New records of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with description of a new species of Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863

New additions to the knowledge of the subfamily Eumeninae in Russia are provided. Stenodynerus rossicus Fateryga & Kochetkov, sp. nov. is described from Amurskaya Province and Altai Republic. Three species of eumenine wasps are reported from Russia for the first time: Onychopterocheilus kiritshenkoi (Kostylev, 1940), Pterocheilus quaesitus (Morawitz, 1895), and Stenodynerus chitgarensis Giordani Soika, 1970. Ancistrocerus dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914) is excluded from the fauna of Russia; the previous records of this species were based on a misidentification of another similar species, i. e., A. raddei (Kostylev, 1940). The taxonomic status of A. raddei, however, is unclear: its differences from A. dusmetiolus, including the material from Central Asia described as A. alius (Kostylev, 1935), are mainly in the color pattern but not in the structure (including the structure of the male genitalia). New and confirmative regional records for 20 species are reported. The known fauna of Russia currently numbers 34 genera and 165 species of Eumeninae s. l. (including Raphiglossinae and Zethinae). In addition, Eumenes tripunctatus (Christ, 1791) is reported for the first time from Afghanistan; the first data on the nesting of this species are also reported.


Introduction
The subfamily Eumeninae, commonly known as potter wasps, is the most speciesrich group among the vespid wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). This cosmopolitan subfamily consists of more than 3,800 described species of solitary (or rarely subsocial) wasps in approximately 200 genera (Tan et al. 2018;Kumar et al. 2019;Li et al. 2019); the latest numbers published by Rahmani et al. (2020) are 3,844 species in 204 genera. According to the results of molecular phlylogenetic reconstructions (Bank et al. 2017;Piekarski et al. 2018), the eumenine wasps, however, should be subdivided into three subfamilies: Raphiglossinae, Zethinae, and Eumeninae s. str. At the same time, the latter subfamily comprises about 90% of the eumenine wasps in the broad sense (Eumeninae s. l.).
Russia is the largest country in the world, extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe and incorporating a wide range of environments. Knowledge of the eumenine wasps of this country is still far from comprehensive but is gradually improving. After the publication of the "Annotated Catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia" with 158 species in 33 genera of Eumeninae s. l. (Antropov and Fateryga 2017), an additional study (Fateryga and Mokrousov 2019) increased the numbers of species and genera known in Russia to 162 and 34, respectively. In the present paper, new additions to the knowledge of the eumenine wasps in Russia are provided, including the description of a new species and various new national and regional records.

Material and methods
The studied specimens were deposited in the collections of the Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia [FSCV], the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia [ZISP], and the research collection of A.V. Fateryga, Feodosia, Russia [CAFK]. Photographs were taken in FSCV with an Olympus DP74 digital camera attached to an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope and in ZISP with a Canon EOS 70D digital camera attached to an Olympus SZX10 stereomicroscope. Multifocus-images were created from stacks of photographs using Helicon Focus 6 Pro software. The final illustrations were postprocessed for sharpness, contrast, and brightness using Adobe Photoshop CS2 software. Male genitalia were extracted after re-softening the specimens and were then boiled in 10% NaOH for 5 min. After that, they were rinsed in 80% ethanol and only then stored and studied in glycerin. The drawings were made on graph paper with the aid of an ocular square grid; final drawings were made by outlining the draft drawings.
Distribution of species follows Antropov and Fateryga (2017) and references therein, taking into account some additions published by Rafi et al. (2017), Fateryga and Mokrousov (2019), , and Kochetkov (2020). The regionalization Remarks. Two males of this species from Krasnoyarsk Territory and Altai Republic were previously misidentified as another similar species, i. e., Ancistrocerus dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914) (Fateryga 2017, while two females from Altai Republic and Zabaikalskiy Territory were reported as A. raddei . The present record of both females and males in the same habitat in Altai suggested that the previous reports were based on a single species, i. e., only one species of this pair occurs in Siberia and Russia as a whole. Study of the holotype of A. raddei in ZISP (Figs 1-3) confirms that the Russian material belongs to this species. Females of A. raddei (Figs 4, 5) appear larger than A. dusmetiolus (Figs 6, 7) and have a different color pattern: the clypeus is often mostly yellow with a central black spot but can be black with lateral yellow spots on its basal part as well; the dorsal mesepisternum often bears a large yellow spot and the scutellum always has two lateral yellow spots, as well as sometimes also the metanotum and propodeum; yellow apical bands on the metasoma are usually present on T1-T4 and S2 (rarely on T1-T5 or T1-T3 only; sometimes also on S3 but in some specimens all the sterna are black as well). Females of A. dusmetiolus from the type locality ("Rivas", Spain) have clypeus always black with lateral yellow spots on its basal part; their dorsal mesepisternum, scutellum (with very rare exceptions), metanotum, and propodeum are completely black; yellow apical bands on the metasoma are usually present on T1-T5 and S2-S4. Females from Central Asia (Figs 8,9), corresponding to the diagnosis of Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) alius Kostylev, 1935, junior subjective synonym of A. dusmetiolus according to Blüthgen (1939), generally resemble those from Spain but they usually have an additional spot on T6 and an apical band on S5. At the same time, males of A. raddei from Russia and A. dusmetiolus from both Spain and Central Asia have a similar color pattern (Figs 10,12,14); only the number of apical bands on the metasoma slightly varies (4-6 on terga and 3-5 on sterna) between the species and two small lateral yellow spots on the scutellum can be sometimes present in A. raddei, while they are always absent in A. dusmetiolus. There are no valuable differences between them in the structure; in particular, even the shape of the clypeus is very similar (Figs 11,13,15). Their genitalia, particularly aedeagi, also have no significant differences (Figs 16-18). Thus, the taxonomic status of A. raddei is unclear: it may represent either just a color form of A. dusmetiolus or a distinct allopatric species. To ascertain the relationships between A. raddei and both the European and Central Asian populations of A. dusmetiolus, all of them should be studied molecularly. Until this is done, A. dusmetiolus should be excluded from the fauna of Russia.  (Kostylev, 1940), Russia (Altai) (4, 5), A. dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914), Spain (6, 7), and A. dusmetiolus, Uzbekistan ("Odynerus alius Kostylev, 1935") (8, 9), females 4, 6, 8 dorsal habitus 5, 7, 9 head in frontal view. Scale bars 1.0 mm. (Kostylev, 1940), Russia (Altai) (10, 11), A. dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914), Spain (12, 13), and A. dusmetiolus, Uzbekistan ("Odynerus alius Kostylev, 1935")  Remarks. Amolin and Artokhin (2014) stated that this species was common in Tyva Republic (Tannu-Ola) but did not report any examined specimens; that record was then disregarded by Antropov and Fateryga (2017), who did not list Tyva Republic in the distribution of E. tripunctatus. The species is well known to be confined to sandy habitats (Amolin and Artokhin 2014), that is evident also for both the Crimea (Fig. 24) and Tyva Republic. Such a habitat preference leads to an idea that sand may be used by E. tripunctatus for nest construction. A nest of this species, found for the first time, however, was made of usual clayey soil without any evidences of the sand use (Fig. 26). The nest, found attached to a Crambe maritima L. twig on 28.VII.2020 in the Crimea, was open but abandoned by the mother wasp; there was a fifth-instar larva inside. The next day it began spinning a cocoon from which the adult wasp emerged in July of the same year, indicating the presence of the second generation. Remarks. This species is problematic and requires a revision due to its actual absence from the type locality (Crimea). The name K. tauricus could be a synonym or a subspecies of K. dimidiatus (Brullé, 1832), while the valid name for the species mentioned here could be in that case K. latipes (Sickmann, 1894) (Fateryga 2018). Remarks. The studied specimen is remarkably darker than it is typical for S. chitgarensis. Particularly, it lacks a yellow pattern on the clypeus, scapus, scutellum, propodeum, coxae, T6, and S3-6. Two lateral spots on T2, which are diagnostic for this species (Giordani Soika 1970, Gusenleitner 1981, are also absent. At the same time, there are no differences in the structure from the typical specimens of S. chitgarensis from neighboring Azerbaijan  Remarks. Kostylev (1938) reported this species from Western Sayan and the Yenisey River but that record was disregarded by Antropov and Fateryga (2017), who did not list Krasnoyarsk Territory in its distribution. Gusenleitner, 1981 Figures 22, 45-49 Material examined. Russia: Khakassia, Altayskiy Distr., Izykhskiye Kopi, 53°30.43'N, 91°13.11'E, 13.VII.2012 Diagnosis. The new species is closely related to S. punctifrons (Thomson, 1874) but differs by having a more slender habitus, black scapus and dorsal mesepisternum in the female, black or dark brown tarsi in the female, and a less deeply emarginated apical margin of clypeus in the male [in S. punctifrons (Figs 35-39), the female scapus is reddish or orange ventrally and the dorsal mesepisternum bears a yellow spot, the female tarsi are ferruginous, the male clypeus has a deeply emarginated apical margin]. Another closely related species is S. picticrus (Figs 40-44), whose habitus, female color pattern, and male clypeus are similar to those of S. rossicus sp. nov. but which has a flattened scutellum and distinctly longer T1 in dorsal view [both in S. rossicus sp. nov. and S. punctifrons, the scutellum is evidently convex and T1 is remarkably shorter than long in dorsal view]. The new species is also similar to S. pullus (Figs 45-49) and S. orenburgensis (Figs 50-54) but the two latter species have unnoticeable pilosity on the scutum (the setae are much shorter than the diameter of a lateral ocellus versus ± equal to the diameter of a lateral ocellus in S. rossicus sp. nov., S. punctifrons, and S. picticrus), and a female color pattern similar to that in S. punctifrons; the male clypeus has a deeply emarginated apical margin in S. orenburgensis, less deeply in S. pullus. The male F11 of S. rossicus sp. nov. is rather big (0.8 as long as F9), similar to that in S. orenburgensis, while it is slightly smaller in S. punctifrons and S. picticrus (0.7 as long as F9) and very small in S. pullus (0.5 as long as F9). The aedeagus of S. rossicus sp. nov. (Fig. 19) is strongly widened towards the base, similar to that in S. punctifrons (Fig. 20) and S. picticrus (Fig. 21) but in a somewhat different manner, while it is less widened towards the base in S. pullus (Fig. 22) and almost parallel-sided in S. orenburgensis (Fig. 23). The apex of the aedeagus of S. rossicus sp. nov. is very slightly emarginated as in S. orenburgensis, while it is rounded in S. punctifrons, S. picticrus, and S. pullus.

Stenodynerus pullus
Description. Female. Body length (from head to apical margin of T2) 8 mm; fore wing length 6.5 mm. Structure: Head 1.1× as wide as long in frontal view. Clypeus as wide as long; its apical emargination up to 0.3× as deep as wide, taking 1/4 of clypeal width. Vertex longer than upper portion of compound eye, ± flat; cephalic fovea weakly developed, slightly narrower than distance between lateral ocelli. Anterior face of pronotum with V-shaped pair of median foveae; pronotal carina obsolete at center (between yellow spots) and distinct laterally, forming blunt angles at anterolateral corners of pronotum. Epicnemial carina weakly developed but distinct. Tegula evenly rounded posterolaterally. Scutellum slightly but evidently convex. Metanotum dorsally slightly impressed at center. Propodeal shelf weakly developed. Propodeal valvula bilamellate; upper lobe nearly rectangular in lateral view. T1 1.7× as wide as long in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, without transverse carina. T2 uniformly convex through entire length, without apical lamella. S2 uniformly convex in lateral view; basal longitudinal furrow on S2 obsolete. Punctation: Clypeus ± densely punctured and longitudinally strigate, especially at center; interstices reach approximately 2 puncture diameters, shining but with rather deep micropunctures. Frons with denser and larger punctures than those on clypeus; interstices less than puncture diameter, matt, with micropunctures similar to those on clypeus. Punctation on vertex and temples similar to that on frons but sparser; interstices approximately equal to puncture diameter. Dorsal and lateral parts of pronotum, scutum, and scutellum with deep large punctures, ± equal in diameter to parategula width at apex; interstices matt, less than puncture diameter, with distinct micropunctures. Dorsal and ventral mesepisterna and mesepimeron with somewhat smaller and sparser punctures than those on scutum; interstices reach puncture diameter, shining, with rather shallow micropunctures. Tegula with micropunctures only. Dorsal (yellow) face of metanotum with approximately 10 punctures; interstices exceed puncture diameter, shining. Posterior (black) face of metanotum with rough sculpture, matt. Dorsolateral parts of propodeum with comb-like sculpture. Metapleura, lateral parts of propodeum, and propodeal concavity strigate, matt. T1 with dense punctures similar in size to those on scutum but shallower; interstices less than puncture diameter; both punctures and interstices with dense shallow microsculpture. T2-T5 with sparser   and smaller punctures than those on T1; interstices approximately equal to puncture diameter, with microsculpture similar to that on T1. T6 with dense shallow microsculpture, without distinct punctures. Punctation on S2 similar to that on T2 but sparser and deeper; interstices reach approximately 3 puncture diameters; distinct microsculpture well visible on them. Punctation on S3-S6 similar to that on corresponding terga. Pilosity: Mandibles with straight pale setae, as long as width of first labial palpomere at posterior end. Clypeus and temples with ± appressed brownish setae, somewhat shorter than those on mandibles. Frons and vertex with straight brownish setae, as long as scapus width at base. Dorsal mesosoma with similar but shorter setae, as long as diameter of lateral ocellus. Remaining parts of mesosoma, legs except tibiae and tarsi, and metasoma with setae similar to those on clypeus and gena. Tibiae and tarsi with similar but thicker and straighter setae. Color: Black. Following parts yellow: spot on frons; two small spots on temples at dorsolateral corners of head; two small spots on dorsal face of pronotum (absent in one specimen); dorsal face of metanotum; apical bands on T1 and T2; narrow apical band on S2. Tegula ferruginous. Apical 5-10% of femora and entire tibiae from dark brown to ferruginous. Tarsi from black to dark brown. Wings strongly fuscous, particularly on median, first submarginal, and marginal cells.
Male. Body length (from head to apical margin of T2) 7 mm; fore wing length 6 mm. Structure: Resembles female but clypeus 1.2× as wide as long; its apical emargination up to 0.5× as deep as wide, taking slightly more than 1/4 of clypeal width. Vertex about as long as upper portion of compound eye, flat. Apex of F11 reaches posterior margin of F8. Meso-and metasoma as in female. Aedeagus as in Fig. 19. Punctation: Resembles female but clypeus not strigate. Punctation on dorsal and lateral parts of pronotum, scutum, and scutellum sparser than that in female; interstices approximately equal to puncture diameter. Pilosity: Resembles female but clypeus appears bare, with just very minute setae. Color: Black. Following parts yellow: mandibles, labrum, clypeus, spot on frons; two small spots on temples at dorsolateral corners of head; scapus frontally; two large spots on dorsal face of pronotum; dorsal face of metanotum; spots on fore and middle (or only middle) coxae; posterior 1/3 of front femora ventrally; posterior 2/3 of middle femora ventrally; entire tibiae and basitarsi; apical bands on T1, T2, and S2. Tegula, flagellum ventrally, and tarsi 2-5 ferruginous. Wings strongly fuscous as in female.
Etymology. The specific name "rossicus" is an adjective in the nominative singular that means "Russian" in Latin and refers to the occurrence of this species in Russia.

Conclusion
In addition to the new regional records, one new species of eumenine wasps is described and three species are reported from Russia for the first time. At the same time, one species is excluded from the Russian fauna. A final calculation reveals that 165 eumenine wasp species in 34 genera are known today in this country. Our knowledge of the subfamily Eumeninae s. l. in the fauna of Russia is still incomplete. In particular, the most understudied territories are the North Caucasus and southern Siberia, especially the Altai Republic and Tyva Republic. For example, a specimen of Onychopterocheilus (Asiapterocheilus) collected in Altai ) is still unidentified and possibly represents an undescribed species. Thus, further studies of the eumenine wasps of Russia will certainly reveal new important results.