Genus Cryptopimpla Taschenberg new to Sulawesi, Indonesia, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae)

Cryptopimpla sulawesiensis sp. n. (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae: Atrophini) is described from the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Sundaland). This is the first known representative of the genus in Indonesia and is also the southernmost record of Cryptopimpla in the Oriental region. The presence of Cryptopimpla in Sulawesi, which belongs to Wallacea, indicates the potential distribution of Cryptopimpla in the Indochina Peninsula, Sundaland (other than Sulawesi Is.) and possibly Australia, where there have been no records

Genus Cryptopimpla Taschenberg new to Sulawesi, Indonesia, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae)

Introduction
The genus Cryptopimpla Taschenberg is a relatively large taxon of the tribe Atrophini, subfamily Banchinae, family Ichneumonidae, containing 46 described species recorded worldwide except for the Australian, Oceanian (Notogaean realm) and Neotropical (Neogaean realm) regions, with greatest species richness in the temperate area (Yu et al. 2005;Sheng and Zheng 2005;Kuslitzky 2007).The genus seems to be poorly represented in tropical areas; e.g.there is only one species in the Ethiopian region (South Africa) (Morley 1916) and there are no known species in the Neotropical region.Although Chandra and Gupta (1977) and Sheng (2011) recognized 16 species of Cryptopimpla from tropical area of the Oriental region, only five of these were recorded from tropical areas, namely Myanmar and the Philippines, and the distributions of the remaining species were restricted to non-tropical areas such as north India, Ryukyu, Jiangxi Province and Taiwan.This may be due to inadequate collections in tropical areas.In fact, there have been no additional Cryptopimpla species recorded from tropical area of the Oriental region since Chandra and Gupta's (1977) monograph.Although Sundaland has no record of Cryptopimpla (Chandra and Gupta 1977), it is possible that they would potentially exist in mountainous regions as Chandra and Gupta (1977) stated that all the Oriental species of the genus recorded so far inhabit mountains.The ichneumonid fauna in 'tropical' mountainous regions more closely resembles that of temperate areas and species richness is also higher than in tropical lowlands (Gauld 1987).
In 2009 (January to March), one of us, KT, had an opportunity to investigate the ichneumonid fauna of the Tilongkabila mountains, Prov.Gorontalo, north Sulawesi, Indonesia.Amongst the specimens collected by the survey, a number of specimens of a Cryptopimpla species were found.It was concluded that the species is new to science; here we describe this species and record it as the first appearance of Cryptopimpla in the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Materials and methods
The Tilongkabila mountains (mountain top; alt.1510m; 0°35.18'N,123°13.22'E)lie in Bogani Nani Warta Bone National Park and are covered by tropical primeval forest from the foot.Four Malaise traps were deployed every 300-400m altitude from 100m, at about 100, 500, 900 and 1200m, along the trail of the Tilongkabila mountains for about six weeks from the end of January 2009 to the beginning of March (rainy season).GPS data of the trapping points are indicated in the type specimen data.Malaise bottles were exchanged every two weeks.Net sweeping was also conducted along the trail and around the camp site as KT climbed.
Specimens used in this study were collected by both Malaise traps and sweep net.Observations of the specimens were made by stereomicroscope (OLYMPUS SZ60; LEICA M165-C), light microscope (OLYMPUS BX41) and video microscope (KEY-ENCE VHX-1000).Male terminalia were treated in 10% KOH at about 20°C for 24 hours, then washed in distilled water and observed in 70 % ethanol.Digital images were edited using Adobe Photoshop® CS3.
Morphological terminology mainly follows Gauld (1991).We referred to Snodgrass (1941) and Eady (1968) for male genitalia and microsculpture descriptions, respectively.The following abbreviations were used: minimum length of ocello-ocular line (OOL), minimum length of postocellar line (POL), maximum diameter of posterior lateral ocellus (OD), length of malar space (MSL), and character states of the holotype (HT).Ovipositor length is expressed as the length of the ovipositor sheaths (i.e. the length of the ovipositor beyond the hypopygium).
The specimens examined in this study are deposited in the National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba city, Ibaragi (NIAES), the collection of Ehime University Museum (EUM) and the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).
Diagnosis.Cryptopimpla can be distinguished from all other banchine genera by the following combination of characters: lower end of occipital carina joining hypostomal carina above base of mandible; apical 0.3-0.4 of flagellum tapered towards apex; epomia absent; lower half of mesopleuron weakly convex or flat; posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete, or sometimes partly weak; pleural carina present, sometimes weak; areolet present, its petiole short or absent; 2m-cu with two bullae or a single wide bulla; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 much closer to 1A than to M; first metasomal tergite with glymma, its spiracle before the middle, its dorsal profile strongly convex before the spiracle; median dorsal carina on first metasomal tergite absent; ovipositor shorter than hind tibia, sometimes upcurved.
Remarks.Keys to species of Cryptopimpla have been published for the following regions: Oriental (Chandra and Gupta 1977), Russian Far East (Kuslitzky 2007), China (Sheng and Zheng 2005;Sheng 2011), Japan (Momoi 1970), Europe (Aubert 1978;Schwarz 2003 treating only species with black metasomal tergites) and the Nearctic (Townes and Townes 1978).All the described species with black metasomal tergites, except for the Afrotropical C. rubrithorax Morley, 1916, are included in these keys.Although the species collected from Sulawesi possesses a black metasoma, it could not be assigned to any described species by the keys or by comparison with the description of C. rubrithorax, and most described species are very unlikely to be found in Sulawesi.None of the described species would be expected to match this species from Sulawesi, considering differences in climate and geography, because most described species are distributed in the temperate or subtropical regions, especially in the northern hemisphere.
Etymology.The specific name is derived from Sulawesi, the type locality.Biological note.Host unknown.Female wasps were, as a whole, caught in Malaise traps except for one individual caught by sweep net, whilst male wasps were caught exclusively by sweep net.On 2nd March, many male wasps were flying around one (unidentified) shrub growing between 500 and 800m.

Discussion
Cryptopimpla sulawesiensis sp.n. is the first representative of the genus known from Sulawesi and also from Indonesia (Sundaland), thus extending the southernmost distribution of the genus in the Oriental region.The presence of Cryptopimpla in Sulawesi, belonging to Wallacea, indicates a potential distribution of Cryptopimpla in the Indochina Peninsula, Sundaland (other than Sulawesi) and possibly Australia, where there has been no record of the genus.In fact, specimens of an undescribed species of the genus have been collected in southern Vietnam (deposited in Naturalis Museum Leiden, Gavin Broad, pers.comm.).Further finds are expected.Chandra and Gupta (1977) monographed 13 species and Sheng (2011) newly added three species of Oriental Cryptopimpla from India, Myanmar (Burma), Jiangxi Province, Taiwan and the Philippines.Of these Oriental species, C. sulawesiensis sp.n. is most similar to C. miltotibialis Chandra and Gupta and C. cristula Chandra and Gupta from India (males of both species unknown) in having the antenna with 40-44 flagellomeres, dense punctures on the mesosoma, a large, pentagonal areolet with 2mcu at the middle, and the blackish metasoma, but C. sulawesiensis sp.n. can be distinguished from C. miltotibialis and C. cristula by the following points (characters of the two latter species in parentheses): metasomal tergite I somewhat shorter, 1.7-2.0times as long as maximum width (more than 2.3 times as long as maximum width); hind femur short and robust, 5.2-5.8 times as long as maximum width (more than 6.7 times as long as maximum width); ovipositor shorter, its sheath 0.5-0.6 times as long as hind tibia (more than 0.68 times as long as maximum width); palpi whitish yellow (yellowish brown or black); metasomal tergites with some small yellowish, sometimes brownish areas (entirely black).Chandra and Gupta (1977) stated that all the Oriental species of Cryptopimpla recorded so far inhabit mountains and C. sulawesiensis sp.n. also seems to prefer a mountainous environment as all specimens were caught along a trail in the Tilongkabila mountains.Gauld (1987) suggested that close relatives of temperate ichneumonid exist in 'tropical' mountains, where Cryptopimpla, which is clearly biased towards temperate areas, was actually discovered.However, we deployed four Malaise traps at various altitudes (100, 500, 900 and 1200m) in this study and females of C. sulawesiensis sp.n. were caught at all altitudes.