Synonymy of the potter wasp genus Philippodynerus Gusenleitner (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with Apodynerus Giordani Soika, with taxonomic notes on Apodynerus species

Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner, 1996, the type species of the monotypic potter wasp genus Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996, is a synonym of Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika, 1986), and consequently Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 is synonymized under Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993. Taxonomic notes on Apodynerus species are given, including two new synonymies for Apodynerus troglodytes troglodytes (de Saussure, 1856): A. t. karimonensis (van der Vecht, 1937), syn. n. and A. t. baliensis (Giordani Soika, 1987), syn. n. A synoptic key to species and a revised species checklist are provided.


Synonymy of the potter wasp genus Philippodynerus
Gusenleitner (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with Apodynerus Giordani Soika, with taxonomic notes on Apodynerus species introduction The potter wasp genus Apodynerus was proposed for Odynerus troglodytes de Saussure, 1856(Giordani Soika 1993a).Giordani Soika (1994) redescribed Apodynerus treating it as a new genus, and included in it six species that had been until then placed in Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852 and also one newly described species.The genus Philippodynerus was proposed by Gusenleitner (1996) together with a description of the only included species, Philippodynerus omicroniformis.
We examined the holotypes of Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner, 1996 andApodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika, 1986) [= Pachymenes gregarioides Giordani Soika, 1986], and came to the conclusion that they are synonymous.Consequently Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 is synonymized under Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993.The present paper also provides taxonomic notes on some other species of Apodynerus including new synonymies, a synoptic key to all the species of Apodynerus, and a revised species checklist.
Morphological characters and color patterns were examined on pinned-and-dried specimens under a stereoscopic dissecting microscope.Drawings were made using the drawing tube attached to the microscope.Terminology mainly follows Carpenter and Cumming (1985) and Yamane (1990).

Synonymy of Philippodynerus under Apodynerus
The holotypes of Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner and Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika) are both males and collected in the same locality, Palo on Leyte Island, the Philippines.We examined these holotypes and they are only slightly different from each other, allowing us to conclude that they are the same species, and thus we synonymize Philippodynerus omicroniformis under Apodynerus gregarioides.The holotype of P. omicroniformis differs from that of Apodynerus gregarioides (character states for the latter are given in square brackets) as follows: clypeus proportionally slightly wider, 1.17 [1.13] × as wide as high in frontal view; metasomal tergum I slightly stouter (Fig. 7), 1.4 [1.45 (Fig. 6)] × as long as its apical width; mesoscutum posteriorly with paired small ferruginous spots [absent]; metasomal sternum II with no basal markings (Fig. 5) [with paired lateral yellow spots basally (Fig. 4)].

Key to species of Apodynerus
Diagnosis.MALE: Head in frontal view about as wide as high; clypeus as wide as high (Figs 1, 3), in lateral view with anterior margin slightly convex dorsally and nearly straight ventrally (Fig. 10); labrum broadly rounded apically; apicalmost tooth of mandible long and sharp; gena narrow (Fig. 10); antennal flagellomeres IX and X flattened ventrally, flagellomere X smaller than preceding flagellomeres; mesosoma slender, 1.4 × as long as high and 1.3 × as long as wide; pronotum with distinct and well-developed striae on vertical anterior face; propodeum with shallow and narrow (less than half as wide as width of propodeum) concavity on posterior face; propodeal valvula subrectangular, not fused to submarginal carina; propodeal orifice oval; second submarginal cell of fore wing petiolate basally; metasomal segment I proportionally longer than that of any other species, 0.6 × as long as mesosoma; sternum VII with longitudinal carina at least in anterior half, latero-basally with brush-like setae.FEMALE: Head in frontal view about as wide as high; clypeus proportionally wider than that of male, 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 2); mesosoma 1.5 × as long as wide.Remarks.This species is only known from the areas given in the original description (Luzon and Leyte, the Philippines).Giordani Soika (1994) recorded this species from Lokojengo on Sumba Island, Lesser Sunda Islands.The occurrence of this species on Sumba, however, needs confirmation, considering the unusual disjunct distribution and possibility of misidentification with the other species known from the Lesser Sunda Islands, such as A. rufipes Giordani Soika and A. quadricolor Giordani Soika.

Material
Diagnosis.This species can be distinguished from other species of Apodynerus by the combination of the following characters: head in frontal view subcircular, slightly wider than high, 1.1 × as wide as high; female clypeus in frontal view wider than high, 1.3 × as wide as high, with dorsal and ventral margins distinctly emarginate medially (Fig. 14); male clypeus in frontal view proportionally narrower than that of female, 1.15 × as wide as high (Fig. 18); gena wide (Fig. 19); metanotum obtusely dentiform; metasomal tergum I stout, in lateral view swollen dorsally from base to mid-length, then moderately concave preapically (Fig. 24); metasomal tergum II in lateral view slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 24).Material examined.INDONESIA: Kalimantan: 2 ♀, Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan, 3, 23 Feb.1998 Remarks.This species shows a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in India and Myanmar, and on Borneo.Van der Vecht (1937) examined the type and provided a diagnosis for this species.
Description of female and lectotype male.FEMALE.Head in frontal view about as wide as high.Clypeus in frontal view wider than high, 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 11).Vertical anterior face of pronotum with series of conspicuously produced striae.Metanotum compressed, obtusely dentiform; posterior margin oblique in lateral view.Metasomal tergum II in lateral view distinctly swollen anterodorsally and barely convex in posterior two-thirds (Fig. 26).
Head and mesosoma black, with following yellow markings: interantennal spot, ocular sinus, scape ventrally, mandible basally, band on gena, large dorsal spot and ventral scrobal spot on clypeus; anterior half of dorsal face of pronotum interrupted medially; spot on upper part of mesepisternum, tegula except median ferruginous spot, parategula, scutellum nearly entirely, large spots on dorsal face of propodeum; antenna dark brown.Legs black, but apical part of fore and mid femora and outer face of tibiae yellow.Metasoma black, with following yellow markings: tergum I: paired sublateral bands running obliquely towards posterolateral corner of tergum and apical band; segment II: basal lateral spots on tergum, and apical band.
Lectotype male.Clypeus in frontal view about as wide as high; ventral margin proportionally narrow (Fig. 15), about 0.2 × the maximum width of clypeus.Scape 3.3 × as long as its maximum width; flagellomere X small; flagellomere XI minute, curved backward, with apex reaching about half length of flagellomere IX.Mandible with five teeth; apicalmost tooth long and sharp.
Mesosoma in lateral view about 1.4 × as long as high; in dorsal view about 1.3 × as long as wide.Metanotum dorsally with closely pair of obtuse teeth.Propodeum with somewhat deep median concavity on posterior face, in lateral view strongly convex.
Lateral face of propodeum with dense, strong punctures, in most specimens forming ridges between punctures.Metasomal segment I with dense, conspicuous deep punctures; segments II-VII with dense, deep punctures.
Black, with following yellow markings: interantennal spot, spot filling ocular sinus extending ventrally to antennal socket, band on gena, clypeus except apical ferruginous band and black transverse band at level of lateral lobes, scape except black dorsal face, mandible except ferruginous tip and narrow black band along outer margin; anterodorsal part of pronotum, scrobal spot on mesepisternum, tegula except ferruginous mid spot and outer margin, parategula, scutellum nearly entirely, spot on metanotal teeth, paired large dorsal spots on propodeum; markings on metasoma as in female, but terga IV-V with posteromedian yellow spot.
Color variation in males from Taiwan.Sublateral yellow bands on tergum I in some specimens reduced to small spots or lacking, terga IV-V and occasionally also VI with posteromedian yellow spot, and sternum III sometimes with apical yellow band.
Female.Markings as those on male, but clypeus black with yellow dorsal spot and ventral scrobal spot, only metasomal tergum V apically with median yellow oval spot.
Remarks.Giordani Soika (1994) described A. yayeyamensis quadricolor based on two males and one female collected in Central Sumba.Our specimens from Sumba more or less agree with his original description of quadricolor, while as mentioned above they are different from the specimens of A. yayeyamensis (including the lectotype) enough to allow us to conclude that quadricolor is a distinct species.
Diagnosis.Apodynerus troglodytes is similar to A. yayeyamensis, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: Ventral margin of clypeus proportionally wide (Figs 41-47), about 0.3 × the maximum width of clypeus; female clypeus slightly wider than high, 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 41); male clypeus proportionally narrower than that of female, about as wide as high (Fig. 45); metasomal tergum I in lateral view with dorsal margin arising in slightly convex line from the basal slit, then broadly curved down to slight preapical convexity (Fig. 25); tergum II in lateral view more or less evenly and weakly convex dorsally.Remarks.This species, widely distributed in southern Asia from India in the west to Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok and Sumbawa, new records) in the east, is represented by four color forms formally recognized as subspecies, of which two are so far known respectively only from Bali (baliensis) and Karimunjawa Islands (karimonensis).As mentioned below, after examination of specimens from various localities mainly in the Indonesian Archipelago, we have reached the conclusion that A. t. baliensis and A. t. karimonensis are synonyms of A. troglodytes.We tentatively treat shanensis Giordani Soika, 1994 as a subspecies of A. troglodytes (see the checklist) until we have a chance to examine specimens of A. troglodytes from Myanmar including the type of A. t. shanensis.
Giordani Soika (1987) described Pachymenes troglodytes baliensis based on the female holotype and two males (paratypes) from Bali, and according to him this subspecies is characterized by more extensive yellow markings than typical troglodytes as follows: tegula and parategula entirely, paired sublateral bands and apical band on metasomal tergum I (Figs 30, 31), paired basal spots and apical bands both on tergum and sternum II, traces of apical band on tergum III, narrow apical band on sternum III, and narrow posteriomedian bands on terga IV-V.Our examination of the large number of specimens listed above, mainly from Java and Kangean Islands, shows that extensive variation in markings even occurs within local populations, thus baliensis would not be treated as a subspecies even if the subspecies had a position in the phylogenetic system.Van der Vecht (1937) treated the Karimunjawa Islands population of P. troglodytes as a distinct color variety and named it Pachymenes fragilis var.karimonensis.This local population is characterized by markings much reduced (Figs 34,40,41,45).The Karimunjawa Islands population does not have any morphological characters justifying treating it as a valid species, and thus A. t. karimonensis (van der Vecht, 1937) is synonymized under A. troglodytes (de Saussure, 1856).Kumar et al. (2013) provided a checklist of the world species of Apodynerus, which included 15 species-group taxa (nine species and six subspecies).Below a revised species checklist is provided with detailed nomenclatural information.