Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg (
Academic editor: Gavin Broad
The species of the genus
Achterberg C van, Sharkey MJ, Chapman EG (2014) Revision of the genus
As part of the TIGER (Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research) NSF-funded entomological inventory of Thailand, three Malaise traps (per locality) were used at 30 different localities throughout Thailand from 2006–2010, comprising approximately 90 Malaise trap years. The specimens dealt with here are primarily from these traps. Species concepts are based on morphological and molecular data from COI and 28S.
Morphological terms follow
Phylogenetic methods: Regions D2-D3 of 28S rDNA (roughly 560 base pairs) were sequenced using the primers 28SD2hymF (5’-AGAGAGAGTTCAAGAGTACGTG-3’) and 28SD3hymR (5’-TAGTTCACCATCTTTCGGGTC-3’). Sequences were edited using Geneious Pro v4.7.5 (
Distribution data, pdf’s of non-copyright references, images, notes, and host and type information can be found by searching TaxaBank (a combined specimen and taxonomic database;
Map showing the collection sites in Thailand.
ML tree from the analysis of the COI-only data set with BI posterior probabilities (×100) and ML bootstrap values above the branches (left to right) and MP bootstrap values below the branches. Arrow points to a rogue exemplar of
ML tree from the analysis of the 28S-only data set with BI posterior probabilities (×100) and ML bootstrap values above the branches (left to right) and MP bootstrap values below the branches. Top to bottom, arrows point to
The COI ML tree (
ML tree from the analysis of the COI+28S data set in which every taxon has both genes. BI posterior probabilities (×100) and ML bootstrap values are above the branches (left to right) and MP bootstrap values are below the branches. Arrow points to a rogue exemplar of
(see also the interactive key here)
1 | Scutellum strongly tuberculate, protruding and with long setae (a); anterior/dorsal face of propodeum much shorter than its posterior face (b) | 2 |
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– | Scutellum weakly to moderately convex and with short setae (aa); dorsal face of propodeum usually about as long as or longer than its posterior face (bb) (except shorter in |
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2 | Scutellum pale yellow (a); area below precoxal sulcus densely punctate-rugose (b); metapleuron finely reticulate-punctate (c); hind tarsus ivory (d) | |
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– | Scutellum mostly reddish brown (aa); area below precoxal sulcus densely punctate (bb); metapleuron coarsely vermiculate-rugose (cc); hind tarsus black (dd) | |
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3 | Lateral lobes of mesoscutum distinctly convex posteriorly and medially distinctly punctate (but sometimes sparsely and/or partly striate) (a); metapleuron usually densely punctate submedially (b); first metasomal tergite 1.7–2.1 times as long as apical width (c) | 4 |
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– | Lateral lobes of mesoscutum weakly convex or flattened posteriorly and lobes submedially largely smooth (aa); metapleuron sparsely punctate medially (bb); first tergite 1.3–1.6 times as long as apical width (cc) | |
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4 | Dorsal face of propodeum much shorter than posterior face of propodeum (a); area near vein cu-a of hind wing distinctly setose (b); vein cu-a of hind wing about as long as wide (c); hind femur thick (d) | |
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– | Dorsal face of propodeum about as long as posterior face of propodeum (aa); area near vein cu-a of hind wing glabrous or sparsely setose (bb); vein cu-a of hind wing distinctly longer than wide (cc); hind femur slender (dd) | 5 |
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5 | Stigmal spot of fore wing absent (a); mesopleuron of both sexes mostly black or dark reddish-brown (b) | 6 |
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– | Stigmal spot of fore wing medium-sized to large (aa); mesopleuron of female yellowish-brown (bb), male mesopleuron sometimes dark brown or black | 7 |
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6 | Antennal segments of female short (mostly as long as wide) and bristly (a); scutellum rounded anteriorly, without transverse carina anteriorly (b); head and mesoscutum reddish- or yellowish-brown (c) | |
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– | Antennal segments of female mostly longer than wide and setose (aa); scutellum angulate anteriorly, with transverse carina anteriorly (bb); head and mesoscutum black (cc) | |
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7 | Tenth antennal segment, from apex, of female 0.9–1.1 times as long as wide and sub-apical segments sub-moniliform (a) (male 1.3–1.4 times); anterior crenulae of precoxal sulcus short (b); anterior face of scutellum rounded dorsally (c); lateral lobes of mesoscutum without oblique rugae near medio-posterior area (d) | |
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– | Tenth antennal segment, from apex, of female 1.2–1.4 times as long as wide and sub-apical segments normal (aa) (male 1.5–1.6 times); anterior crenulae of precoxal sulcus often medium-sized or long (bb); anterior face of scutellum angulate dorsally and smooth except for median carina (cc); lateral lobes of mesoscutum often with fine oblique rugae near medio-posterior area of mesoscutum (dd) | |
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For a distribution map of Thai specimens and their associated data, see
Genbank accession numbers:
The pterostigma, mesosoma, metasoma and hind leg of the male are usually largely dark brown or black.
Holotype, ♀ (QSBG), “
This new species keys to
Holotype, ♀, length of body 8.2 mm, of fore wing 7.9 mm, of ovipositor sheath 0.8 mm.
Unknown.
Only known from Thailand. For a distribution map, see
Genbank accession numbers:
From “brevis” (Latin for “short”) and “antenna” (Latin for “sailyard, feeler”) because of the short antenna of the female.
For a distribution map of Thai specimens examined and their associated data, see
Genbank accession numbers:
The following species belong to
For a map showing the locality of the sole Thai specimen, see
Genbank accession number 28S:
For a distribution map of Thai specimens and their associated data, see
Genbank accession numbers:
This is a variable species, females vary in sculpture of the mesosoma and the males both in colour and sculpture. Males may have the body yellow (as female) up to largely black (except head, anterior part of mesosoma, fore and middle legs;
For a distribution map of Thai specimens and their associated data, see
Genbank accession numbers:
Holotype, ♀ (QSBG), “
This new species keys to
Holotype, ♀, length of body 8.5 mm, of fore wing 9.8 mm, of ovipositor sheath 0.6 mm.
Only known from Thailand. For a distribution map, see
Genbank accession number
From “pallidus” (Latin for “pale”) and “tarsos” (Greek for “flat part of the foot between toes and heel”) because of the pale hind tarsus.
Holotype, ♀ (QSBG), “
This new species keys to
Holotype, ♀, length of body 7.2 mm, of fore wing 7.5 mm, of ovipositor sheath 0.6 mm.
Known only from Thailand. For map showing the locality of the sole specimen, see
Genbank accession numbers:
From “setosus” (Latin for “bristly”) and “macula” (Latin for “spot, mark”) because of the setose base of the hind wing and the partly black body.
We are grateful to Dr. Hege Vårdal (NRMS) for the loan of types of Chinese
Distribution maps for the described species.
Interactive key, in IntKey format, to