6urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:DE333E49-E4EE-5693-9BEF-D446E6301C98urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:55528528-5C97-4D79-A718-8B3D153B37CCJournal of Hymenoptera ResearchJHR1070-94281314-2607Pensoft Publishers10.3897/jhr.29.31231611Research ArticleBraconidaeTaxonomyChinaPsyttoma gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) from Shandong and Hubei (China), with a key to the species
LiXi-Ying1urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A2CF381E-FB87-404D-899F-98408B8FE556AchterbergCornelis van2urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:D6374CF4-8F07-4FA8-8C55-9335FD19CECDTanJi-Caiurn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:5C77DC9F-FD52-4510-99B3-6CD87350F7E8College of Bio-Safety Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, ChinaHunan Agricultural universityChangshaChinaDepartment of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalisLeidenNetherlands
Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg (Cees.vanAchterberg@naturalis.nl)
Academic editor: Gavin Broad
201215102012297381635AFFF1-A207-FFE6-E93F-6C64FFAD346F5747931AC4D606-321C-4EDC-A7A1-4C5161C8B31F25320123082012Xi-Ying Li, Cornelis van Achterberg, Ji-Cai TanThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1AC4D606-321C-4EDC-A7A1-4C5161C8B31F
Psyttomagen. n. (type species: Opius latilabris Chen & Weng, 2005) from Shandong and Hubei (China) is described and illustrated (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae). Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng, 2005) and Psyttoma wachsmanni (Szépligeti, 1898) are new combinations.
The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with 1,975 valid species according to Yu et al. (2009), is a common group containing generally small (2-5 mm) parasitoid wasps of mainly mining or fruit-infesting dipterous larvae. It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer (1972, 1977, 1986, 1987). Currently about 35 genera are used; Wharton (1988, 1997), van Achterberg (1997b, 2004a, 2004b), van Achterberg and Salvo (1997) and van Achterberg and Chen (2004) published updates or some additions for the existing keys to the genera of the Opiinae, but the number of genera and the limits of several genera are still matters of discussion.
The first author collected some Opiinae for her revision of the Opiinae of Hunan in her home town in the province of Shandong (Palaearctic China). One of the species resembles members of the genus Psyttalia Walker, 1860, but does not fit well in this genus. Also DNA analysis in the DNA lab of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden) showed that also the molecular data disagree with inclusion in the genera Psyttalia, Opius or Phaedrotoma. A combined analysis of the 16S and 28S sequences of about 50 mainly Oriental Opiine taxa from China and Malaysia was made and the results corroborated the view that the new genus has a separate position among the Opiine genera. The results of this study will be published elsewhere (Li et al., in prep.). Therefore, we describe the species in a new genus below. The DNA sequences are deposited in GenBank and have been compared with unpublished sequences of Psyttalia species from Malaysia and with published sequences (Gimeno et al. 1997). Later it was discovered that the mutilated type of Opius latilabris Chen & Weng, 2005, from Hubei (Oriental China) belongs to this species.
Opiinae are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of cyclorraphous Diptera, but oviposition may take place in the egg of the host (ovo-larval parasitoid). They may play an important role in the control of such dipterous pests as fruit-infesting Tephritidae and mining Agromyzidae. The parasitoid larva completes its final development when the host larva has made its puparium and the adult emerges from this puparium.
Material and methods
The specimens were directly killed in 70% alcohol during collection. The redescribed specimens are deposited in the Naturalis collection (RMNH) at Leiden. For identification of the subfamily Opiinae, see van Achterberg (1990, 1993, and 1997a); for identification of the genera, see Chen and Weng (2005), Wharton (1988, 1997), van Achterberg (1997b, 2004a); for references to the Opiinae, see Yu et al. (2009); and for the terminology used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988, 1993). Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988).
TaxonomyPsyttomaurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:29FD6792-00E8-441F-9C72-E97458B50D3Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Psyttoma van Achterberg & Ligen. n.Figures 113Etymology.
The name is a combination of the generic names Psyttalia Walker and Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1862, because it combines features of both genera. Gender: feminine.
Type species.
Opius latilabris Chen & Weng, 2005.
Diagnosis.
Hypopygium of female distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma; labrum slanted backwards, leaving a large space below clypeus (Fig. 9); veins 2-SR+R and SC+R1 of hind wing of male strongly widened (Fig. 13); precoxal sulcus smooth; hind femur 2–3 times as long as wide (Fig. 11); hind tibia without carinula basally; scutellum convex medially and depressed medio-posteriorly, distinctly protruding above level of mesoscutum (Fig. 5); propodeum without median carina or areola; second metasomal segment 1.2 times longer than third tergite (Fig. 4); spiracle of second tergite distinctly removed from apex of first tergite (Fig. 4).
Notes.
The genus will run in the key to world genera of Opiinae by Wharton (1997) to the genera Psyttalia Walker and Opius Wesmael (part with normal mandible; = Phaedrotoma). Because of the sharp pointed hypopygium it seems closer to Psyttalia, but it does not fit in any one of the genera and differs in having a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum, the second metasomal tergite longer than the third tergite, the precoxal sulcus smooth, the scutellum protruding dorsally, the hind wing narrowed and vein m-cu of the hind wing present as a faintly pigmented trace. The new genus can be separated from both genera as follows:
1
Scutellum distinctly protruding above level of mesoscutum (Fig. 5); hypopygium of ♀ distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma (Fig. 7) and hind wing comparatively narrow (Figs 12, 13); hind femur very robust, 2-3 times as long as wide (Fig. 11); labrum slanted backwards, leaving a large space below clypeus (Fig. 9); medio-anterior veins of hind wing of male strongly widened (Fig. 13)
Psyttoma gen. n.
–
Scutellum at level of mesoscutum; hypopygium of ♀ variable, if distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma then hind wing moderately wide and hind femur slender, 4–5 times as long as wide; labrum normal, without large space below clypeus; medio-anterior veins of hind wing of male narrow
Holotype (Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou), ♀, “[China:], Hubei, Shennongjia, Honghua, 2.vi.1988, Zhang Li-qin”. Paratype: 1 ♂, “[China:], Hubei, Shennongjia, Yangriwan, 20.vi.1988, Yang Jian-quan”. The holotype has the head missing and the wing venation is bleached.
Additional material.
1 ♀ (RMNH), “N. China: Shandong, Anqiu, Suotou Mt., 31.vii.2009, c. 120 m, Li Xi-Ying, RMNH’09”, “CVA4245, sp. 11”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), same label data.
Diagnosis.
Clypeus narrow, 5 times as wide as high and 0.7 times as wide as face and face distinctly transverse (Fig. 6); pronope rather large and round; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum medium-sized and round (Fig. 5); precoxal sulcus slightly impressed and smooth; scutellum rugulose medio-posteriorly; body completely brownish-yellow (Fig. 1).
Description.
Described from ♀ collected in Anqiu, length of body 2.0 mm, of fore wing 2.1 mm.
Head. Antenna with 25 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.5, 3.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; labrum slanted backwards, leaving a large space below clypeus (Fig. 9); occipital carina widely removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.1 times temple; frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets, medially convex and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 5.0 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; clypeus weakly convex, distinctly protruding forwards, punctate and its ventral margin thick and slightly concave; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 6, 9); malar suture present; without punctures between malar suture and clypeus; mandible somewhat constricted medially and gradually widened baso-ventrally, with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 9), second tooth minute.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; dorsal pronope large, round and pronotum oblique anteriorly (Fig. 8); pronotal sides smooth but oblique groove crenulate and posterior groove largely absent; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus medially superficially impressed, smooth as rest of mesopleuron; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus deep and narrow and very finely crenulate; notauli absent on disk, only anteriorly with pair of short smooth impressions; mesoscutum glabrous and strongly shiny; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum medium-sized, deep, round; scutellar sulcus narrow and finely crenulate laterally, widened medially; scutellum convex medially, depressed and rugulose medio-posteriorly; surface of propodeum smooth, except for superficial rugulae posteriorly (Fig. 4).
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma elongate triangular (Fig. 2); 1-R1 ending before wing apex and 1.4 times as long as pterostigma (Fig. 2); r:3-SR:SR1 = 3:27:55; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 15:27:7; r slender; 1-M slightly curved and SR1 straight; m-cu postfurcal; cu-a postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical third of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing: M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:17:6; cu-a straight; m-cu present as faintly pigmented trace.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 2.3, 7.0 and 4.3 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 11); hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface evenly moderately convex and rather densely longitudinally rugulose and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.4 of tergite, straight (Fig. 4); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.29 times fore wing, 2.7 times first tergite and equal to length of hind tibia; hypopygium distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma.
Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna (but scapus yellowish), stemmaticum, ovipositor sheath, pterostigma and veins dark brown; palpi, mandible, tegulae and legs (but telotarsi darkened) pale yellow; wing membrane subhyaline.
Variation. Male from Anqiu has length of fore wing 2.0 mm, antenna with 24 segments, hind femur 3.0 times as long as wide and medio-anterior veins of hind wing strongly widened (Fig. 13).
Molecular data. 16S and 28S (CVA4245); GenBank Accession numbers JQ736254 and JQ736282, respectively.
Distribution.
China (Shandong, Hubei).
Biology.
Unknown.
Notes.
In the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to the Opiinae of China the type species runs to Phaedrotoma louiseae (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., but this species has the propodeum with a pentagonal areola, the mesosoma brown, the first tergite 2.3 times longer than its apical width, the hind femur 6.0 times longer than wide, the antenna 1.6 times longer than body and the clypeus 1.7 times wider than high. Only by examining all Opiinae types in Beneficial Insects Lab., Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(Fuzhou) it was found by the second author that the headless holotype of Opius latilabrisChen & Weng, 2005, from Hubei (Oriental China) is conspecific with the specimens from the Palaearctic Anqiu.
In the key by Tobias (1998) to the East Palaearctic Opiinae it runs to Opius wachsmanni Szépligeti, 1898, described from Hungary (holotype examined by the second author). This species belongs to the same genus and can be separated as follows:
1
Eye in dorsal view about twice as long as temple; vein CU1b of fore wing much shorter than vein 3-CU1 (Fig. 1); first tergite rather densely longitudinally rugulose (Fig. ); vein 1-R1 (= metacarp) about 1.4 times as long as pterostigma (Fig. 2); head dorsally, mesosternum, mesoscutal lobes medially, metanotum, propodeum, third and following metasomal tergites brownish-yellow (Fig. 1); East Palaearctic and North Oriental
Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n.
–
Eye in dorsal view about as long as temple; vein CU1b of fore wing somewhat shorter than vein 3-CU1; first tergite mainly coriaceous-punctate; vein 1-R1 slightly longer than pterostigma; head dorsally, mesosternum, mesoscutal lobes medially, metanotum, propodeum, third and following metasomal tergites black; West Palaearctic
Psyttoma wachsmanni (Szépligeti, 1898) comb. n.
The specimens reported as Opius wachsmanni Szépligeti from the East Palaearctic region (Central Asia up to Korea) by Papp (1981), Tobias and Jakimavicius (1986) and Tobias (1998) need to be re-examined and most likely belong to Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng, 2005).
Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng), female from Anqiu. Habitus lateral.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11578
Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng), female from Anqiu. 2 wings 3 mesosoma dorsal 4 propodeum and first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 5 mesoscutum and scutellum dorso-lateral 6 head anterior 7 ovipositor, sheath and hypopygium lateral 8 pronotum dorsal 9 mandible lateral 10 antenna 11 hind leg.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11579
Psyttoma latilabris (Chen & Weng), female from Anqiu, but 13 male from Anqiu, hind wing. Scale-line: 12 1.0 ×, 13 1.1 ×.
The second author wishes to thank Prof. Dr Jia-hua Chen and Mr Min-lin Zheng, Beneficial InsectsLab., Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, for their hospitality and for the possibility to examine the Opiine types.
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