.28 mm (n=1).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: longer than wide by a factor less than 2.
Color of head: black; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: continuous with sculpture of dorsal frons. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: present. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: dorsoventrally strigose. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: rugulose to rugose with faint concentric tendency. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: brown; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: without dorsal surface. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: striate, striae short and poorly defined.
Anterior notaulus: absent. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: indicated by lesser degree of setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: areolate rugose.
Length of postmarginal vein: equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: nebulous. M vein in forewing: nebulous. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: brown; reddish brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
In
We did not examine any males of
Female body length: 1.15 mm (n=1).
Color of head: reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: smooth. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Central keel: absent. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: pustulate. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible.
Color of mesosoma: pale brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum.
Anterior notaulus: absent. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: irregularly rugulose. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of round cells. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of deep cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: present. Lateral propodeal area: raised above propodeal surface and indicated by lesser setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: weakly to moderately rugose.
Length of postmarginal vein: equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent.
Holotype, female,
Female body length: 1.86–2.13 mm (n=4).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one.
Color of head: brown to black; dark yellow; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: smooth. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: equal to or less than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: rounded. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: present. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: reticulate microfissures. Microsculpture of posterior gena: present. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: absent. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: dark yellow; pale brown; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: absent. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: punctate; striate, striae short and poorly defined.
Anterior notaulus: absent. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: reticulate microfissures. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: convex.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area; tiny smooth strip. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: present. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: spectral. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow; pale brown; reddish brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: present. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: present; absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: longitudinally striate; absent; weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate; longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
The species that we here synonymize differ only in color.
Lectotype (by present designation), female,
Male body length: 1.86 mm (n=1).
Shape of male flagellomeres: longer than wide by a factor less than 2.
Color of head: dark brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Central keel: absent. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible.
Color of mesosoma: reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: uniform throughout.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Size of punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: large. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: coarsely sculptured. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Length of postmarginal vein: equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: infuscate. Color of anal margin in male: infuscate. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Macrosculpture of S1: longitudinally striate. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures.
Lectotype (by present designation), male,
Female body length: 1.47–2.05 mm (n=20). Male body length: 1.47–2.14 mm (n=20).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: two. Shape of male flagellomeres: longer than wide by a factor less than 2.
Color of head: brown to black; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: concave with median bulge. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: pustulate. Microsculpture of posterior gena: present. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: appressed toward ocelli. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: dense.
Color of mesosoma: brown to black; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: absent. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells; present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose; punctate.
Anterior notaulus: absent; reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate; smoothly furrowed. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: straight; emarginate; convex.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: rugose. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area; coarsely sculptured. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: spectral. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: reduced anad of submarginal vein.
Color of metasoma: yellow; pale brown; brown to black. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: posteriorly projecting spine. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: medial tuft. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: line of dense setae along longitudinal ridge. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
Collected on
Lectotype (by present designation), female:
The posterior margin of the metascutellum, a character used previously in identification keys for this species, is typically emarginate, but may be straight or convex.
Female body length: 1.63–1.76 mm (n=6). Male body length: 1.68–2.28 mm (n=2).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: two. Shape of male flagellomeres: longer than wide by a factor less than 2.
Color of head: dark brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye; continuous with sculpture of dorsal frons. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: dorsoventrally strigose. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugose. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: brown; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: absent. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: irregularly rugulose. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of round cells. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Size of punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: large. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: rugose. Dorsal metapleural area: coarsely sculptured. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: indicated by lesser degree of setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: punctate rugulose.
Length of postmarginal vein: shorter than stigmal vein by less than one half length of stigmal vein; equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: reduced anad of submarginal vein.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: posteriorly projecting spine. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: longitudinally strigose laterally. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: present. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
The Latin adjectival epithet “trispinosa” is given to this species for the spines of the metascutellum and horn of T1.
Holotype, female:
We did not examine any males of
From the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi we describe a single species. Although this region has few species of
With five species, the Fijian islands are a hotspot of diversity for
In addition to the specimens of
1 | Metascutellum setose ( |
|
– | Metascutellum glabrous ( |
2 |
2 | Metascutellum bispinose ( |
3 |
– | Posterior margin of metascutellum straight or convex ( |
5 |
3 | S2 felt field present anterolaterally in coarsely rugose excavation ( |
|
– | S2 felt field present laterally as a longitudinal patch of setigerous punctures ( |
4 |
4 | Horn of T1 with posteriorly directed spine ( |
|
– | Horn of T1 without spine ( |
|
5 | Occipital carina absent, occipital rim without border of cells or crenulae anteriorly ( |
|
– | Occipital carina present, bordered anteriorly by punctures or crenulae ( |
6 |
6 | Felt field of S2 present anteromedially ( |
|
– | Felt field of S2 present laterally as longitudinal line of setae ( |
7 |
7 | Horn of T1 smooth or with median longitudinal carina ( |
|
– | Horn of T1 with transverse ridge ( |
1 | Metascutellum bispinose ( |
2 |
– | Posterior margin of metascutellum straight or convex ( |
3 |
2 | S2 felt field present anterolaterally in coarsely rugose excavation ( |
|
– | S2 felt field present laterally as a longitudinal patch of setigerous punctures ( |
|
3 | Metascutellum setose ( |
|
– | Metascutellum glabrous ( |
4 |
4 | Occipital carina absent, occipital rim without border of punctures or crenulae anteriorly ( |
|
– | Occipital carina present, bordered anteriorly by punctures or crenulae ( |
5 |
5 | Felt field of S2 present anteromedially ( |
|
– | Felt field of S2 present laterally as longitudinal line of setae ( |
6 |
6 | T3 weakly longitudinally striate laterally | |
– | T3 without surface sculpture |
Female body length: 2.39–3.07 mm (n=7). Male body length: 2.36–2.63 mm (n=4).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: two. Shape of male flagellomeres: spherical.
Color of head: brown to black. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: straight. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: continuous with sculpture of dorsal frons. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: present. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: dorsoventrally strigose. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: appressed toward ocelli. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: brown to black.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: punctate.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: present. Lateral propodeal area: raised above propodeal surface and indicated by lesser setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: areolate rugose.
Length of postmarginal vein: equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: nebulous. M vein in forewing: nebulous. Color of costal cell in female: infuscate. Color of sub-radial area in female: infuscate. Color of costal cell in male: infuscate. Color of cubito-medial area in female: infuscate. Color of anal margin in female: infuscate. Color of cubito-medial area in male: infuscate. Color of anal margin in male: infuscate. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: infuscate. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: brown to black. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: present; absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: smooth. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: rugulose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: weakly rugulose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: longitudinally strigose laterally. Macrosculpture of female T5: weakly crenulate laterally. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: present. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: present.
Excluding members of the
Holotype, female,
Galloway (1984) erected
Female body length: 2.53–2.78 mm (n=6). Male body length: 2.34–2.46 mm (n=3).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: between 2 and 3 times as long as wide.
Color of head: reddish brown; orange. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: equal to or less than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: continuous with sculpture of dorsal frons. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: present. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: dorsoventrally strigose. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: reddish brown; orange.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: absent; present in posterodorsal corner of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: punctate.
Anterior notaulus: absent; reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: uniform throughout. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of deep cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Size of punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: large. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: present.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: present. Lateral propodeal area: raised above propodeal surface and indicated by lesser setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: punctate rugulose.
Length of postmarginal vein: shorter than stigmal vein by less than one half length of stigmal vein; equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: nebulous. M vein in forewing: nebulous. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline along stigmal vein, infuscate distally. Color of sub-radial area in female: infuscate. Color of costal cell in male: infuscate distally, hyaline along stigmal vein. Color of cubito-medial area in female: infuscate. Color of anal margin in female: infuscate. Color of cubito-medial area in male: infuscate. Color of anal margin in male: infuscate. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: nebulous. Setation of hind wing: reduced anad of submarginal vein.
Color of metasoma: posterolateral T2–T3 and T5–T6 dark brown, otherwise yellow to dark orange. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: present; absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: posteriorly projecting spine. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: absent. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: weakly crenulate laterally. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: anterior excavation of coarse rugae. Marginal depression on S3: present. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: present.
The Greek word for marriage “mnestros” is given to this species to commemorate the wedding of Ryan St. Clair to Grace Wong, and because this species combines morphological structures commonly found in
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 1.34–1.82 mm (n=20). Male body length: 1.19–1.62 mm (n=10).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: more than 3 times as long as wide.
Color of head: dark brown; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: smooth. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: present. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: present; absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: present. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: present. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: present. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: dense.
Color of mesosoma: pale brown; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: absent. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells; present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells; present as smooth furrow. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: parallel-sided. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of round cells. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of deep cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: convex.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: present. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow; pale brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: transverse ridge. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: simple constriction. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: weakly convex. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: absent. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: striate anteriorly, few striae reaching T3. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: striate anteriorly, with few striae reaching T3. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Setation of S1: densely present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: absent. Form of S2 felt field: anteromedial tuft of dense setae. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
The epithet “pantex”, meaning “paunch” is given to this species for the dense tufts of setae on anteromedial S2. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 1.98–2.18 mm (n=4). Male body length: 2.24–2.33 mm (n=3).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: more than 3 times as long as wide.
Color of head: dark brown; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex; concave with median bulge. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: present. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: present. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: pale brown; orange.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: absent; present. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: straight.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: rugose; smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: present. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow; pale brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: transverse ridge. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: simple constriction. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: weakly convex. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: absent. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent; weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate; longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate; absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: sparse throughout. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: line of dense setae along longitudinal ridge. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
The Greek word “phrikos”, meaning “ruffling of a smooth surface”, refers to the transverse ridge on the horn of T1. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
. Female body length: 2.23–2.35 mm (n=6). Male body length: 2.25–2.38 mm (n=3).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: between 2 and 3 times as long as wide.
Color of head: black. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: present. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters; greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: dense.
Color of mesosoma: pale brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present; absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: straight.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: rugose. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: present. Setation of metasomal depression: present. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: transverse ridge. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: present. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Setation of S1: medial tuft. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: present. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: present.
The Greek epithet “skolops” meaning “anything pointed” refers to the posteriorly directed spine on the horn of T1 in females of this species. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
Male body length: 2.21 mm (n=1).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one.
Color of head: black. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: convex. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: less than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: rugose. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: pustulate. Microsculpture of posterior gena: present. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugose. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: appressed toward ocelli. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: coarsely striate.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: uniform throughout. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of round cells. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: present. Lateral propodeal area: raised above propodeal surface and indicated by lesser setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: separate from prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: areolate rugose.
Length of postmarginal vein: slightly longer than stigmalis (<1.5X). Rs in fore wing: nebulous. Cu vein in fore wing: nebulous. M vein in forewing: nebulous. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline along stigmal vein, infuscate distally. Color of sub-radial area in female: infuscate. Color of cubito-medial area in female: infuscate. Color of anal margin in female: infuscate. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Basal vein in hind wing: nebulous. Setation of hind wing: reduced anad of submarginal vein.
Color of metasoma: brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: present. Form of armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: posteriorly projecting spine. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: present. Marginal depressions on S4: present. Marginal depression on S5: present.
The adjectival Latin epithet “sulcata” means “furrowed” and refers to the clearly defined and separate metapleural and paracoxal sulci.
Holotype, male:
Female body length: 1.63–2.71 mm (n=11). Male body length: 1.38–1.62 mm (n=2).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: spherical.
Color of head: brown to black. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: straight. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: absent. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: absent. Microsculpture on dorsal head: pustulate. Microsculpture of posterior gena: present. Shape of gena: not receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: absent. Ventral extent of occipital carina: extending to base of mandible. Setation of postgena: dense.
Color of mesosoma: brown to black.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterior half of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of small cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: punctate.
Anterior notaulus: absent. Orientation of notauli: converging posteriorly. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: pustulate. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of round cells. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: absent. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Size of punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: very fine. Mesopleural carina: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: present. Posterior margin of metascutellum: straight; emarginate.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: separate. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: coarsely sculptured. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: straight to moderately convex.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: absent. Setation of metasomal depression: present. Posterior projection of the propodeum: present as a point formed by plical and lateral propodeal carinae. Plical carina: present. Lateral propodeal area: raised above propodeal surface and indicated by lesser setation. Shape of lateral propodeal area: continuous with prespiracular propodeal area. Sculpture of lateral propodeal area: punctate rugulose.
Length of postmarginal vein: shorter than stigmal vein by less than one half length of stigmal vein; slightly longer than stigmalis (<1.5×); equal to stigmalis. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: spectral. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: pale brown; brown to black. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: transverse furrow. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: present. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: present throughout. Constriction of apical T6 in female: present. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: absent. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present throughout. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: lateral row or patch of setigerous punctures. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
The setose metascutellum of
This species is named after Charuwat Taekul, a friend, student and colleague of the authors, for his contributions to the taxonomy and systematics of
Holotype, female:
Specimen OSUC 334142 lacked setae on the metascutellum, as well as on other parts of the body, following the DNA extraction process that we believe caused loss of setation. Because setation of the metascutellum is the most diagnostic character for this species, we exclude the male DNA voucher specimen from the paratype series. The three specimens from the Ivory Coast exhibit notable variability in some of the diagnostic characters, namely, the posterior margin of the metascutellum is slightly emarginate; the setation of the metascutellum is medially reduced; and the postmarginal vein is slightly longer than the stigmal vein wheras it is equal to or less than the length of the stigmal vein in specimens from Asia and Madagascar.
Female body length: 1.56–2.51 mm (n=20). Male body length: 1.26–2.32 mm (n=12).
Number of basiconic sensilla on A8: one. Shape of male flagellomeres: more than 3 times as long as wide.
Color of head: brown to black; reddish brown. Distal margin of clypeus: serrate. Shape of distal margin of clypeus in anterior view: straight. Width of clypeus: greater than width across toruli. Lateral corner of clypeus: projecting into acute angle. Length of mediofacial striae: not extending above midpoint of compound eye. Anterodorsal node on interantennal process: absent. Central keel: absent. Length of OOL: greater than 2 ocellar diameters. Macrosculpture of frons between median ocellus and inner orbit of eye: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in male: absent. Patch of microsculpture posterior to lateral ocellus in female: present. Patch of microsculpture between median and lateral ocelli: present. Microsculpture on dorsal head: absent. Microsculpture of posterior gena: absent. Shape of gena: weakly to moderately receding posterior to eye. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Patch of microsculpture on temples: present; absent. Occipital carina above occipital foramen: simple. Anterior margin of occipital carina above occipital foramen: comprised of cells. Ventral extent of occipital carina: absent below occipital foramen. Setation of postgena: sparse.
Color of mesosoma: pale brown; reddish brown.
Shape of pronotal shoulder in dorsal view: narrow and striplike. Transverse pronotal carina: present in posterodorsal corner of pronotum. Dorsal half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as smooth furrow. Ventral half of pronotal cervical sulcus: present as line of large cells. Sculpture of pronotal setal patch: irregular striae to rugulose.
Anterior notaulus: reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as continuous furrow. Orientation of notauli: parallel. Shape of posterior notaulus: ovoid. Microsculpture on anterior half of medial mesoscutum: absent. Macrosculpture of anterior medial mesoscutum: absent. Pattern of punctation density on medial mesoscutum: increasing anteriorly. Scutoscutellar sulcus: comprised of short parallel striae. Median carina on posterior mesoscutellum: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: comprised of shallow round cells.
Punctures on dorsal part of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: crenulate. Striae ventrad of mesopleural carina: absent.
Setae on metascutellum: absent. Posterior margin of metascutellum: straight.
Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Paracoxal and metapleural sulci: fused. Sculpture of posterodorsal part of ventral metapleural area: mostly rugose with small smooth patch; smooth. Dorsal metapleural area: smooth defined area. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with triangular point above metapleural sulcus.
Anterior projection of the propodeum: present. Setation of metasomal depression: absent. Posterior projection of the propodeum: lamellate extension formed from lateral propodeal carina. Plical carina: absent. Lateral propodeal area: undifferentiated from plical area.
Length of postmarginal vein: less than half as long as stigmal vein. Rs in fore wing: spectral. Cu vein in fore wing: spectral. M vein in forewing: spectral. Color of costal cell in female: hyaline. Color of sub-radial area in female: hyaline. Color of costal cell in male: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in female: hyaline. Color of anal margin in female: hyaline. Color of cubito-medial area in male: hyaline. Color of anal margin in male: hyaline. RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Color of sub-stigmal area in male: hyaline. Basal vein in hind wing: spectral. Setation of hind wing: uniform throughout.
Color of metasoma: pale brown; reddish brown. Longitudinal median carina on horn of T1: absent. Armature on posterior surface of T1 horn: absent. Interstitial sculpture of T1: finely rugulose. Patch of dense fine setae on anterolateral T1: absent. Form of T2 sulcus: simple constriction. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: weakly convex. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in female: absent. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate, medial striae not reaching posterior margin. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Carina along posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2 in male: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of female T5: absent. Microscupture on female T6: absent. Constriction of apical T6 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of S1: rugose. Setation of S1: sparse throughout. Distribution of longitudinal striae on S2: present anteromedially. Macrosculpture of S2: longitudinally striate. Form of S2 felt field: line of dense setae along longitudinal ridge. Marginal depression on S3: absent. Marginal depressions on S4: absent. Marginal depression on S5: absent.
Females of
The adjectival epithet “xestos” is Greek for “smoothed” or “polished” and refers to the smoothness of metasomal tergites 3–6.
Holotype, female:
Thanks to K. van Achterberg, M. Buffington, R. Danielsson, T. Nuhn, S. van Noort, and M. Sharkey (Thai specimens collected under NSF grant No. DEB-0542864) for the loans of material for this study, to A. Polaszek and V. Blagoderov for help with imaging type material at BMNH, and to L. Musetti, J. Cora, and S. Hemly for critical assistance with specimen handling, software and databasing. This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant No. DEB-0614764 to N.F. Johnson and A.D.Austin.
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URI table of HAO morphological terms. (doi:
List of morphological characters and character states mapped onto the strict consensus phylogeny of combined morphological and molecular data. (doi:
Strict consensus phylogeny of combined morphological and molecular data with Partitioned Bremer Support assigned to resolved nodes. Partition 1: morphology; Partition 2: 28S; Partition 3: 18S; Partition 4: CO1. (doi:
Tables of CUIDs for DNA voucher specimens and Genbank accession numbers for sequences used in phylogenetic analyses. (doi:
Interpolated matrix used for phylogenetic analysis. Partition 1: morphology; Partition 2: 28S; Partition 3: 18S; Partition 4: CO1. (doi: