Corresponding authors: Hua-Yan Chen (
Academic editor: Miles Zhang
Zhang B-L, Yan C-J, van Achterberg C, Peng Y-Q, Chen H-Y (2022) Integrated taxonomy unveils new species of Trigonalyidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from Yunnan, China. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 90: 101–128.
Most species of
This work is mainly based on specimens of
In total, 25 specimens of 14 morphospecies were used for DNA barcoding analysis (see Table
Sequenced taxa and GenBank accession numbers.
Code | Species | Sex | GenBank accession No. |
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En-419020 | male |
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En-419951 | male |
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En-419953 | male |
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En-419959 | male |
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En-419022 | male |
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En-419021 | female |
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En-419955 | female |
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En-419957 | male |
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En-419964 | female |
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En-419023 | female |
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En-419958 | female |
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En-419952 | female |
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En-419960 | male |
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En-419967 | female |
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En-419961 | female |
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En-419965 | male |
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En-419963 | male |
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En-419025 | male |
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En-419962 | female |
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En-419966 | female |
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En-419950 | female |
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En-419954 | female |
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En-419968 | male |
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En-419956 | male |
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En-419024 | male |
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All sequences were blasted in the
Two methods, the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (
The present study generated 25
Maximum likelihood tree based on
Length of body 6.2–12.0 mm; antenna black and with 23–27 segments; area above supra-antennal elevations flat, more or less punctate, without protuberance between elevations right after inner side of supra-antennal elevations flat, smooth and black; tyloids of male antenna present on 10th–16th segments, short and nearly circular or elliptical; occipital carina widened medio-dorsally; apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular; vertex normal, at most with slight median depression dorsally; mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head; metanotum strongly convex and finely sculptured medially; anterior propodeal sulcus crenulate and medially widened; posterior propodeal carina curved and distinctly protruding and more or less separated from foramen medio-dorsally; fore wing with large dark patch below pterostigma; vein 1-SR of fore wing long; hind trochanter black or ivory; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; second and third sternites of female flat and moderately sclerotized and no protuberances; body rarely with pale pattern, at most malar space, basal segments and margins of metasomal sternites and tergites partly ivory, remainder black (
Unknown. Collected in June-November.
China, Japan. Before this study, nine species of this genus have been described from China, but none was recorded from Yunnan. We describe here the first species new to science from Yunnan.
Occipital carina weakly lamelliform dorsally (Fig.
Name derived from “
China (Yunnan). Collected at 1496 m.
This species is similar to
1" | First metasomal tergite about as long as its apical width; supra-antennal elevations only apically ivory | |
– | First metasomal tergite 0.6–0.8 times as long as its apical width; at least apical half of supra-antennal elevations yellow or ivory or entirely black |
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1' | Metasoma of ♂ robust and first tergite with large ivory patch (Figs |
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– | Metasoma of ♂ slender and entirely black; occipital carina widened and extensively crenulated dorsally; third submarginal cell of fore wing about 0.4 times as long as second submarginal cell |
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Body length 5.1–15.0 mm; antenna with 21–24 segments, of female widened medially (but hardly so in
In the New World reared as hyperparasitoid of
China. Before this study, four species of this genus have been described from China, with only one species recorded from Yunnan. We describe here the second species new to science from Yunnan.
Antenna elongate and hardly widened medially (Figs
Named after the strong lobe-shaped protuberance of female second sternite: from “
China (Yunnan). Collected at 2390 m.
The key to Chinese species of
2 | Female antenna elongate and hardly widened medially (Fig. |
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– | Female antenna less elongate and distinctly widened medially; second tergite punctate and moderately shiny; medial third of fore wing largely dark brown |
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2' | Medio-apical protuberance of second sternite with pair of small submedial acute teeth close to each other; posterior end of middle lobe of mesoscutum rugose |
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– | Medio-apical protuberance of second sternite obtuse, lamelliform and convex medio-apically, without small submedial acute teeth (Fig. |
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Body length 4.3–13.0 mm; antenna with 21–26 segments, without pale band and slender medially, of male with linear tyloids (= elevated elongate areas) on 10th–16th antennal segments; supra-antennal elevations smooth or punctate, without depression dorsally, remain far separated from each other medially and without horizontal “shelf” between antennal bases; temple usually punctate or reticulate-punctate and moderately shiny; occipital carina ending at hypostomal carina at level of mandibular base; vertex flattened, without median depression dorsally; apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular; mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head; mesoscutum and scutellum distinctly punctate or rugose; metanotum at least partly convex latero-dorsally and often sculptured; vein 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized to long; fore wing often with subapical dark patch or large part of fore wing dark brown; triangular dorso-apical part of hind trochanter separated by an oblique groove; fore trochanter subparallel-sided and distinctly longer than hind trochanter; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; propodeal foramen more or less arched dorsally and often with a lamelliform carina; second sternite convex in lateral view (but less so in males), strongly sclerotized and frequently densely punctate, sometimes with a medio-posterior elevation but without pair of small teeth; basal half of third sternite flat, without a distinct ledge anteriorly; hypopygium of female pointing anteriorly toward second sternite or straight down or pointing posteriad; body variable, often moderately robust.
Reared as hyperparasitoid of parasitoid wasps (
China, Russia, Mongolia, India, SriLanka, Thailand, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan. Before this study, 20 species of this genus have been described from China, with eight recorded from Yunnan. We describe here two species new to science from Yunnan. Until now, four species in this genus were only found in Yunnan.
Supra-antennal elevations approximately 0.4 × as long as scapus and their outer side oblique (Fig.
The specific epithet originates from “
China (Yunnan). Collected at 1181 m.
This species is close to
17 | Second metasomal sternite of female less convex medially and in lateral view its ventral border gradually sloping posteriorly, strongly shiny medially and third sternite smooth anteriorly or nearly so; second sternite of male evenly slightly convex medio-posteriorly; vertex often strongly shiny |
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– | Second sternite of female strongly convex medially and in lateral view its ventral border distinctly sloping posteriorly, moderately shiny medially and third sternite distinctly punctate anteriorly; second sternite of male slightly flattened medio-posteriorly; vertex moderately shiny |
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18 | Propodeum comparatively narrow, almost triangular in dorsal view (especially male, less so in female) and with nearly straight lateral margins; outer orbita black; supra-antennal elevations about half as long as scapus |
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– | Propodeum somewhat wider, more oval in dorsal view and lateral margins curved; outer orbita with pale stripes; supra-antennal elevations smaller (about 0.2 times as long as scapus) |
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19 | Antenna mainly blackish; pronotum dorsally black; fore tibia comparatively dark and short; metasomal segments rather wide; second sternite with ivory stripe |
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– | Antenna largely brownish (Fig. |
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20 | Vertex with elongate brownish patches; third and fourth metasomal tergites very coarsely punctate; metanotum with a pair of yellow spots medially; third sternite coarsely and densely punctate medio-posteriorly (male) or latero-posteriorly (female) in front of membranous border; [propodeal foramen comparatively wide and less arched]. |
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– | Vertex entirely black or rarely with small brownish patches; third and fourth metasomal tergites usually superficially punctate, rarely nearly as coarse as in |
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Supra-antennal elevations 0.5 × as long as scapus and outer side strongly steep (angle about 70°), upper half thickened and backward, parallel-sided in anterior view, area between elevations with a small protuberance (Figs
Name after the unusual supra-antennal elevations: from “
China (Yunnan). Collected at 2639 m.
The key to species of
12 | Protuberance of third sternite of ♀ subtruncate medio-apically; pronotum, metanotum medially and head of ♀ posteriorly with pale pattern; hind tibia black or dark brown; outer sides of of supra-antennal elevations oblique | |
– | Protuberance of third sternite of ♀ acutely protruding medio-apically; metanotum, apex of supra-antennal elevations and head posteriorly in dorsal view black; hind tibia brown; outer side of supra-antennal elevations subvertical |
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12' | Pronotum black dorsally; metanotum ivory medially; apex of supra-antennal elevations pale yellowish and remainder black; head of ♀ posteriorly with pair of ivory patches in dorsal view (black in ♂); hind tibia black; outer side of supra-antennal elevations oblique; metanotum with pair of yellowish patches |
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– | Pronotum yellow dorsally (Fig. |
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Recently, DAN barcode-based methods have become increasingly popular for the identification of parasitoids (
The diversity of
Thanks to Yu-ye Tong (Sun Yat-sen University) for his help in taking some of the images. This research was supported by the Wencheng County’s Second Phase of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Seed Fund in 2019 (2019NKY09), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China (2019HJ2096001006), and National Animal Collection Resource Center, China.
Table S1
Specimen collecting information.
Details of sequenced specimens.
Table S2
Genetic distances.
Genetic distance of
Table S3
Interspecific pairwise distance.
Interspecific pairwise distance of
Figures
Images.
Supplement figures of known