Two new brachypterous species of Heterospilus Haliday ( Hymenoptera , Braconidae , Doryctinae ) from the Nearctic Region

Two new species, Heterospilus belokobylskiji Kula, sp. n. and Heterospilus vincenti Kula, sp. n., from the Nearctic Region are described and diff erentiated from all other New World species of Doryctinae that exhibit brachyptery or aptery. Th ey are the fi rst brachypterous species of Heterospilus Haliday known in the New World and increase the total number of brachypterous species in the genus to four worldwide.

Heterospilus Haliday, the richest doryctine genus in the New World considering the number of undescribed species (P.Marsh in litt.), is one genus for which brachypterous and apterous species are not known in the New World.However, Heterospilus brachyptera (Jakimavicius), with the female brachypterous and known only from the holotype, and H. hemipterus have been reported from the Palearctic Region (Fischer 1960, Jakimavicius 1968, Yu et al. 2005).
Th e author discovered two new brachypterous species of Doryctinae in the Nearctic Region through a study testing pan trap color preference for selected Hymenoptera.Th e two species fi t Heterospilus sensu Marsh (2002) aside from the wings and malar space length and are described herein.

Materials and methods
Specimens were collected using blue, red, and white 12 ounce Solo™ (Urbana, Illinois) party bowls placed in an ~100 m wide power line right-of-way ~two miles east of Prince Frederick, Maryland.Th e clearing runs roughly north-south and is bordered to the east and west by eastern deciduous forest.Th e fl ora within the clearing was not surveyed.Topographically, it contains upland areas primarily with herbaceous plants and lowland areas primarily with woody plants.All traps were placed in upland areas.Th e bowls were fi lled with a solution of water and Liqui-Nox (Alconox, Inc., White Plains, New York) detergent; the latter served as a surfactant for the water.Contents of the bowls were collected every other day, and the bowls were refi lled with waterdetergent solution at that time.Specimens were dehydrated using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as in Heraty and Hawks (1998).Th ey were examined as in Kula (2009), and their placement in Heterospilus was determined through reference to Marsh (2002), Marsh (1997), andSeltmann andSharkey (2007).Additionally, the following specimens were examined: the holotype and two paratypes of A. formicoides in the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM); two paratypes of Ecphylopsis costaricensis borrowed from the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario (CNC); the holotype and two paratypes of Ecphylopsis swezeyi Beardsley borrowed from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, as well as a nontype specimen determined by C. F. W. Muesebeck (USNM); the holotype and a paratype of Ecphylus lepturgi, as well as nontype specimens determined by P. M. Marsh (USNM); the holotype and 10 paratypes of Ecphylus pacifi cus, as well as nontype specimens determined by P. M. Marsh (USNM); a paratype of Ecphylus schwarzii and nontype specimens determined by P. M. Marsh (USNM); the holotype of Pa.yuma and nontype specimens determined by P. M. Marsh (USNM); nine paratypes of Ps. fi carius (USNM); and four paratypes of Ps. parapygmaeus and nontype specimens determined by C. van Achterberg (USNM).Th e specimens were determined as new species using unpublished morphological data for H. hemipterus obtained from S. A. Belokobylskij (Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg).Belokobylskij (in prep.)considers H. brachyptera conspecifi c with H. hemipterus.Th us, the diagnoses herein include the name H. hemipterus only.
Terminology for morphological features and setation largely follows Sharkey and Wharton (1997).Pronotal collar, pronotal groove, and subalar groove are as in Marsh (2002); posterior mesopleural furrow is as in Kula (2003).Terminology for surface sculpture primarily follows Harris (1979), but Sharkey and Wharton (1997) and Marsh (2002) were also consulted.Crenulate is as in Sharkey and Wharton (1997); carinae and areas of the propodeum are as in Marsh (2002).
Measurements were taken with an ocular micrometer as in Wharton (1977) with the following additions and modifi cations.Tergum 1 (T1) length is the maximum length of T1 in lateral view, and T1 width is the width of the posterior edge of T1 in dorsal view.Th orax length and thorax height are referred to as mesosoma length and mesosoma height, respectively.Mesonotal width is referred to as mesoscutal width.Malar space height is the distance between the ventral margin of the eye and the middle of the ventral margin of the malar space.Maximum length was measured for the penultimate maxillary palpomere and T2+T3 mesally.Th e exposed portion of the ovipositor was measured ventrally to estimate ovipositor length.
Abbreviations used in diagnoses and descriptions are as in Kula (2009) with the following additions: malar space height (MSH), penultimate maxillary palpomere length (PMPL), and exposed ovipositor length (EOL).Abbreviations for museums and collections follow Evenhuis (2010).Th e material examined sections are formatted as in Kula (2009).
Habitus images were obtained using a Visionary Digital imaging system.Th e system consists of an Infi nity Optics K2 long distance microscope affi xed to a Canon EOS 40D digital SLR camera.A Dynalite M2000er power pack and Microptics ML1000 light box provided illumination.Image capture software is Visionary Digital's proprietary application with images saved as TIF with the RAW conversion occurring in Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 1.4.Image stacks were montaged with Helicon Focus 4.2.1.Final images were prepared using Adobe Illustrator CS4 and are deposited in Morphbank (image ID numbers 581765, 581772, 581777, and 581782).

Results and discussion
Heterospilus belokobylskiji Kula, sp. n. and Heterospilus vincenti Kula, sp. n. can be diff erentiated from other brachypterous or apterous doryctines in the New World (excluding ypsistocerines) using form of the wings (Table 1).Additionally, the scutellar disc is fl at in H. belokobylskiji and H. vincenti; it is convex in A. formicoides and conical in Ecphylopsis costaricensis.A tubercle is present at the base of the hind coxa in H. belokobylskiji and H. vincenti; it is round at the base in Ecphylopsis costaricensis, Ecphylus caudatus, Ecphylus lepturgi, Ecphylus pacifi cus, and Ecphylus schwarzii.Th e propodeal bridge is absent in H. belokobylskiji and H. vincenti; the metasoma articulates with the mesosoma directly above the metacoxae.Th e propodeal bridge is present between the metacoxae and petiole in O. andersoni; the metasoma articulates with the mesosoma high above the metacoxae resulting in a large gap between those features (cf.cenocoeliine braconids).Th e femora are not enlarged in H. belokobylskiji and H. vincenti; all femora are enlarged in Pa.yuma, Ps. fi carius, Ps. parapygmaeus, and Ps.triangularis.Marsh (2002) noted that Beardsley (1961) illustrated a macropterous female holotype of Ecphylopsis swezeyi, known from Hawaii, with the forewing 2RS vein absent and suggested it might belong in Heterospilus.Th ree paratypes of Ecphylopsis swezeyi have the wings represented by scalelike pads.Th e author regards the holotype and two brachypterous paratypes examined as conspecifi c.All of the type specimens of Ecphylopsis swezeyi examined are mounted in such a way that the hind coxa is obscured so that the absence or presence of an anteroventral basal tubercle cannot be discerned.However, the hind coxa of a macropterous nontype female at the USNM lacks a tubercle.Further, the scutellar disc is convex in Ecphylopsis swezeyi (more strongly so in brachypterous specimens) and similar in shape to that of Ecphylopsis costaricensis.Th erefore, the author retains Ecphylopsis swezeyi in Ecphylopsis at this time.Th e discovery of males to discern the absence or presence of the hind wing stigma might clarify the generic placement of Ecphylopsis swezeyi.Diagnosis.Th e vertex is smooth except a pair of small strigulate areas posterolaterad the lateral ocelli in H. belokobylskiji; the vertex is entirely strigate to strigate-coriaceous in H. hemipterus, and it is entirely coriaceous in H. vincenti.Th e face is smooth in H. belokobylskiji; the face is at least partially strigate in H. hemipterus, and it is smooth mesally and coriaceous laterally in H. vincenti.Th e frons is partially strigulate in H. belokobylskiji; the frons is entirely coriaceous in H. vincenti.Th e mesopleuron (excluding subalar groove, precoxal sulcus, and posterior mesopleural furrow) is weakly coriaceous with some areas nearly smooth in H. belokobylskiji; the mesopleuron is at least partially strigate in H. hemipterus.Th e hind wing stigma of the male is located slightly basad the middle of the wing in H. belokobylskiji; the stigma is located at the wing apex in H. vincenti.Transverse grooves are absent on T3 in H. belokobylskiji; a crenulate transverse groove is present on T3 in H. hemipterus.Th e head (excluding mouthparts and antenna) is brown in H. belokobylskiji; the head is yellow in H. vincenti.
Hind wing.Brachypterous, extending to posterior margin of T2 (including fringe); hyaline; basal and subbasal cells enclosed by tubular veins, veins enclosing cells diff er in width and degree of sclerotization; R1 vein tubular; M+CU vein shorter than 1M vein.
Color.Head (excluding mouthparts and antenna) brown, mouthparts whitish yellow except mandible yellow with teeth brown, scape and pedicel yellow, fl agellum yellow proximally transitioning to brown distally; mesosoma orangish brown except pronotum and propleuron yellowish brown; wing venation tan; legs yellow; T1-T2 entirely yellowish brown, T3-T5 mostly brown with posterior edge slightly darker but all with some irregular yellow coloration, T6 yellow anteromesally but otherwise yellowish brown, T7 yellowish brown, T8 yellow.
Forewing.Extending nearly to end of T3 (including fringe).
Hind wing.Extending nearly to end of T3 (including fringe); stigma slightly basad middle of wing, subelliptical; basal and subbasal cells enclosed by tubular veins except delimited distally by stigma, basal cell delimited ventrally by M+CU vein, 1M vein absent; R1 vein tubular.

Heterospilus vincenti
Diagnosis.Heterospilus vincenti can be diff erentiated from H. belokobylskiji using the diagnosis for H. belokobylskiji.Th e vertex is coriaceous in H. vincenti; the vertex is strigate to strigate-coriaceous in H. hemipterus.Th e face is smooth mesally and coriaceous laterally in H. vincenti; the face is at least partially strigate in H. hemipterus.Th e frons is coriaceous in H. vincenti; the frons is strigate H. hemipterus.Transverse grooves are absent on T3 in H. vincenti; a crenulate transverse groove is present on T3 in H. hemipterus.Th e head (excluding mouthparts and antenna) is yellow in H. vincenti; the head is dark reddish brown except yellowish brown along eye and ventrally in H. hemipterus.
Forewing.Brachypterous, extending to end of mesosoma (including fringe); hyaline; stigma absent; venation limited to tubular vein along anterior margin complete to wing apex and vein along posterior margin transitioning from nebulous proximally to tubular distally and bending anteriorly near wing apex to intersect vein along anterior margin.
Hind wing.Brachypterous, extending to end of mesosoma (including fringe); hyaline; basal cell distinct but open, SC+R vein spectral distally; subbasal cell enclosed by tubular veins; SC+R vein and 1M vein converge distally to form thickening roughly width of two veins.
Color.Head (excluding mouthparts and antenna) yellow, mouthparts whitish yellow except mandible yellow with teeth brown, scape and pedicel yellow, fl agellum yellow proximally transitioning to brown distally; mesosoma yellow with pronotum and propleuron slightly lighter; wing venation and legs yellow; T1-T2 entirely yellow, T3-T4 yellow with posterior edge brownish yellow, T5-T8 entirely yellow.
Forewing: Additional tubular vein located above vein along posterior margin, additional vein arising at base of wing and terminating into vein along posterior margin roughly at its midpoint.
Hind wing: Base of wing membranous with minute veins along anterior and posterior margins; apex of wing with stigmalike swelling bearing fl ap of wing membrane at distal end of swelling.
Host.Unknown.Etymology.Th is species is named for the author's son, Vincent Marion Kula.

Table 1 .
Species of Doryctinae in the New World, excluding ypsistocerines, that exhibit brachyptery or aptery.