Cocoons, pupa, and host remains associated with reared specimens of Perilampus. A–C, E Neodiprion lecontei cocoons A, B P. neodiprioni as primary parasitoid C, E P. neodiprioni as hyperparasitoid, parasitoid of Ichneumonidae D Neodiprion virginianus cocoon, P. neodiprioni as hyperparasitoid, parasitoid of Tachinidae [insert: tachinid puparium spiracles] F Lepidoptera pupa, P. seneca as hyperparasitoid, parasitoid of Tachinidae G, H Monoctenus suffusus cocoons G P. monocteni as primary parasitoid H P. monocteni as hyperparasitoid, parasitoid of Tachinidae [insert: tachinid puparium spiracles]. Abbreviations: eh, emergence hole; ex, Perilampus pupa exuvia; Ic, ichneumonid cocoon; Lp, lepidopteran pupa; M, Monoctenus remains; Mc, Monoctenus cocoon; N, Neodiprion remains; Nc, Neodiprion cocoon; Tp, tachinid puparium. [associated Perilampus: A, B ROME207376 C ROME207377 D ROME198223 E ROME162273 F ROME202000 G ROME207330 H ROME207328]. Scale bars: 1 mm.