Corresponding author: David R. Smith (
Academic editor: W. Pulawski
Seven species of
Smith DR, Tripotin P (2015) Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) of Thailand, other southeastern Asian records, and a new
The basis and focus for this study are the collections made by the Thailand Biodiversity Inventory, a collaborative project initiated by M. J. Sharkey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, and the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden and National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation Department of Thailand. These collections included two species of
Museum acronyms are as follows: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada (CNC); Oberösterreichische Landes Museen Linz, Linz, Austria (OLML); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA (MCZ); Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA (OSAC); Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK (OXUM); Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden Entomological Collection, Chiang Mai, Thailand (QSBG); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA (USNM); and the collection of Pierre Tripotin, Whitfield Cairns, Australia (PT).
Images were obtained using an EntoVision Imaging Suite that included a firewire JVC KY-75 3CCD digital camera mounted to a Leica M16 zoom lens via a Leica z-step microscope stand. Multiple focal planes were merged using Cartograph 5.6.0 (Microvision Instruments, France) software.
Locality data are given essentially as they appear on the specimen labels. Complete synonymies, except
Female. Length 10.5 mm. Antenna, head, and mesosoma black. Legs black with trochanters and small spot at base of each tibia white. Metasoma black; tergite 2 with lateral longitudinal white stripe; tergite 3 with lateral oval white spot; tergite 4 with small lateral white spot, much smaller than that on tergite 3; sternite 2 with apical yellow transverse narrow band. Wings darkly infuscate; lighter toward base; veins and stigma black. Antenna short, flagellum slightly incrassated at center. Medio-apical process present on sternite 2, slightly concave at center.
Male. Unknown.
LAOS: Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort Ban Saleui,
This species was described from China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Yunnan) (Chen et al. 2014). These are the first records from Laos and Thailand.
The almost completely black color with some yellow markings on the metasoma and the dark wings help distinguish this species.
Female: Length, 8.0–10.0 mm. Antenna black. Head black with clypeus except for black narrow anterior margin and mandible except black apex white. Mesosoma black with anterior margin of pronotum, spot on posterior lateral corners (near tegula) of pronotum, tegula, small oval spot on posterior-central prescutum, oval spot on anterocentral area of mesoscutellum, and metascutellum white. Legs black with most of trochanters except ventrally, extreme tip at base and apex of femora, outer surface of fore tibia, foretarsus, and extreme bases of mid- and hind tibiae white. Metasoma orange with tergite 5 or 6 to apex, and sterna 3 to apex black; apical broad margin of sternite 2 white. Wings lightly infuscated, a little darker toward apex; veins and stigma black. Head: Antenna with 24–25 antennomeres; flagellum somewhat incrassate at center. Shiny; vertex almost without punctures; frons more densely punctate; covered with fine white hairs. Mesosoma: Shiny, uniformly densely punctate; covered with fine white hairs. Metasoma: Shiny, uniformly densely punctate; covered with fine white hairs. Medio-apical process with small indentation at center on sternite 2 (Figs
Male: Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Color similar to female. Antenna without tyloids. Paired protuberances at center near apex of 2nd sternite (Fig.
THAILAND: Prachuab Khiri, Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, Sailine wetland/Pa Gwad/N,
Myanmar; Thailand.
The contrasting red metasoma is not known in any other species of
CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Lijiang, 1.–19.7.1992, Heishui 35 km N of,
This is a widespread Palearctic species and is characterized and illustrated by Chen et al. (2014), who recorded it from a number of Chinese provinces. This specimen is the first record from Yunnan.
Vertex of head black, without V-shaped pale pattern posteriorly; middle mesonotal lobe yellow laterally and orange brown medially, strongly contrasting with black lateral lobes; anterior half of forewing dark brown; mesoscutellum largely orange brown, black only medio-poseriorly and narrowly black laterally; female without medio-apical process on sternite 2.
LAOS: Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort. Ban Saleui,
This species was described from China (Yunnan), and this specimen from Laos is identical to the description. It is the first record from Laos.
Female, length, 8.5 mm. Antenna black with basal antennomeres reddish. Head black with inner and outer orbits, antennal tubercles, clypeus, and mandible black. Mesosoma mostly red with sterna black. Legs black and white, trochanters, fore tibia and tarsus, and bases of mid- and hind tibiae white. Metasoma black with broad apical bands on basal two tergites. Wings hyaline with black dorso-apical spot covering most of radial cell. Second sternite without medio-apical projection. Male similar to female.
CHINA: Huan pr., 30 km N. Yanjiajie from Cayong, 29.5.2005, Ivo Janis lg. (1 ♀, OLML); Sichuan, Shangliang, 14.5–26.5.2005, lg: E. Kucera (1 ♀, OLML). THAILAND: Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, Visitor’s center,
China, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Russia (Primorskii Krai); Taiwan, Thailand. Chen et al. (2014) recorded Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Russia, and 13 provinces in China. Indonesia, Iran, and Malaysia were recorded by
This is the only species with a mostly red mesosoma. It is a widespread species in eastern Asia. It is one of the more common species of
Female, Length, mm. Ground color yellow with black maculae, pattern similar to Figs
INDIA: NE, Assam,
China (Hainan, Jiangsu, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand (Chen et al. 2014). Chen et al. (2014) gave Sri Lanka, but this is probably not correct.
This was the most commonly collected species and can be distinguished by its yellow and black color pattern and the female lacking a medio-apical process on the second sternite. Chen et al. (2014) discussed the use of the name
Female, length, 8.0 mm. Black with yellow pattern similar to Figs
LAOS: Hua Phan Prov., Ban Saleui; Phou Pan Mt.,
China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Shandong, Zhejiang), Japan, Philippines, Taiwan (Chen et al. 2014). These are the first records for Laos and Thailand.
These specimens are identical to
Female: Length 7.0 mm. Reddish brown and black, with black maculae and color similar to Figs
CHINA: Szechuen [Sichuan], Behluhdin, 6000 ft., VII.25-IX.1.1932, DCGraham (1 ♀, USNM); Szechuen [Sichuan], ShinKaiSi, Mt. Omei, 4400 ft., 8.16–20.34, DCGraham (1 ♀, USNM), same except without date (1 ♀, USNM); Szechuen [Sichuan], O-Er26mi N Li Fan, 9000 ft., 1933, DCGraham (1 ♀, USNM). LAOS: Phongsaly pr., Phugsaly env., ~1500 m,
China, Thailand, Korea (Chen et al. 2014). Recorded from Thailand by
The largely reddish-brown color and lack of a medio-apical process on the second metasomal sternite will help separate this species. We examined only one specimen from Thailand, but the species seems widespread in Asia.
THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Queen Sirit Botanic Garden,
This is similar to
THAILAND Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP Office 6,
This may be male of the unidentified female above. The antenna has elongate tyloids on antennomeres 10–15.
Female. Length 8.0 mm. Head black; clypeus and mandibles yellowish except apex of mandible black. Mesosoma black with yellow spot on dorsoposerior pronotum. Legs black with following yellow: apices of coxae, trochanters, extreme bases of femora, apical third of fore femur, outer surfaces of tibiae. Metasoma orange with first segment, and central area of sterna 2 and 3 black. Basal half of wings hyaline, somewhat darkly infuscated at center and apex; veins and stigma black. Head and body with silvery hairs. Head smooth, shiny with very few scattered fine punctures; mesosoma and metasoma uniformly finely punctate. Antenna long, filiform, with 25–26 antennomeres, 2× head width. Malar space narrow, slightly less than diameter of an ocellus. Eyes small, round, inner margins not converging below; lower interocular distance about 1.4× eye height. Lower frons between antennae shelflike or ledgelike, overhanging supraclypeal area. Distance between toruli about equal to distance between torulus and inner margin of eye. Occipital carina narrow, less than half diameter of an ocellus. Medio-apical process at apex of sternite 3, flangelike, directed backward apically, quadrate.
Male. Length, 7.8 mm. Color similar to female but metasoma mostly black, to darky reddish mostly at base of second tergite. Tyloids present on antennomeres 12–16, round, shiny, diminishing in size toward antennomere 16.
Holotype, female, labeled “Nilgiri Hills, Singara, 3400', So. India, V-48, P. S. Nathan” (MCZ). Paratypes: Same data as for holotype (1 ♀, MCZ); Jabalpur, central India, Sep. 1957, 1600 ft., P. S. Nathan (1 ♀, 1 ♂, OSAC) (female with head missing).
Named after the country of origin, a noun in apposition.
These are the specimens examined and identified as
Most species of
We thank the following for loan of specimens: W. Srisuka (QSBG); James Hogan (OXUM); Christopher Marshall (OSAC); Philip Perkins (MCZ); Martin Schwarz (OLML); and John Huber (CNC). National Foundation Grant DEB-0542864, funded the Thailand Biodiversity Inventory. Thanks also to M. J. Sharkey and S. Clutts, University of Kentucky, Lexington, for sorting and sending Thai specimens. Michele Touchet, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. helped with the images.