An online photographic catalog of primary types of Platygastroidea ( Hymenoptera ) in the National Museum of Natural History , Smithsonian Institution

A photographic catalog of primary types of Platygastroidea housed in the National Insect Collection, National Museum of Natural History, is here made available online at the image database at The Ohio State University (specimage.osu.edu). Following examination of this collection we enact the following taxonomic changes: Leptacis piniella MacGown syn. n. is treated as a junior synonym of Leptacis pinicola MacGown; Sacespalus indicus Mani is transferred to Platygaster Latreille; Platygaster indica Mukerjee is given the replacement name Platygaster chaos Talamas, n. n.; Synopeas rugiceps (Ashmead), comb. n. is transferred from Leptacis Förster; Axea atriclava (Kieffer), comb. n. is transferred from Psilanteris Kieffer; Chakra pachmarhica (Sharma), comb. n. is transferred from Paridris Kieffer; Paridris dubeyi Sharma, syn. n. is treated as a junior synonym of Chakra pachmarhica; Holoteleia indica (Mani) is transferred to JHR 56: 187–224 (2017) doi: 10.3897/jhr.56.10774 http://jhr.pensoft.net Copyright Elijah J. Talamas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CATALOGUE Elijah J. Talamas et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 56: 187–224 (2017) 188 Opisthacantha Ashmead and given a replacement name, Opisthacantha nomados Talamas, n. n.; Psilanteris nigriclavata (Ashmead), comb. n. is transferred from Anteris Förster; Probaryconus grenadensis (Ashmead), comb. n. is transferred from Monoteleia Kieffer; Monoteleia syn.n. is treated as a junior synonym of Probaryconus Kieffer; Paridris karnatakensis Sharma, syn. n is treated as a junior synonym of Probaryconus cauverycus Saraswat; Probaryconus punctatus (Ashmead), comb. n. is transferred from Oxyteleia Kieffer; Triteleia bengalensis (Saraswat), comb. n. is transferred from Alloteleia Kieffer; Trimorus varius Fouts, syn. n. and Trimorus pulchricornis Fouts, syn. n. are treated as junior synonyms of Trimorus annulicornis (Ashmead); Neotypes are designated for Gryon leptocorisae (Howard), Idris seminiger (Ashmead), Telenomus graptae Howard, Telenomus persimilis Ashmead, and Telenomus rileyi Howard; lectotypes are designated for Cremastobaeus bicolor Ashmead, Oethecoctonus insularis (Ashmead), Oethecoctonus laticinctus (Ashmead) and Probaryconus punctatus (Ashmead).


Introduction
Stability in taxonomic name usage derives from the objectivity provided by primary type specimens.The National Insect Collection, housed in the National Museum of Natural History Museum, Smithsonian Institution, presently houses 728 primary types of Platygastroidea, and an additional eight species are represented by syntypes.The past decade has seen huge advancements in the amount of data that can be disseminated electronically, but also has seen a continuation of species descriptions that do not include examination of primary types.Our intention is to make high quality images of primary types easily accessible to facilitate proper recognition and to contribute to a functional classification of Platygastroidea.We also hope that our effort to making holotype images available online will encourage others to do the same.
In addition to imaging primary types, we photographed a large number of determined species in the National Insect Collection, focusing on paratypes when possible and when needed to supplement images of primary types.For specimens without indication of a determiner, we make no guarantees about their accuraccy, and these should be considered as simply a digital representation of the collection, and not necessarily a basis for making taxonomic decisions.The determiner of each specimen, when these data were available, are indicated in the specimen records.

Authorship
This project would not have been possible in the time frame allotted without the contribution of many participants in the Smithsonian Internship Program.Because this publication is a photographic catalog, all contributors are included as authors according to the number of primary types photographed.Non-photographic contributions are as follows: specimen databasing: EJT, NFJ, AAV; intern training: EJT; taxonomy: EJT; manuscript preparation: EJT, NFJ, AAV, MLB; database development and maintenance: NFJ; project oversight: EJT, MLB.
In some cases, primary types were photographed and made publicly available during the course of the Platygastroidea Planetary Biodiversity Inventory.These types were given identifiers in the format "USNM " or "USNM Type No. ", which we maintain as alternative identifiers in addition to "USNMENT" collecting unit identifiers.We reference the publications in which these images were made available in Suppl.material 1.

Materials and methods
The list of primary types is presented in Suppl.material 1 and contains paratype or paralectotype specimens that were photographed to supplement images of incomplete primary types.Photographs are available for many determined species of Platygastroidea housed in USNM.A list of these species and specimens is presented in Suppl.material 2.
The numbers prefixed with "USNMENT" or "OSUC " are unique collecting unit identifiers (CUIDs) for the individual specimens (note the blank space after some acronyms).Details on the data associated with these specimens may be accessed at the following link, purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/hol,and entering the identifier in the form.Persistent URIs for each taxonomic concept were minted by xBio:D in accordance with best practices recommend by Hagedorn et al. (2013).Taxonomic synopses were generated by the Hymenoptera Online Database (hol.osu.edu).
Photographs were captured with a Z16 Leica lens with a JVC KY-F75U digital camera using Cartograph or Automontage software, or a Leica DMRB compound microscope with a GT-Vision Lw11057C-SCI digital camera attached.In both systems, lighting was achieved using techniques summarized in Buffington et al. (2005), Kerr et al. (2009) and Buffington and Gates (2009).Single montage images were produced from image stacks with the either Automontage or CombineZP.In some cases, multiple montage images were stitched together in Photoshop CS4 to produce larger images at high resolution and magnification.
Full resolution images are archived at the image database at The Ohio State University (specimage.osu.edu) which is searchable by taxon name and CUID.
Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=11677Comments.The treatment of L. pinicola and L. piniella as different species is perplexing, given that they were described in the same publication.The key to species in McGown (1979) separated them on the basis of the scape "long and slim" versus "stouter, not noticeably long and slim".Our examination reveals that the shapes of the scape in these species are essentially identical (Figures 3, 5) Platygaster indica (Mani)  Comments.This species clearly does not belong in Sacespalus : it has distinct felt fields on S2, A2 is not lamellate, and it lacks the robustly crenulate orbit of the compound eye.Despite the flattened state of the specimen, the characters of this specimen are surprisingly accessible.Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=11685
Comments.The absence of a long fringe of setae on the posterior margin of the fore wing and the fusion of T1 and T2 place this species in Synopeas Förster, not Leptacis Förster.Fouts described numerous species in Leptacis that were later transferred to Synopeas (Masner, in Krombein and Burks 1967), and his transfer of this species from Amblyaspis Förster into Synopeas reflects his concepts of these genera.Comments.Masner (1976) stated that this species did not belong in Psilanteris and suggested that it belonged in an undescribed genus.This has proven to be the case, as the genus into which we transfer this species was described by Masner and Johnson (Yoder et al. 2009).Axea atriclava does not match any of the species described in Yoder et al. (2009) and is a new species for the genus.Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=313332

Chakra pachmarhica (Sharma
Comments.Paridris dubeyi and Probaryconus pachmarhicus, despite that they are conspecific, were placed in separate genera by Sharma (1972Sharma ( , 1982)).The concept of Probaryconus, at least since Masner (1976), excludes species with a metascutellum that projects posteriorly ("armed"), and includes species that have spines or protrusions on the propodeum.Chakra pachmarhica matches neither of these character states.Paridris is a more polymorphic genus that was recently diagnosed by Talamas et al. (2011) and does not include species with an epomial carina.Until now, Chakra has been a monotypic genus, and the metascutellum of C. sarvatra Rajmohana & Veenakumari has a metascutellum with a single spine.We here expand the concept of Chakra to include species with two or three metascutellar spines.The salient characters of Chakra, as mentioned by Rajmohana and Veenakumari (2014), are the diagnostic form of sculpture on the head, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum; the postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein, and Scelio-type ovipositor.The limits of Chakra with respect to Trissoscelio (presently a junior synonym of Opisthacantha) are unclear.The presence of an epomial carina in Chakra holds promise as a diagnostic character, but this character exhibits a significant degree of variation among the undescribed African species of Chakra.A species of Chakra from Southeast Asia has a trispinose metascutellum (Figure 31) and the length of these spines exhibits a great deal of size related variation.Consequently, Chakra is a genus with a hypervariable metascutellum and this structure is of only modest use for identifying the genus.We think it is noteworthy that all of the species of Chakra that we have examined have the metapleural and paracoxal sulci well-defined and separate in the dorsal half of the metapleuron (Figures 32-33) and, at the moment, this serves as a useful diagnostic character for the genus.Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=4416

Diagnosis of
Neotype designation.The lectotype specimen is essentially lost, as only a few legs remain glued to the point (Figure 36).We here designate paralectotype specimen (US-NMENT00989860) as the neotype for Gryon leptocorisae.This specimen was reared from the same egg mass as the lectotype and has identical collection data.Replacement name.Mani (1975) described Opisthacantha indica in the same paper in which Baryconus (Holoteleia) indica was originally described.We resolve this homonymy by proposing a replacement name for the latter.We selected the epithet, "nomados", which is Greek for "wanderer" for this species as it roams from one genus to another.The names is treated as a noun in apposition.
Comments.Malar and facial striae are present in the holotype specimen of O. nomados, both of which exclude this species from Holoteleia in the concept of this genus presented by Masner (1980), Masner (1994) and Talamas and Buffington (2015).The placement of Baryconus indica by Mani and Sharma (1982) in Holoteleia is also inconsistent with the concept of the genus presented by Mani and Sharma (1982), which stated that the genus has a "metanotum narrow, medially without lamina or lamella".Examination of the holotype reveals that the metascutellum forms a large posteriorly projecting plate (Figure 43), consistent with the form found in Opisthacantha (Trissoscelio) nigriceps Kieffer.Trissoscelio Kieffer is currently treated as a junior synonym of Opisthacantha Ashmead, but changes to the classification of the genera presently treated as Opisthacantha are likely to occur when this complex is reanalyzed.We note that O. nomados should follow Opisthacantha (Trissoscelio) nigriceps in the event of such change.
Comments.Oxyteleia Kieffer has an Oriental distribution and this species does not have its most obvious diagnostic characters: a bispinose metascutellum and posteriorly directed spines derived from the axillular carinae on the lateral meso scutellum.Comments.Placement of this species in the correct genus has undoubtedly been hampered by glue that obscured some of its diagnostic characters.In order to sufficiently assess the specimen it was soaked in ethanol until the glue became soft enough for removal with forceps and a fine pin to observe the skaphion and dorsal head.The specimen was then left in the remaining glue (as seen in Figs 62-64).The presence of a skaphion, single metascutellar spine, and absence of a postmarginal vein enable us to confidently place this species in Psilanteris.

Psilanteris nigriclavata (Ashmead
Triteleia bengalensis (Saraswat)  Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=3467Material examined.Lectotype, male, P. annulicornis: UNITED STATES: Washington, 14-X, USNMENT01059271 (deposited in USNM).Paralectotype: UNIT-ED STATES: 1 unsexed, USNMENT01029368 (USNM).Other material: UNIT-  Comments.Fouts's (1948) described Trimorus pulchricornis and T. varius in the same publication, which also included T. annulicornis in his key to species.Even a cursory examination suggests that these three belong to a single species, giving us serious doubts about the quality of Fouts's taxonomy, at least as far as Trimorus is concerned.We suspect that many more of Fouts species of Trimorus will be treated as junior synonyms but will require more thorough study that is beyond the scope of this publication.Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=2821Neotype designation.We here designate specimen USNMENT01109318 to be the neotype female of Telenomus graptae: UNITED STATES: White Mountains, 6.VIII.1887,reared from egg, (deposited in USNM).

Telenomus graptae
Comments.Masner and Muesebeck (1968) clarified that this specimen could not be the holotype of T. graptae because the original male and female syntypes were mounted on slides, both of which are lost.This specimen bears a label "LECTOTYPE ♀ Telenomus graptae How.By L. Masner, 1964", but it is not eligible to be a lectotype because lectotypes must be selected from a syntype series.This specimen is in the best condition among those of this species determined by Howard and thus we consider it to be the best candidate for a neotype.Link to distribution map.http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=3018 Neotype designation.Telenomus persimilis was described from a single specimen, and in the original description Ashmead (1893) stated that he had since examined specimens from Agricultural College, Michigan, that were conspecific.Masner and Muesebeck (1968) stated that these specimens have since been used for identification of this species.We here designate one of the females from this series (USNMENT01109322) as the neotype of this species.

), comb. n.
We here designate specimen USNMENT01223775 as the lectotype female of Cremastobaeus bicolor: SAINT VINCENT AND THE GREN-ADINES: Saint Vincent Island, no date, H. H. Smith, (deposited in USNM).

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES: Saint
Saint Vincent Island, no date, H. H. Smith, (deposited in USNM).Vincent Island, no date, H. H. Smith, USNMENT01109358 (deposited in USNM).