Orientopius Fischer (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) new for Europe, with first notes on its biology and description of a new species

The genus Orientopius Fischer, 1966 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) is reported for the first time from Europe and the West Palaearctic region, its biology (parasitoids of Phytobia spp.) is given for the first time and a new species (O. europaeus sp. n.) is described from France and Bulgaria.


Introduction
The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with 1,975 valid species according to Yu et al. (2009), is a common group containing generally small (2-5 mm) parasitoid wasps of mainly mining or fruit-infesting dipterous larvae.It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer (1972Fischer ( , 1977Fischer ( , 1986Fischer ( , 1987)).Currently about 35 genera are used, but the number of genera and the limits of several genera are still matters of discussion.The genus Orientopius Fischer, 1966, is a small genus with 13 described species from the East Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian (New Guinea) regions.Up to now, its biology was unknown; the metasomal carapace may indicate that oviposition is through e.g. a woody substrate or an egg-shell, both difficult to penetrate.
The second and third authors reared a new species of Orientopius from two species of the genus Phytobia Lioy, 1864 (Diptera: Agromyzidae) mining in the cambium of trees and shrubs of Crataegus monogyna Linnaeus and Prunus spinosa Linnaeus in northern France.The same species was collected in Central Bulgaria by the first author.Opiinae are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of cyclorrhaphous Diptera, but oviposition may take place into the egg of the host (ovo-larval parasitoids).They may play an important role in the control of dipterous pests such as fruit-infesting Tephritidae and mining Agromyzidae.The parasitoid larva has its final development when the host larva has made its puparium, and the adult parasitoid emerges from the host puparium.

Material and methods
The larvae and pupae of Phytobia were collected by J.L. Gumez in North France (Aisne, Bouconville-Vauclair, forêt domaniale de Vauclair and forêt domaniale de Samoussy).Some puparia were collected directly from the soil under the host plants (Fig. 30), others were obtained from young seedlings of Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa with larvae at the ends of their branches.The infested branches were cut and placed in containers to obtain the puparia.These puparia were kept indoors under semi-natural conditions by the second and third authors to obtain adults of the Phytobia miner and its parasitoids.The identifications of the larvae and adults of Phytobia were made by M. Martinez and of the parasitoids by the first and last authors.Beside the fairly large series of Braconidae (10-20 specimens per species) some Ichneumonidae were reared, but these (together with more recently reared Phytobia parasitoids) will be treated in a second paper dealing with all reared material of Phytobia spp. in North France.
The specimens are deposited in the collection INRA (CBGP) at Montpellier and in the NCB Naturalis collection (RMNH) at Leiden.For identification of the subfamily Opiinae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993Achterberg ( , 1997)), for identification of the genus, see Fischer (1966), Tobias (1998) and Chen and Weng (2005), for references to the Opiinae, see Yu et al. (2009) and for the terminology used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988Achterberg ( , 1993)).Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988).
Notes.Orientopius Fischer, 1966, is closely related to Coleopius Fischer, 1964; both have the female metasomal carapace covering the fourth and following tergites, the second metasomal tergite distinctly (1.3-1.9 times) longer than the third tergite, the third tergite with a sharp lateral crease and the second submarginal cell of the fore wing short.They can be separated as follows:     21); antenna yellowish-brown; pterostigma dark brown; second tergite 1.7-1.9times as long as third tergite; third tergite 0.5 times longer than its basal width; third metasomal tergite subparallel-sided, subrectangular and densely reticulate-rugose (Figs 18,33); fourth tergite of female smooth and retracted (Figs 1, 2, 32); setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.6-0.7 times as long as combined first-third metasomal tergites, 0.3 times as long as fore wing and 1.0-1.1 times as long as hind tibia (Fig. 32).
Description.Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.8 mm, of fore wing 2.5 mm.Head.Antenna with 28 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.1, 2.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina widely removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 7.3 times temple; temples directly narrowed (Fig. 21) and largely sparsely punctulate; frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and with some rugulae, remainder slightly convex and setose, largely coarsely punctate, with interspaces mostly somewhat wider than punctures; face medio-dorsally elevated, coarsely punctate, with interspaces slightly wider than punctures and some rugae latero-dorsally; width of clypeus 2.7 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face; clypeus flat, smooth and its ventral margin rather thin and medially straight; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Fig. 20); labrum flat but with upcurved rim; malar suture complete; with punctures between malar suture and clypeus; length of malar space 1.3 times basal width of mandible (Fig. 22); mandible strongly constricted and twisted apically, without distinct ventral carina (Fig. 22), second tooth medium-sized.
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.0, 5.9 and 3.4 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 25); hind femur with medium-sized setae and tibia densely short setose; third and fourth segments of fore tarsus about as long as wide.
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 0.8 times its apical width, its surface punctate in front of dorsal carinae and longitudinally reticulate behind carinae, convex and dorsal carinae united and with median carina posteriorly (Fig. 18); second suture crenulate, nearly straight and moderately impressed; second and third tergites longitudinally reticulate-rugose; median length of second tergite 1.7 times median length of third tergite; following tergites smooth and largely retracted below carapace; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.32 times fore wing, 0.6 times first-third tergites combined and 1.1 times longer than hind tibia; hypopygium far retracted, truncate apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasomal carapace.
Etymology.Name derived from "Europa", because it is the first species of this genus known from Europe.
Notes.The species can be separated from the other (all East) Palaearctic species as follows: