Research Article |
Corresponding author: Francisco Javier Peris Felipo ( peris.felipo@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Gavin Broad
© 2016 Francisco Javier Peris Felipo, Rafael Garcia Becerra, Sergey Belokobylskij.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Peris-Felipo FJ, Garcia-Becerra R, Belokobylskij SA (2016) Aspilota ajara sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), the first species of the genus Aspilota Foerster from caves. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 153-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10067
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Aspilota ajara sp. n., a new species of the A. miraculosa (fasciatae) species group with very short upper tooth, was collected in a cave on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. This is the first Aspilota species known to occur in caves as well as the first record of Aspilota for the Canary Islands. The new species is described, illustrated and compared with related taxa.
Braconidae , Alysiinae , Aspilota , parasitoid, caves, description, La Palma
The Alysiinae is an extremely diverse subfamily of parasitoids of the family Braconidae (
The genus Aspilota Foerster, 1863 is one of the largest taxa of the Aspilota genus group (Alysiini) with approximately 250 species described almost from all zoogeographical regions. Species of Aspilota are well defined by the presence of the large paraclypeal fovea connecting with the inner margin of the eye and the presence of fore wing vein cuqu1 (2-SR) (van
A new species, Aspilota ajara sp. n., from the A. miraculosa (fasciatae) species group (characterized by the small size of the upper tooth of the mandible) is described and illustrated in this paper. This is the first record of an Aspilota species collected in caves and also the first record of the genus Aspilota for the Canary Islands.
La Palma Island (Canaries Islands) has a subtropical climate, with annual average temperature of 24.2 °C (winters of 20–22 and summers of 25–28 °C) and a low annual average rainfall of 135 mm (
Samples were carried out at four sampling points (E) located in the main cave in complete darkness during 1995 (Fig.
The first sampling point (E1) was located at 20 m from the entrance in earthy-sandy soil. The second (E2) was placed at 70 meters from the entrance and has an earthy substrate and also a crack of 30 cm which divides the cave into two. The third point (E3) was situated at 90 meters from the entrance, in earthy substrate. The last sampling point (E4) was located at 190 m. from the entrance in a substrate built up from the remains of demolition (García and González 1998). Climatic conditions and distance from the cave entrance are given in Table
Climatic conditions and distance from the cave entrance for the sampling points.
Sampling points (E) | Distance from cave entrance (m) | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
E1 | 20 | - | - |
E2 | 70 | 14.5 | 92.3 |
E3 | 90 | 13.9 | - |
E4 | 190 | 16.3 | 94.3 |
For terminology of morphological features, sculpture and measurements, see
Type specimens are deposited in the following collections: holotype in the Natural History Museum of Tenerife (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; MNHT); paratypes in the Entomological Collection at University of Valencia (Valencia, Spain; ENV), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, Spain;
Holotype: female, Spain: Canary Islands, La Palma, Villa de Mazo, Llano de los Caños cave, 15.iii.1995 (R. García-Becerra leg.) (MNHT).
Paratypes. Spain, 27 females, same data as holotype, but iii, vi, ix & xii.1995 (CULL, ENV,
Female (holotype). Head. In dorsal view twice as wide as its median length, 1.3 times as wide as mesoscutum, with rounded temples behind eyes. Head at level of temple (dorsal view) as wide as at level of eyes. Eye in lateral view 1.6 times as high as wide and 0.9 times as wide as temple medially; in dorsal view about as wide as temple. POL 1.5 times OD; OOL 4.7 times OD. Face 1.7 times as wide as high; inner margins of eyes subparallel. Clypeus slightly curved ventrally, 2.3 times as wide as high. Mandible weakly widened towards apex, 1.4 times as long as maximum width. Upper tooth of mandible distinctly shorter than middle and lower teeth, develop as rounded lobe; middle tooth long, narrow and pointed; lower tooth longer than upper tooth, wide, rounded apically. Antenna thick, 19-segmented, 1.1 times as long as body. Scape 2.1 times as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.2 times as long as its apical width, 1.1 times as long as second segment; second segment 3.0 times as long as its maximum width, third to ninth segments 2.8 times, 10th to 14th 2.6 times, 15th segment 2.2 times, 16th segment 2.5 times, and 17th (apical) 2.75 times as long as their maximum width accordingly.
Mesosoma in lateral view about 1.2 times as long as high. Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long as maximum width. Notauli mainly absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum. Mesoscutal pit absent. Prescutellar depression smooth, only with median carinae. Precoxal suture present, not reaching anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow crenulate in upper part and smooth below. Propodeum sculptured, with pentagonal areola. Propodeal spiracle small.
Legs. Hind femur 4.7 times as long as its maximum width. Hind tibia slightly widened towards apex, 12.0 times as long as its maximum subapical width, as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.6 times as long as second segment.
Wings. Length of fore wing 2.8 times its maximum width. Radial (marginal) cell ending at apex of wing, 1.5 times as long as its maximum width. Vein cuqu1 (2-SR) present and sclerotized. Vein r2 (3-SR) 2.7 times as long as vein cuqu1 (2-SR); vein r3 (SR1) 2.1 times as long as vein r2 (3-SR). Nervulus (cu-a) strongly postfurcal. Brachial (subdiscal) cell closed distally, 2.3 times as long as its maximum width. Hind wing 6.3 times as long as its maximum width.
Metasoma. Distinctly compressed. First tergite smooth medially, weakly rugulose laterally, widened towards apex, 2.3 times as long as its apical width. Ovipositor 1.3 times as long as first tergite, distinctly shorter than metasoma, 0.8 times as long as hind femur.
Colour. Body reddish brown, metasoma paler. Antenna mainly pale brown, four basal segments yellow. Mandible and legs yellow. Wings hyaline.
Length. Body – 2.0 mm; fore wing – 2.4 mm; hind wing – 1.7 mm.
Variation. Body length 1.9–2.5 mm; fore wing length 2.3–2.7 mm; hind wing length 1.6–1.9 mm. Otherwise similar to holotype.
The name is derived from Canary dialect “ájara” meaning “be fortunate”, referring to the difficulty in finding this genus in the caves.
This new species is similar to A. insolita (Tobias, 1962) (U.K., Ireland, Denmark, Spain, Hungary, former Czechoslovakia, European part of Russia, Iran:
Aspilota ajara sp. n. differs from A. insolita in having the head in dorsal view twice as wide as its median length (1.8 times in A. insolita), head in dorsal view 1.3 times as wide as mesoscutum (1.6 times in A. insolita), face 1.7 times as wide as high (1.9 times in A. insolita), clypeus 2.3 times as wide as high (1.6 times in A. insolita), head at level of eyes in dorsal view about as wide as head at level of temple (1.2 times in A. insolita), the first flagellar segment 3.2 times as long as its maximum width (4.7–5.3 times in A. insolita), and hind femur 4.7 times as long as its maximum width (4.0–4.1 times in A. insolita).
In Belokobylskij’s (
Canary Islands (Spain).
Specimens were found in all traps but mainly in E2 and E3 sampling points. One specimen was captured in each of March and June, five in September and 21 in December. Unfortunately, it is not possible to report precise collection data for sampling points and dates because the notes with this complete information were destroyed in a flood. The following Diptera were sampled in the same traps: Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Calliphoridae), Megaselia sp. (Phoridae) and Aptilotus martini Wheeler & Marshall, 1989 (Sphaeroceridae) (García and González 1998). However, it is impossible to establish any biological relationships between them.
Subterranean ecosystems have always interested people and there has been great scientific interest in cave fauna. Proof of this is in the significant number of animal species found and described from these peculiar localities. However, only nine species of Braconidae, belonging to the genera Aleiodes Wesmael, 1838 (Rogadinae), Apanteles Foerster, 1863 (Microgastrinae), Aulosaphes Muesebeck, 1935 (Lysiterminae), Dinotrema Foerster, 1863 (Alysiinae), Ontsira Cameron, 1900 and Spathius Nees, 1819 (Doryctinae) have been cataloged from subterranean environments (
It is possible that most braconids collected in subterranean environments (caves, galleries or chasms) found their way there accidentally, searching for host refuges (
We wish to thank Gloria Ortega Muñoz, a researcher at the Natural History Museum of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), for help with collecting material for this study and Dr Gavin Broad for professional correction of our manuscript and valuable suggestions. We are also thankful to Isabelle Zürcher-Pfander and Matthias Borer (Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland) for their kindness and help during our work with the photosystem in the Museum of Basel. This work was partly supported for SAB by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 16–04–00197) and the Russian State Research Project No. 01201351189.