All specimens of
Arrangement of clypeal setae in
Some species of
In the
Epomial carina in
The shape of the mesoscutellar spine has historically been used as a species-level diagnostic character for
Morphology of the mesoscutellar spine in
In
Margin of lateral propodeal carinae
The mesoscutal lamella is a posteromedial extension of the mesoscutum (Fig.
Mesoscutal lamella in
In most species, the presence of sculpture is absent or restricted to a narrow band on the posterior margins of S2 (Fig.
Sculpture of metasomal sternite 2
Sculpture of metasomal tergite 2
The setae on the forewing disc vary in density and arrangement (Fig.
Forewing of
Most
Among the
Generic characters for identification of
We here follow Jackson’s concept of
| 1 | T2 longer than the head and mesosoma combined (Fig. |
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| – | T2 equal to or less than length of head and mesosoma combined (Fig. |
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| 2 | Notaulus distinctly grooved (Fig. |
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| – | Notaulus unmarked or faintly suggested (Fig. |
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| 3 | Length of mesoscutellar spine only slightly greater than its thickness in lateral view; lateral pronotum with microsculpture dorsally, smooth ventrally, with smooth band anterior to tegula (Fig. |
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| – | Length of mesoscutellar spine more than twice its thickness at its midpoint; lateral pronotum with microsculpture dorsally, smooth ventrally (Fig. |
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| 4 | Epomial carina absent or reduced, extending less than halfway up pronotum (Fig. |
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| – | Epomial carina distinct and extending more than halfway up pronotum (Fig. |
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| 5 | Mesoscutellar spine absent or inconspicuous (Fig. |
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| – | Mesoscutellar spine present, with variable form, often long or pointed (Fig. |
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| 6 | Head large and triangular in anterior view (Fig. |
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| – | Head circular or ovoid in anterior view (Fig. |
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| 7 | Hyperoccipital carina absent or very weak (Fig. |
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| – | Hyperoccipital carina present and complete (Fig. |
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| 8 | Frons with parallel, arched rugae above torulus; clypeal setae evenly spaced; lateral pronotum without microsculpture in ventral third (Fig. |
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| – | Frons without parallel, arched rugae (but may have minute, irregular epiclypeal rugulae); median pair of clypeal setae closer to each other than to lateral setae; lateral pronotum with microsculpture throughout or with narrow smooth area at ventral apex (Fig. |
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| 9 | Mesoscutellar spine long and blunt (Fig. |
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| – | Mesoscutellar spine short and pointed (Fig. |
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| 10 | Hyperoccipital carina weakly developed and interrupted (Fig. |
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| – | Hyperoccipital carina robust and complete (Fig. |
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| 11 | Central keel well developed and extending to median ocellus (Fig. |
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| – | Central keel absent, weakly developed, or not extending to median ocellus (Fig. |
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| 12 | Patch of microsculpture on posterior S2 extensive, longer than S3 (Fig. |
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| – | S2 with no microsculpture or with very narrow band at posterior margin (Fig. |
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| 13 | T2 with extensive band of microsculpture at posterior margin that is longer than T3 (Fig. |
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| – | T2 without microsculpture, or with narrow band at posterior margin (Fig. |
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| 14 | Parapsidal lines well impressed (Fig. |
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| – | Parapsidal lines unmarked or faintly indicated (Fig. |
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| 15 | Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina at least 1.5 times ocellar diameter (Fig. |
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| – | Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina less than 1.5 times ocellar diameter (Fig. |
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| 16 | Hyperoccipital carina robust and complete |
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| – | Hyperoccipital carina weak or incomplete |
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| 17 | Mesoscutum evenly setose; mesoscutellum evenly setose (Fig. |
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| – | Mesoscutum medially glabrous or with few scattered setae; mesoscutellum medially glabrous (Fig. |
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| 18 | Forewing disc proximally glabrous with linea setosa (Fig. |
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| – | Forewing disc without linea setosa (Fig. |
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| 19 | Central keel impressed or partially present only in ventral part of frons (Fig. |
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| – | Central keel absent (Fig. |
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Lateral habitus
Dorsal mesoscutum and mesoscutellum
Mesoscutellar spine
Lateral pronotum
Frontal head
Lateral and dorsal head
Frons and lateral pronotum
Lateral and dorsal head
Central keel
Dorsal mesosoma showing parapsidal lines
Head and lateral pronotum
Setation of dorsal mesoscutum and mesoscutellum
Setation of forewing disc including linea setosa
Head, mesoscutellum, and lateral propodeal carina
Body length 0.9–1.25 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The central keel is variable, often present only in the ventral part of the frons, but sometimes complete or nearly so, extending to the median ocellus. The length of the forewing marginal setae is only slightly longer on the posterior margin than on the anterior margin.
This species is named in honor of the entomologist Amanda Hodges.
Reared from variously shaped galls on
Body length 1.3–1.9 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The head of this species is mostly covered in rugose macrosculpture and the notauli are distinctly grooved, characters which it shares with
The central keel is variable and difficult to discern due to the sculpture of the frons. The keel is present ventrally, and occasionally also present dorsally, just ventral to the median ocellus.
The epithet “
Reared from a vein swelling gall on
Body length 1.3 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The lateral ocellus and the hyperoccipital carina are widely separated in
The female holotype and paratype of
Reared from galls on
Body length 1.1–1.5 mm. Body color: black; dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The shape of the head in
The epithet “
The distance between the dorsal margin of the eye and the vertex is very small, as in
Reared from vein swelling, globoid, pimple, and blister galls on
Holotype:
Holotype of
Body length 1.7–2.3 mm. Body color: brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, legs otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The forewing disc is setose distally and glabrous proximally, with a broad linea setosa.
Unknown.
Body length 1.6 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
Important characters for identifying
The epithet “
Reared from a blister gall on
Body length 0.9 mm. Body color: dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
Identification of
The epithet “
Reared from a pimple gall on
Body length 1.2–1.6 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The arrangement of the clypeal setae is variable, with the median pair of setae either closer to each other than to the lateral setae, or with all four setae evenly spaced.
The epithet “
Reared from galls on
Body length 1.2–1.8 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The head of
The central keel is variable and difficult to discern due to the sculpture of the frons. The keel is present ventrally, and occasionally also present dorsally, just ventral to the median ocellus. Similarly, the hyperoccipital carina is often obscured by head sculpture, but when visible, it is weak and incomplete. The epomial carina terminates posteriorly in a pit.
The epithet “
Reared from vein swelling and globoid galls on
Body length 1.1–1.3 mm. Body color: black; dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The central keel is variable in this species. It can be absent, or present ventrally within a shallow longitudinal depression.
The epithet “
Reared from galls on
Body length 1.1–1.5mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The epithet “
Reared from nodule-like galls on
Body length 1.5–1.7 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The central keel may be ventrally present or entirely absent. The forewing disc is proximally glabrous or with a few scattered setae.
This species is named in honor of botanist Patti J. Anderson.
Reared from globoid galls on
Body length 1.3–1.4 mm. Body color: dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The parapsidal lines of
The female types of
Reared from galls on
Holotype:
Body length 1.4–1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The frons of
Reared from galls on
Holotype of
Body length 1.6–1.8 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The epithet “
Reared from galls on
Body length 1.2–1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow; coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
This species is named in honor of the biological control researcher and beetle taxonomist Ronald D. Cave.
Primarily reared from blister galls on
Body length 1.1–1.4mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The epithet “
Reared from blister galls on
Body length 1.1–1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
The epithet “
Reared from galls on
Body length 1.3–1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
A similar head shape is found in
The epithet “
Reared from round, fuzzy galls on
Body length 1.1–1.3 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.
This species is named in honor of the hymenopterist Yuanmeng Miles Zhang.
Reared from galls on
Neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood analyses recovered cohesive clusters of morphospecies, within which all individuals were more similar to each other than to any other species (Figs
The New Guinea material did not all cluster together.
The CO1 sequences of three species,
We recognize the possibility that these species are widespread and may have already been described. However,