Ficus species impacting urban monuments and structures A Ficus microcarpa in the moat of the Rectorate in Seville and B on a watchtower of the Cádiz city wall C Ficus macrophylla emerging from a drainage outlet on the roof of the Tempul water reservoir (Jerez de la Frontera) D on a wall in Jerez de la Frontera, and E, F on ornamental palm trees in Alicante.

 
 
  Part of: Pérez-Gómez Álvaro, Sánchez-García Í, Royo JM, Rasplus J-Y, Robla J (2025) Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.98.156087