Corresponding author: Zachary Lahey (
Academic editor: G. Broad
The genus
Lahey Z, Musetti L, Masner L, Johnson NF (2021) Revision of
The genus
We are now able to build upon the work of
The numbers prefixed with “FBA”, “
Abbreviations and morphological terms used in the text: sensillar formula of clavomeres: distribution of the large papillary sensilla (
Most of the images were captured with a Leica MC170 HD digital camera attached to a Leica Z16 APOA microscope using Leica Application Suite (version 4.12.0). The same software was also used to process image stacks into single montage images. Montage images were postprocessed with Adobe Photoshop CC for brightness and contrast. The images in Figures
Z. Lahey: character definition and coding, generic concept development, imaging, key development, manuscript preparation, species concept development; L. Musetti: species concept development, key development, loan management; L. Masner: species concept development, key development, provision of specimens; N. F. Johnson: species concept development, key development, project coordination.
This work is based on specimens deposited in the following repositories:
Armillae (sing.
On either side of the
Complete bisection of the propodeum, metanotum, mesoscutellum, and at least the posterior margin of the mesoscutum by the
1 | T3 longer than T2 (Figure |
|
– | T3 as long or shorter than T2 (Figures |
|
2 | Skaphion present on mesoscutum (Figure |
|
– | Skaphion absent on mesoscutum (Figure |
|
1 | Sculpture of vertex and dorsal frons sparsely punctate, with smooth areas between punctures (Figures |
|
– | Sculpture of vertex and frons rugose, transversely striate, or a combination of both (Figures |
|
2 | Notaulus present (Figure |
|
– | Notaulus absent (Figures |
|
3 | Sculpture of |
|
– | Sculpture of |
|
4 | Posteromedial surface of vertex declivous, surface sculpture effaced (Figure |
|
– | Posteromedial surface of vertex evenly rounded or weakly declivous, surface sculpture continuous with vertex (Figures |
|
5 | Tergites 2 and 3 with weak longitudinal striae (Figure |
|
– | Tergites 2 and 3 with strong longitudinal striae (Figures |
|
6 | Sculpture of frons transversely rugose (Figure |
|
– | Sculpture of frons rugose (Figure |
|
7 | Posteromedial surface of T5 nearly smooth (Figure |
|
– | Posteromedial surface of T5 punctate-granulate (Figures |
|
1 | Notauli absent (Figures |
|
– | Notauli present (Figure |
|
2 | Triangular portion of propodeum longitudinally striate (Figure |
|
– | Triangular portion of propodeum transversely rugose, sometimes with a single central carina (Figure |
|
Length 2.21–3.95 mm; body elongate, gracile to robust.
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A6 light brown, A7–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: concolorous with clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: radicle and A1–A8 orange, A9 light brown, A10–A12 brown. Color of head: light orange. Color of mesosoma: mostly orange, darker on mesoscutum lateral to
Geographic distribution of the
Buka is the Fijian word for fire and is used to refer to the coloration of this species. The epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
The vertex is slightly declivous in females, most likely due to the length of the
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1; 1-2-2-2-2. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A7 light brown, A8–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: distinctly lighter than clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: mostly orange, interocellar space and most of vertex brown. Color of mesosoma: reddish-brown. Color of metasoma: reddish-brown. Color of legs: light yellow-brown, fore legs darkest. Setation of frons: short, sparse. Sculpture of frons: punctate-rugose dorsally, transversely striate ventrally. Sculpture of vertex: punctate-rugose. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: absent. Sculpture of posteromedial vertex: same as remainder of vertex. Sculpture of gena: longitudinally striate. Length of
Holotype, female:
Phenotypic variation within female
Phenotypic variation within female
Our concept of
While this article was in press, a collaborator (Dr. Ovidiu Popovici, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania) provided the first author with images of two female
Phenotypic variation within female
Transcribed data labels for these specimens are included below. Both specimens are deposited in the
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A7 light brown, A8–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: distinctly lighter than clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: reddish-brown. Color of mesosoma: reddish-brown. Color of metasoma: reddish-brown. Color of legs: becoming progressively darker distally. Setation of frons: long, sparse. Sculpture of frons: punctate-rugose dorsally, transversely striate ventrally. Sculpture of vertex: punctate-rugose. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: absent. Sculpture of posteromedial vertex: same as remainder of vertex. Sculpture of gena: longitudinally striate. Length of
Named for Dr. Charles W. Gunnels IV (Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida) in recognition of his generosity, zeal for teaching, and love for the natural world. The epithet is treated as a noun in the genitive case.
Holotype, female:
We erect this species for a single female specimen. Our first consideration when treating this species was that is represented variation within
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 6. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A6 light yellow, A7–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: concolorous with clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: reddish-brown. Color of mesosoma: reddish-brown. Color of metasoma: reddish-brown. Color of legs: light yellow-brown, fore legs darkest. Setation of frons: short, sparse. Sculpture of frons: punctate-rugose dorsally, transversely striate ventrally. Sculpture of vertex: punctate-rugose. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: present. Sculpture of posteromedial vertex: smooth. Sculpture of gena: rugose. Length of
Three characters are unique to
The species name is taken from the Indonesian word for smooth, in reference to the sculpture of the declivity on the vertex. The epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
The three females that comprise the type series are virtually identical.
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A7 yellow, A8–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: distinctly lighter than clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: light yellow anteriorly, light yellow anterodorsally, burnt orange posterodorsally. Color of mesosoma: light yellow-orange laterally, burnt orange-brown dorsally. Color of metasoma: T1 including
Kaca is the Indonesian word for glass and is used to reference the appearance of T5. The epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A6 light brown, A7–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: concolorous with clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: black. Color of mesosoma: black. Color of metasoma: black. Color of legs: dark yellowish-brown, coxae darkest. Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Setation of frons: short, sparse. Sculpture of frons: sparsely punctate ventrolaterally and dorsally, unsculptured medially. Sculpture of vertex: sparsely puncate anteriorly, mostly smooth posteriorly except for short, longitudinal striae posteromedially. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: absent. Sculpture of posteromedial vertex: longitudinally striate. Sculpture of gena: sparsely punctate dorsally, longitudinally striate ventrally. Length of
The presence of notauli on the mesoscutum and/or the completely smooth frons can be used to distinguish
The epithet was inspired by the Fijian word for smoke (kubou) and is intended to be treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A7 yellow, A8–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: distinctly lighter than clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: reddish-brown. Color of mesosoma: reddish-brown. Color of metasoma: reddish-brown. Color of legs: light yellow-brown, fore legs darkest. Setation of frons: short, sparse. Sculpture of frons: transversely rugose ventrally, smooth dorsally, punctate throughout. Sculpture of vertex: punctate throughout, mostly smooth, reticulate along margin of inner eye and minute, transverse sulci between punctures posteriorly. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: absent. Sculpture of posteromedial vertex: same as remainder of vertex. Sculpture of gena: punctate throughout, longitudinally rugose ventrally, granulate dorsally. Length of
Holotype, female:
Color of antenna in female: unknown. Color of antenna in male: radicle and A1–A6 lighter than A7–A12. Color of head: light orange. Color of mesosoma: mostly reddish-brown, with lighter areas on mesoscutum, mesopleuron, netrion, and pronotum. Color of metasoma: mostly reddish-brown, except for T3 and T4 which are lighter throughout most of their length. Color of legs: light yellow-brown, fore legs darkest. Setation of frons: long, sparse. Sculpture of frons: transversely rugose ventrally, smooth dorsally, punctate throughout. Excavation on posteromedial vertex: absent. Length of
The granulate mesoscutellum and sculpture of the triangular propodeal plate distinguishes
Holotype, male:
The holotypes of
In the original description of
Claval formula: 1-2-2-2-1. Number of clavomeres: 5. Color of antenna in female: radicle and A1–A7 light brown, A8–A12 brown. Color of A7 of female: distinctly lighter than clavomeres. Color of antenna in male: unknown. Color of head: light orange. Color of mesosoma: mostly orange, darker on mesoscutum lateral to
The sculpture of the frons,
The epithet refers to the collection locality (Sanma Province, Vanuatu) and is meant to be treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype, female:
We describe this new species for a single female and the only specimen collected on the island nation of Vanuatu. The holotype is in excellent condition but A9–A12 are missing from the right antenna.
We thank Sara Hemly (
Supplementary material for Revision of
Morphological terminology
List and definitions of morphological terms used in Revision of
Figures S1–S4
Word doc file