Corresponding author: Michael J. Sharkey (
Academic editor: Gavin Broad
The species of Thai
Agathidinae is a moderately large subfamily of
Map showing collection sites in Thailand.
As part of the inventory of Thai insects, we ran three Malaise traps at 30 different localities throughout Thailand from 2007-2010, comprising approximately 90 Malaise trap years. The specimens dealt with here are primarily from these traps.
Species concepts are based on morphological data and cytochrome
NJ phylogram of the COI barcode region for 17 of the 21
The dichotomous key, descriptions, and the interactive key (Appendices 1–3) were generated using DELTA Editor
Morphological terms follow
Morphological terms used in this revision were matched to the
All 19 species are treated with a diagnosis and distributional data. They are illustrated with color photos using a JVC digital camera mounted on a Leica MZ16 microscope and Automontage® stacking software. Distributional data are listed for all species and a Google map via Berkeley Mapper is included for all species. The descriptions are of the holotype and variation is given in parentheses.
The source files for the keys, descriptions, illustrations, DNA sequence and distributional data are all freely available to future researchers who may wish to build on this beginning. DNA trace files and primer information are available through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) (
Distribution data, pdf’s of non-copyright references, images, notes, and host and type information can be found by searching TaxaBank (a combined specimen and taxonomic database;
The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Hymenoptera Institute Collection, University of Kentucky, Department of Entomology, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
NCB Naturalis Collection [formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie], Leiden, Netherlands.
Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Refer to the tree in Sharkey and Clutts (2010) for generic level placement. The host lepidopterans of the genus are unknown. The neighbor joining branching diagram in
Members of
(Note: there are often more than 2 alternatives in each couplet)
1 | a. Hind femur all pale | 2 |
b. Hind femur all melanic | 7 | |
c. Hind femur melanic dorsally and ventrally, orange laterally and medially | ||
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2(1) | a. Hind leg including tarsus entirely pale | |
b. Hind leg melanic and pale, often mostly pale with tarsus melanic | 3 | |
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3(2) | a. Mesoscutum entirely pale | 4 |
b. Mesoscutum mostly melanic except margins pale | ||
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4(3) | a. Stigma entirely melanic | |
b. Stigma partly or entirely yellow | 5 | |
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5(4) | a. Median ocellus distinctly narrower than space between lateral ocelli | 6 |
b. Median ocellus about as widen as space between lateral ocelli | ||
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6(5) | a. Hind femur more than 4× longer than wide (average 4.2×) | |
b. Hind femur less than 4× longer than wide (average 3.5×) | ||
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7(1) | a. Mesoscutum entirely pale | 8 |
b. Mesoscutum entirely melanic | 10 | |
c. Mesoscutum mostly pale with melanic spots posteriorly | ||
d. Mesoscutum mostly melanic except on margins pale | 12 | |
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8(7) | a. Median tergite 1 mostly yellow | 15 |
b. Median tergite 1 all white or cream colored, sometimes with a bit of melanic color subapically | ||
c. Median tergite 1 all black | 9 | |
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9(8) | a. Head (not including mouthparts or antenna) mostly or entirely pale | |
b. Head (not including mouthparts or antenna) mostly or entirely melanic | ||
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10(7) | a. Median tergite 1 all black | |
b. Median tergite 1 all white or cream colored or sometimes with a bit of melanic color subapically | 11 | |
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11(10) | a. Head (not including mouthparts or antenna) mostly or entirely melanic | |
b. Head (not including mouthparts or antenna) mostly or entirely pale | ||
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12(7) | a. Propodeum melanic in anterior half or more | 13 |
b. Propodeum entirely pale | 14 | |
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13(12) | a. Hind leg entirely melanic | |
b. Hind leg melanic except tibia mostly pale | ||
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14(12) | a. Fore wing not lighter apically than subapically, lacking white setae apically | |
b. Fore wing lighter apically than subapically, with extensive white setae apically | ||
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15(8) | a. Hind tibia entirely melanic | |
b. Hind tibia mostly pale | 16 | |
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16(15) | a. Median ocellus distinctly narrower than space between lateral ocelli | |
b. Median ocellus about as wide as space between lateral ocelli | ||
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Hind leg, including tarsus (except apical tarsomere), entirely pale.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H334/ATRMK197-11/
Recorded from Vietnam and central Thailand.Distribution map of the sole Thai locality can be found at
H0334 [QSBG] ♀, Thailand, Phu Kradueng NP, 420,
Hind tibia pale except apex black; hind femur melanic; mesoscutum pale; median ocellus distinctly narrower than space between lateral ocelli.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H462/ATRMK214-11/
Found only in northern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Charoen Wanna, collector at Doi Phuka National Park.
Holotype ♀. H5905 [QSBG], Thailand, Doi Phahompok NP Headquarters, 569,
Paratypes. Thailand: ♀, Nam Nao NP, Check point, 921m,
Mesoscutum entirely melanic; hind tibia all melanic; head melanic; MT1 black.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H035/ATRMK141-09/
Found only at the type locality in northern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Cholathorn Chamnanthip, chief of Doi Phahompok National Park, one of our collecting sites.
Holotype ♂. H0035 [QSBG], Thailand, Doi Chiang Dao WS, Nature Trail, 491m,
Paratypes. ♂ Thailand, Doi Chiangdao NP, Headquarters, 491m,
Mesoscutum mostly pale with melanic spots posteriorly.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H905/ATRMK260-11/
Eastern and northeastern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Chongkrai Worapongthorn, chief of Doi Inthanon National Park, one of our collecting sites.
Holotype ♀. H0996 [QSBG], Thailand, Huai Nam Dang NP, Thung Buatong,
Paratype. ♀, Thailand, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27, 950m,
Head melanic dorsally and posteriorly, pale ventrally and anteriorly; hind femur all pale.
Widespread in western Malaysia and likely present in southern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Prof. Idris Abd. Ghani, professor at the School of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia.
Holotype ♀. H6733 [UKM], Malaysia, Kuala Lompat, Pahang,
Paratypes. ♀, Malaysia: Kampung PETA, Johor,
Hind tibia all melanic; mesoscutum entirely pale; stigma entirely melanic; head, except antenna, pale; propodeum mostly or entirely pale; median ocellus diameter equal to the space between lateral ocelli; MT1 long and narrow, not much wider apically than basally
Recorded from southern India and a locality east of Bangkok, undoubtedly more widespread.Distribution map of Thai locality can be found at
♀, Thailand, Chanda Buri, Pong Nam Ron,
Hind femur all pale; stigma entirely melanic; MT1 long and narrow, only slightly wider apically than basally.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H518/ATRMK220-11/
Known only from the type locality in central Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Nikom Wongwan, collector at Phuka National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0518 [QSBG], Thailand, Phu Kradueng NP, 420m,
Mesoscutum entirely melanic; head, except antenna, pale.
Recorded from southeastern and northwestern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Nopadol Nachin, chief of Tad Tone National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0323 [QSBG], Thailand, Khao Khitchakut NP, N/Prabaht Unit, 500m,
Paratypes. ♀, Thailand: Doi Inthanon NP, Chiang Mai, 1700m,
Mesoscutum mostly melanic except margins pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex and extreme base black; hind femur melanic; apex of fore wing hyaline with white setae.
Known only from the type locality in western Malaysia but likely to be found in peninsular Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
The name is in reference to the Malaysian state, Pahang, in which the specimens were collected
Holotype ♀, H8489 [UKM], Malaysia, Pahang, Cameron Highland, Parit Falls,
Paratypes. ♂ Malaysia, Pahang, Cameron Highland: Jasa,
Head (not including mouthparts) melanic; mesoscutum entirely pale.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H918/ATRMK263-11/
Known only from the type locality in northwestern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Panya Kotesanlee, chief of Phuphan National Park.
Holotype ♀ H0918 [ QSBG], Thailand, Doi Chiangdao NP, Pha Tang substation,
Mesoscutum mostly melanic except margins pale; hind tibia all melanic.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H647/ATRMK231-11/
Found only at the type locality in southern peninsular Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Poonsathit Wongsawat, chief of Doi Phuka National Park.
Holotype ♂ H0647 [QSBG], Thailand, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 122m,
Hind tibia mostly pale, extreme base cream, apex black, most of dorsal and ventral surfaces black, otherwise orange.
TaxaBank#/Genbank Accession: H273 /
Found only at the type locality in southern peninsular Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Ms. Ratana Luckanawarakul. She is currently the director of the Recreation and Interpretation Division of the Thai Department of National Parks. Ratana was of great assistance to us on numerous field trips and was always the best of company.
Holotype ♂. H0273 [QSBG], Thailand, Khao Pu-Khao Ya NP, 75m,
Mesoscutum mostly melanic except margins pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex black; propodeum color mostly or entirely melanic.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H036/ATRMK142-09/
Widespread throughout western Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Saksit Poonsapsiri, one of the chiefs of Phataem National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0324 [QSBG], Thailand, Khao Sok NP, Head quarters, 115m,
Paratypes. ♂, Thailand: Salaeng Luang NP: 557m,
Mesoscutum entirely melanic; hind tibia all melanic; head (not including mouthparts or antenna) melanic; apex of flagellum pale, contrasting with melanic base.
Median tergite 1 white or cream colored.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H389/ATRMK207-11/
Taiwan, peninsular Malaysia and Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Surachai Pransil, chief of Khao Kitchagoot National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0389 [QSBG] Thailand, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27, 950m,
Paratypes. ♀, Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata,
Hind femur all pale; mesoscutum entirely pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex and sometimes extreme base black; stigma partly or entirely yellow; median ocellus distinctly narrower than space between lateral ocelli; lateral surface of hind femur sparsely punctate, spaces between punctures wider than diameter of punctures.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H1603/ATRMK321-11/
Widespread in northern and central Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Dr. Suyanee Vessabutr. She was the deputy director of QSBG and was of great assistance to us in providing space and resources at the museum.
Holotype ♀. H1603 [QSBG], Thailand, Chae Son NP, Visitor center,
Paratypes. ♀, Thailand, Khuean Srinagarindra NP, 210m,
Hind femur all pale; mesoscutum entirely pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex black; median ocellus about as wide as or wider than space between lateral ocelli; stigma partly yellow.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H381/ATRMK205-11/
Known only from the type locality in northwestern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Ms. Chayanit (Toy) Satatha. Toy was the sorter of
Holotype ♀. H0381 [QSBG], Thailand, Namtok Mae Surin NP, Car park,
Mesoscutum mostly melanic except margins pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex and extreme base black; hind femur all melanic; apical half of wing not noticeably more infuscate than base.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H309/ATRMK450-11/
Known only from the type locality in western Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Uthai Promnaree, one of the chiefs of Phataem National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0309 [QSBG], Thailand, Mae Wong NP, Chong Yen, 1306m,
Scutum and MT1 yellow; hind leg, including tibia, melanic.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H074/
Widespread throughout Thailand. Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Wang Saeyang, who was the sorter for
Holotype ♀. H0057 [QSBG], Thailand, Khoa Chong, Forest Research Stn., 75m,
Paratypes. ♀, Thailand: Khoa Chong, Forest Research Stn., 75m,
Hind femur all pale; mesoscutum entirely pale; hind tibia mostly pale except apex black; stigma partly or entirely yellow; ocelli median ocellus distinctly narrower than space between lateral ocelli; lateral surface of hind femur densely punctate to aciculate, spaces between punctures not wider than diameter of punctures.
TaxaBank#/Genbank Accession: H063/
Dedicated to Mr. Wichai Srisuka, the curator of insects at QSBG.
Holotype ♀. H0063 [QSBG], Thailand, Khoa Chong, Trang, 75m,
Paratype. ♀, Thailand, Namtok Yon NP, Klong Jang Waterfall, 154m,
Hind tibia mostly pale except apex black; hind femur all melanic; mesoscutum entirely pale; median ocellus about as wide as or wider than space between lateral ocelli.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H012/
Recorded from three localities in northwestern Thailand.Distribution map can be found at
Dedicated to Mr. Wirat Sukho, collector for the TIGER project at Khao Yai National Park.
Holotype ♀.H0981 [QSBG], Thailand, Doi Phahompok NP, 569m,
Paratypes. ♂ Thailand: Doi Inthanon NP, campground pond, 1200m,
Hind tibia all melanic; mesoscutum entirely pale; MT1 all white or cream colored, sometimes with a bit of melanic color subapically.
TaxaBank#/BOLD Process ID/Genbank Accession: H990/ATRMK272-11/
Recorded only from the type locality south-west of Bangkok
Dedicated to Mr. Wirote Naknan, chief of Namnao National Park.
Holotype ♀. H0634 [QSBG], Thailand, Kaeng Krachan NP, km33/helipad, 735m,
Paratype. ♀, Thailand, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27, 950m,
We thank all of the staff at Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens in Chiang Mai for sorting the many hundreds of samples and for the Thai park staff for running Malaise traps and other collection devices. Thanks to Dr. van Achterberg for the loan of type specimens. A special thanks to Chaweewan Hutacharern for managing the Thai end of the TIGER project. Funding was provided by NSF grants DEB-0542864 and EF-0337220.
DELTA data matrix, images, and other files to the dichotomous key for Zelodia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Thailand. doi:
DELTA data matrix, images, and other files to species descriptions for Zelodia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Thailand. doi:
Interactive key, in IntKey format, to Zelodia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Thailand. doi:
You also need to download Intkey software and reboot your computer, if it is not already installed. The software package, Intkey, can be downloaded from http://delta-intkey.com/www/programs.htm. Once Intkey is installed you need only click on the .ink fi le (below) and the key will open. Click on any character on the left to begin.
More details on how to use Intkey efficiently are found at http://fl orabase.calm.wa.gov.au/help/keys/intkey_tutorial.pdf
Morphological terms matched to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology. Identifiers (URIs) represent anatomical concepts in HAO version
Abbreviations | Term | URI |
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LT3 | abdominal laterotergite 3 |
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MT1 | abdominal mediotergite 1 |
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MT2 | abdominal mediotergite 2 |
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MT3 | abdominal mediotergite 3 |
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antenna |
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apical tarsomere |
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area |
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body |
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carina |
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costa |
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coxa |
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femur |
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flagellomere |
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flagellum, flagella |
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fore leg |
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fore wing |
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frons |
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head |
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hind femur |
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hind leg |
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hind tarsus |
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hind tibia |
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lateral ocelli |
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laterotergite |
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leg |
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median ocellus |
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mediosternite |
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S2 | mediosternite 2 |
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S3 | mediosternite 3 |
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mediotergite |
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mesopleuron |
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mesoscutum |
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mesosoma |
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mesothorax |
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metapleuron |
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metasoma |
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metapectal-propodeal complex |
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mid leg |
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mouthparts |
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notaulus |
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ocellus |
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ovipositor |
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palpi |
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pedicel |
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propodeum |
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prothorax |
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puncture |
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scape |
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scutellar disc |
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scutellar sulcus |
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scutellum |
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scutum |
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metasomal segment |
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seta |
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sternite |
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stigma |
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tarsal claw |
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tarsomere |
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tarsus |
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tendon |
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terga |
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tergite |
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basal tooth |
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trochantellus |
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trochanter |
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vein |
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vertex |
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wing |
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wing cell |
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