Research Article |
Corresponding author: Troy Kimoto ( troy.kimoto@inspection.gc.ca ) Academic editor: Jack Neff
© 2015 Troy Kimoto, Josie Roberts, Richard L. Westcott, Eduard Jendek, Matthias Buck, David Holden, Philip D. Careless.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kimoto T, Roberts J, Westcott R, Jendek E, Buck M, Holden D, Careless P (2015) Colony distribution and prey diversity of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46: 45-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.46.5644
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Cerceris fumipennis Say, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) is a wasp that provisions its subterranean nests with jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). At 3 newly discovered colonies in British Columbia (BC), C. fumipennis prey were collected by excavating the subterranean nests, using sweep nets to capture paralyzed prey in the grasp of a female returning to her nest, or collecting prey discarded at the nest entrance. In total, 9 species were collected: Acmaeodera idahoensis Barr, Agrilus crataegi Frost, Agrilus granulatus populi Fisher, Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) caseyi caseyi Obenberger, Chrysobothris laricis Van Dyke, Chrysobothris leechi Barr, Phaenops drummondi (Kirby), Phaenops gentilis (LeConte) and Phaenops intrusa (Horn). Anthaxia caseyi caseyi was the smallest beetle (4.2 mm) while C. leechi was the largest (12.0 mm). The average size of all buprestid prey taken by females from all 3 colonies was 8.8 mm. These represent the first prey records for C. fumipennis in BC and with the exception of P. drummondi are new prey records for this wasp. A single Harpalus affinis (Schrank) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was discovered within a brood cell containing Acmaeodera spp. elytra, but it is unclear if this beetle was placed in the cell by a female wasp.
Cerceris fumipennis , Hymenoptera , Crabronidae , biosurveillance, pest detection
Cerceris fumipennis Say, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) is a ground-nesting wasp in which females provision their nests with paralysed buprestid beetles in jelly bean shaped subterranean cells (
Female Cerceris fumipennis are adept at capturing a wide variety of buprestid beetles, and have been the source for various new provincial, state and national records (
In 2013 and 2014, additional sites from the Greater Vancouver Region, the Fraser Canyon, and the Okanagan Valley were examined for the presence of Cerceris fumipennis colonies. This paper outlines the variety of sites examined, the location of two new colonies and first prey records for C. fumipennis in BC.
In 2013, 13 sites in Ashcroft, Spence’s Bridge, Cache Creek, Skihist, Boston Bar, Vernon, and West Kelowna were examined. In 2014, 85 sites in Kamloops, West Kelowna, Coldstream, Vernon, Osoyoos, Oliver, Okanagan Falls, Penticton, Summerland, Chilliwack, Merritt, Logan Lake, Lytton, Hope, Coquihalla Highway, Kane Valley Road, Cloverdale, Lillooet, Duffy Lake Road, Richmond, Ashcroft, Cache Creek, Clinton, Hat Creek, and Pavilion were examined.
Google Maps (2014) was used to find baseball fields and other areas with bare patches of soil exposed to full sun. The ground at each site was examined for the presence of circular holes and tumuli. Where possible, the central location of the Merritt colony was used to reinforce the search image of nest entrance shape and size. When entrance holes approximately 5–7 mm in diameter were discovered, clear plastic cups were placed over these holes and returning wasps were captured in sweep nets. Specimens were placed in glass vials with 75% ethanol and submitted to Matthias Buck for identification and deposited at the Royal Alberta Museum in Edmonton.
Beetles were collected at Cerceris fumipennis colonies during 4 days in July and 2 days in August 2014. Clear plastic cups were placed over entrance holes and a sweep net was used to collect female wasps returning with prey. The nest entrances and completely enclosed tumuli were also examined for dropped prey.
On 25 July 2014, a single nest at the north end of St. Georges Road, Lytton was excavated. Using a trowel, soil around the nest entrance was removed and placed onto a cleared area. The soil was carefully broken into smaller pieces. Upon discovering a cell containing buprestid beetles or wasp cocoons, a tape measure was used to determine the depth below the surface. The contents of each cell was described and recorded. On 7 August 2014, a single nest that was at least 2 feet away from any other visible Cerceris fumipennis nest entrances was excavated at the Central Park colony in Merritt. Methodology followed that used in Lytton. On August 11, an additional 4 nests were excavated in Merritt, but the depth at which buprestid specimens were discovered was not recorded.
All beetles collected at the nest entrances and during excavation were placed in 100% USP/FCC propylene glycol and sent to the CFIA entomology laboratory in Victoria where they were identified and their length measured, to the nearest one tenth mm, using a Leica microscope (DFC495) along with Leica Applications Suite 4.1. These specimens were pinned, labelled and then sent to Eduard Jendek and Richard Westcott for confirmation of species determination.
One soil sample immediately adjacent to (Lillooet) or within (Merritt, Lytton) a known Cerceris fumipennis nest was collected from each of the 3 colonies. Approximately 50 g of air-dried soil was submitted to the British Columbia Ministry of Environment to assess soil texture (sand, silt and clay composition) and organic content (2 mm sieve pass, loss on ignition).
Thirteen sites were examined in 2013 and 85 sites were examined from 30 June to 29 July 2014 (Table
List of sites examined for Cerceris colonies in BC, excluding Central Park, Merritt.
Year | Site Type | Substrate | Number of sites examined | C. fumipennis colonies |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | Dirt roads, parking lots | Gravel | 1 | 0 |
Baseball fields | Red shale | 4 | 0 | |
Baseball fields | Compact sand | 2 | 0 | |
Baseball fields | Loose sand | 1 | 0 | |
Running ovals | Gravel | 2 | 0 | |
School yard | Gravel | 2 | 0 | |
Field | Compact sand | 1 | 0 | |
2014 | Dirt roads, parking lots | Gravel | 5 | 0 |
Dirt road | Compact sand | 22 | 0 | |
Parking lot | Compact sand | 6 | 2 | |
Baseball fields | Red shale | 25 | 0 | |
Baseball fields | Compact sand | 6 | 0 | |
Baseball fields | Loose sand | 3 | 0 | |
Running ovals | Gravel | 3 | 0 | |
Running ovals | Compact sand | 1 | 0 | |
Equestrian centre | Loose sand or gravel | 3 | 0 | |
Airstrip | Gravel or compact sand | 2 | 0 | |
Campground | Gravel | 4 | 0 | |
Picnic site | Gravel | 1 | 0 | |
Beach (lake) | Loose sand | 1 | 0 | |
Cemetery | Gravel, compact sand | 1 | 0 | |
Natural area (desert) | Covered in vegetation | 1 | 0 | |
Misc. open area | Loose sand | 1 | 0 |
Site name | City | Date | Site type | Geographic coordinates (DD) | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central Park | Merritt | 3 August 2012 | Dirt path | 50.11875N, -120.78348W | 599 |
Stein Valley Nlakapamux School | Lytton | 11 July 2014 | Parking lot | 50.27161N, -121.60358W | 220 |
P’egp’ig’lha Community Centre | Lillooet | 17 July 2014 | Parking lot | 50.67669N, -121.94610W | 1136 |
The following wasps were also collected in sweep nets at the 3 Cerceris fumipennis colonies. Crabronidae: Bembix americana Fabricius (Lytton), Cerceris nigrescens Smith (Merritt), Ectemnius dilectus (Cresson) (Merritt), Philanthus multimaculatus Cameron (Lytton), Tachytes sayi Banks (Lytton), and Zanysson texanus (Cresson) (Lillooet). Chrysididae: Parnopes edwardsii (Cresson) (Lillooet). Halictidae: Agapostemon sp. (Merritt). Megachilidae: Coelioxys sp. (Lytton). Sphecidae: Ammophila azteca Cameron (Lytton). Vespidae: Polistes dominula (Christ) (Merritt, Lytton). However, Cerceris californica Cresson, another wasp known to prey upon buprestids (
The majority of jewel beetles were collected at the Merritt colony and included Chrysobothris leechi Barr (Fig.
A 30.5 × 30.5 × 20 cm hole was dug at the Lytton site. Between ground level and 10 cm below grade, fly pupae and other insect larvae were collected within 4 cells. Based on the presence of wasp cocoons and/or buprestids, Cerceris fumipennis cells were discovered from a depth of 10 to 20 cm. In total, 17 C. fumipennis cells were discovered, with most occurring 14 to 18 cm below the surface. Eleven cells contained a single C. fumipennis cocoon, but only fragments remained in the other cells. All cells with the exception of one located at a depth of 15.25 cm only contained buprestid body parts; primarily Acmaeodera spp. and Phaenops spp. elytra were uncovered. The jelly bean-shaped cell at 15.25 cm contained 4 buprestids wrapped together of which only 3 could be identified as Phaenops gentilis (LeConte). Acmaeodera idahoensis Barr and P. drummondi were also collected during excavation of this nest. One Harpalus affinis (Schrank) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was discovered within another cell at 15.25 cm that also contained Acmaeodera spp. elytra. A similar sized hole was dug on 7 August 2015 at the Central Park colony. The first C. fumipennis cell was uncovered at a depth of 9.5 cm and the last cells were 15.3 cm below grade. Half the cells were located between 12.7 and 15.3 cm beneath the surface. In total, 23 C. fumipennis cells were uncovered of which 13 had intact cocoons (2) or cocoon fragments (11). Only the cells at 12.7 and 14 cm below grade contained intact buprestids, Anthaxia caseyi caseyi. Otherwise all other cells contained elytra or other buprestid body parts primarily belonging to Agrilus and Anthaxia spp. During nest excavation on 11 August 2014, intact specimens of Agrilus granulatus populi Fisher, A. caseyi caseyi, Chrysobothris leechi and P. drummondi were collected.
In total 9 buprestid species were collected at the Merritt, Lillooet and Lytton colonies (Table
Average length of C. fumipennis prey from largest to smallest. Measurements were not recorded for A. idahoensis and P. gentilis as their heads were missing. *New prey record for C. fumipennis.
Species | Average length (mm) |
---|---|
Chrysobothris leechi* | 10.5 (n=10) |
Chrysobothris laricis* | 9.8 (n=1) |
Agrilus granulatus populi* | 8.7 (n=4) |
Phaenops drummondi | 8.2 (n=5) |
Phaenops intrusa* | 7.5 (n=1) |
Agrilus crataegi* | 6.7 (n=1) |
Anthaxia caseyi caseyi* | 4.7 (n=3) |
Acmaeodera idahoensis* | N/A (1 specimen) |
Phaenops gentilis* | N/A (3 specimens) |
Silt comprised 66.6% of the soil from the Merritt colony, while sand comprised 59.6 and 80.9% of the soil from the Lillooet and Lytton colonies, respectively. Clay comprised 21.8% of the soil from Merritt, but only 3.8 and 6.3% of the soil from Lytton and Lillooet, respectively. All of the soil components from Merritt were less than 2 mm in any dimension, while 99 and 99.3% of soil constituents from Lytton and Lillooet passed through the 2 mm sieve. The organic content of all 3 soils is similar with 2.0 – 2.2 % loss on ignition (Table
Lytton and Lillooet represent 2 newly discovered Cerceris fumipennis colonies in BC. Eleven other species of wasps, including C. nigrescens, were collected at the Merritt, Lillooet and Lytton colonies; yet C. californica was not among them. A tremendous amount of time and resources were used to examine multiple sites from 2012 to 2014, yet only 3 C. fumipennis colonies have been discovered, resulting in a 3% success rate. Compared to a 22% success rate in finding C. fumipennis colonies in Connecticut, North Carolina and Maine (
Unlike Cerceris californica in Washington state (
Recently, archived Cerceris fumipennis specimens have been discovered in the WallisRoughley Museum (University of Manitoba) and the Strickland Museum (University of Alberta). These specimens were collected in Spruce Woods Provincial Park, MB and Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, AB and resemble the eastern race of C. fumipennis in size and colouration. Both sites are further south than the Lillooet colony. Perhaps Cerceris fumipennis is more cold tolerant than C. californica, thus explaining its distribution within many of Canada’s provinces whereas the latter occurs in western North America where winters are relatively short and mild.
A total of 9 buprestid species were collected at the 3 Cerceris fumipennis colonies. Chrysobothris leechi was the most common intact beetle collected, followed by Phaenops drummondi, Agrilus granulatus populi, Anthaxia caseyi caseyi, and P. gentilis. Single specimens of A. crataegi, P. intrusa, C. laricis and Acmaeodera idahoensis were also found at these C. fumipennis colonies. During nest excavation, buprestid-filled C. fumipennis cells occurred between 10 and 20 cm below the surface which is similar to nests in eastern North America (
The size of Cerceris fumipennis prey ranged from 4.2 mm (Anthaxia caseyi caseyi) to 12.0 mm (Chrysobothris leechi). Chrysobothris leechi was not only the most common intact beetle collected, but on average it was the largest species at 10.5 mm. In comparison, Phaenops intrusa comprised over 70% of the prey taken by Cerceris californica Cresson in southcentral Washington (
All of these beetles represent the first prey records for Cerceris fumipennis in BC. Phaenops drummondi is a known prey of eastern C. fumipennis (
Distribution and host records for C. fumipennis prey. Unless otherwise noted the information is based on
Species | Distribution | Larval hosts |
---|---|---|
Acmaeodera idahoensis | BC, WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, MT, WY, UT |
Celtis occidentalis Cercocarpus ledifolius Crataegus douglasii Quercus garryana *Adults occur on a variety of flowers, notably in the family Asteraceae. |
Agrilus crataegi | transcontinental |
Amelanchier alnifolia Crataegus douglasii ( |
Agrilus granulatus populi | NV ( |
Populus
trichocarpa
P. nigra |
Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) caseyi caseyi | BC, WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, NV, AZ, UT |
Pinus
coulteri
P. ponderosa P. sabiniana |
Chrysobothris laricis | NWT, BC, AB, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, UT, CO, NM, AZ | No larval host recorded; however, adults found on a variety of trees in the family Pinaceae. |
Chrysobothris leechi | BC, AB, WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, MT |
Pinus
aristata
P. ponderosa |
Phaenops drummondi | transcontinental | A wide variety of trees in the family Pinaceae ( |
Phaenops gentilis | BC, Rocky Mountain and Pacific States, NE, SD | Pinus spp. |
Phaenops intrusa | BC, WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, MT, CO, AZ, NE, SD |
Larix
occidentalis
Pinus attenuata P. flexilis P. lambertiana P. ponderosa |
One ground beetle, Harpalus affinis was collected in a cell at 15.23 cm below grade along with the elytra of Acmaeodera spp. As other carabids were not discovered anywhere else in the nest it is uncertain if Cerceris fumipennis intentionally captured and provisioned the cell with this beetle. In 2009 and 2010, female C. fumipennis in Connecticut, Maine and New York captured 3 chrysomelids, Neochlamisus bebbianae (Brown), Bassareus mammifer (Newman), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); 1 scarab, Popillia japonica Newman; and 2 cerambycids, Saperda discoidea F., Oberea schaumiiLeConte (
Despite a significant amount of time spent searching many sites, only 3 Cerceris fumipennis colonies have so far been discovered in BC; they seem to be less common than colonies in eastern North America. A total of 9 buprestid species are recorded here as prey items of BC C. fumipennis and with the exception of P. drummondi, are all new prey records for this wasp. The prey ranged in size from 4.2 to 12.0 mm and seem to be smaller than prey collected by eastern wasps. Cerceris fumipennis in BC appear to be smaller than specimens occurring east of the Rocky Mountains which may contribute to the difference in size of prey collected.
Tyler Kimoto assisted in excavating the Central Park, Merritt colony. Jeffrey Jarret (CFIA) identified Harpalus affinis. Darrell Finnigan, City of Merritt, provided permission to excavate the Central Park colony. Lee Humble, Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Service, assisted in measuring buprestids. Mireille Marcotte, Robert Favrin and Wendy Laviolette, CFIA, provided financial and administrative support to conduct field work. Jacob Kanyaya, CFIA, generated the maps. Clive Dawson and Anette LaJeunesse, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, conducted soil analysis.