Mandibles of the terminal-instar larva of Barbotinia oraniensis (a) and Parnips nigripes (b). Barbotinia has a large mandible with two to three strong, blunt teeth. The mandible of Parnips is considerably smaller and has a single, elongate incisor with a weak secondary tooth along its upper margin.

 
 
  Part of: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, VĂ¥rdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115