Graphical illustration (a) and photograph (b) of the paired-target apparatus and the recording technology deployed to bioassay pheromone-mediated nest defense in Vespula wasps. In b, the apparatus is placed near the entrance of a subterranean vespine nest.

 
 
  Part of: McCann S, Moeri O, Jimenez SI, Scott C, Gries G (2015) Developing a paired-target apparatus for quantitative testing of nest defense behavior by vespine wasps in response to con- or heterospecific nest defense pheromones. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46: 151-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.46.6585