Research Article |
Corresponding author: Robert Perger ( robertperger@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Jack Neff
© 2015 Robert Perger.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Perger R (2015) The highest known euglossine bee community from a garden in the Bolivian Andes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 45: 65-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.45.5003
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In this contribution, the first observations of euglossine bee species from the Bolivian Prepuna are reported. Euglossa melanotricha Moure, Eufriesea mariana (Mocsáry) and Exaerete dentata (L.) were observed at an elevation of 2640 m in a garden located in San Joaquin, Salancachi (Chuquisaca department, annual precipitation 400–500 mm). This is the highest known record for a population of Euglossa and Eufriesea to date. All of the euglossine bees were observed exclusively on introduced plants. The distributional patterns, biological associations and ecological significance of the observed euglossine bees are discussed.
Bolivia, orchid bees, Prepuna, inter-Andean dry valleys
Euglossine bees, also known as orchid bees, are a mainly Neotropical tribe of the Apidae that comprises approximately 232 species in five genera (
Euglossine bee species are most diverse in tropical evergreen forests (up to 53 spp., see
In mountainous terrain, little is known about the factors limiting the upper distribution of euglossine bees, although available data suggests that such patterns are influenced by the same factors that shape the latitudinal distribution (see
A map of Bolivia (a study area, a’ lowland Chaco, relief profile of a–a’ shown in D) B Andean slope of Chuquisaca department (a study area), green area to the east is subhumid mid-elevation Tucuman Bolivian forest, to the north the Rio Grande C relief profile (a study area, a’ lowland Chaco; ecosystems (according to
Observations of a euglossine bee community are reported herein, including species of Euglossa and Eufriesea, from a garden at an elevation of 2640 m in the semi-arid Prepuna of the Bolivian Andes.
The observation of orchid bees were made on a private estate, named “San Joaquin” (19°10'30S; 65°13'25W) in Salancachi, close to the village of Yotala in the department of Chuquisaca in an elevation of 2640 m (Fig.
The tree vegetation in San Joaquin consists mainly of non-native Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) trees (a commonly planted tree throughout the high Andes, see
The garden of San Joaquin and three transects of about 14 km length were surveyed (Fig.
No euglossine bees were observed in the three transects outside of the garden during any of the three surveys. Flowers of Acacia (Fabaceae) trees, shrubs, and vascular plants in these transects were exclusively visited by Apis mellifera L. or other flower visitors.
In September of 2012 a male of Euglossa melanotricha (Fig.
In December of 2013, individuals of three euglossine bee species (Euglossa melanotricha (46♂; 19♀) (Fig.
All three euglossine species were observed foraging in the flowers of Agapanthus praecox. Exaerete dentata and Euglossa melanotricha were also observed in the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and E. melanotricha additionally in the flowers of Duranta erecta. Euglossine bees were the only hymenopteran floral visitors that were recognized in these plants.
No euglossine bees were observed on the flowers of Ismene narcissiflora, the only native flowering plant in the garden. The flowers of Euphorbia pulcherrima were visited by Apis mellifera and several wasp species, but not by euglossine bees.
The observations reported here are the first published records for euglossine bee species from the Prepuna and the inter-Andean dry valleys in Bolivia, and the elevation of 2640 m is the highest known record for a population of Euglossa and Eufriesea to date (see
Euglossine species richness in San Joaquin (400-500 mm/yr) is comparable with that of the semi-deciduous lowland forest in Santa Cruz department about 180 km east of the actual study area (733 mm/yr, 2 spp., see
Eufriesea mariana has been previously reported in similar habitats (
Euglossa melanotricha has been reported from semi-deciduous forests, Atlantic forest and the Caatinga (500–1600 mm/yr) at elevations between 400 and 1350 m (
The exclusive occurrence of the observed euglossine bees on introduced plants in the garden suggests that either they have low host plant specificities or have adapted their host plant preferences to local conditions, as has been previously observed in naturalized or insular euglossine bee populations (
The apparent persistence of euglossine bees in an area with low orchid species richness (see
I am grateful to Klaus Pedro Schütt and Elizabeth Schütt de Martinez for providing much helpful information about the location at San Joaquin. Tim Schulte is thanked for accompanying me during the trip in April of 2013 and for helping with the photographs of mounted bee specimens. I thank my sons Yanis and Liam for sharing my passion for insects and being such fearless compañeros in the field. Thanks are also extended to André Nemésio (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil) and Benjamin Bembé (Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany) for helping with the identification of Euglossa melanotricha, and to Jack Neff (Central Texas Melittological Institute, USA), David Wilcox (USA), Claus Rasmussen (Aarhus University, Denmark) and Victor H. Gonzalez (Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, USA) for providing valuable comments and suggestions to the manuscript.