Four new species of Rhogadopsis Brèthes from NW China ( Hymenoptera , Braconidae , Opiinae )

Four new species of the genus Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) are reported from Shaanxi province (NW China). The new species (R. aciculifera sp. n., R. cracentata sp. n., R. longivena sp. n., and R. moniliata sp. n.) and two newly recorded species for Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces (R. mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963) and R. pratellae (Weng & Chen, 2005), respectively) are keyed and fully illustrated. Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963) is a new combination.


Introduction
The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with nearly 2,000 valid species according to Yu et al. (2012), is a common group containing generally small (2-5 mm) parasitoid wasps of mainly mining or fruit-infesting dipterous larvae.It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer (1972Fischer ( , 1977Fischer ( , 1986Fischer ( , 1987)).Li et al. (2013) supplied a key to the genera of Opiinae in China, including Rhogadopsis Brèthes, and listed six species mainly for Hunan province.In the review of the Opiinae of China (Chen and Weng 2005) the genus was not recognized and the examination of the types by the second author was necessary to list the Rhogadopsis species among the newly described species in Opius Wesmael, 1835 s.l.Despite the general scope of the latter review there have been no species of Rhogadopsis found in NW China.Recent collecting in Shaanxi (especially the Qinling Mountains) and Ningxia resulted in a large collection of Opiinae and included several species of Rhogadopsis.In this paper we give the first results of the survey.

Material and methods
The specimens were either collected by Malaise trap or by using a sweep net and directly preserved in 70% alcohol.The specimens were chemically treated with a mixture of xylene + alcohol 96% and amylacetate, respectively (AXA-method; van Achterberg 2009;van Achterberg et al. 2010).For identification of the subfamily Opiinae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993)); for identification of the Chinese genera, see Li et al. (2013); for references to the Opiinae, see Yu et al. (2012).
Morphological terminology follows van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993)), including the abbreviations for wing venation.Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988): for the length and the width of a body part the maximum length and width is taken, unless otherwise indicated.The length of the mesosoma is measured from the anterior border of the mesoscutum to the apex of the propodeum and of the first tergite from the posterior border of the adductor to the medio-posterior margin of the tergite.
Observations and descriptions were made with an Olympus SZX11 stereomicroscope and fluorescent lamps.Photographic images were made with the Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope.The specimens are deposited in the collections of the Northwest University (NWUX) at Xi'an and of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH) at Leiden.
Diagnosis.Propodeum with a medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Figs 4,14,26,36); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into 2-CU1 and linear with vein 2-M, rarely angulate; vein 1r-m of hind wing less oblique and 0.7-1.0 times as long as vein 1-M; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina; occipital carina remaining separate from hypostomal carina ventrally; precoxal sulcus usually present and crenulate; anterior groove of metapleuron nearly always crenulate; veins CU1b and 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized; dorsope absent.Biology.Parasitoids of Agromyzidae.Mesoscutum of ♀ brownish yellow (Figs 55-56), of ♂ with brownish yellow or brown stripes; vein r of fore wing slenderer and about 3 times longer than its medial width (Fig. 54); area in front of notauli rugose (Fig. 55); metasoma of ♀ with yellow bands (Fig. 53; of ♂ mainly dark brown); vein 1-SR of fore wing 0.4-0.5 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 54); vein 3-SR 1.5-1.6 times as long as vein 2-SR; first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically (Fig. 57); [apical half of parameres yellow; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.6-0.7 times hind tibia and about 2.5 times as long as hind basitarsus (entire exserted sheath about 4 times (= equal to hind tibia)); vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.8-1.0 times as long as vein Medially second and third tergites longitudinally rugulose-striate or aciculate (Fig. 5); vein r of fore wing about twice as long as wide (Fig. 2); first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically (Fig. 5 Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.2 times hind tibia and slightly shorter than hind basitarsus (Fig. 21); third and fourth antennal segments of ♀ rather slender (Fig. 16); first metasomal tergite elongate, 1.7-1.9times longer than its apical width (Fig. 15); hind femur slenderer, 4.5-4.7 times as long as wide (Fig. 21); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 12 Diagnosis.Among the Chinese species of Rhogadopsis with the second and third metasomal tergites striate or aciculate the new species can be separated as follows: from R. dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) by having a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum (absent in R. dimidia), length of eye about 2.5 times temple in dorsal view (about 7 times) and basal half of notauli largely smooth (crenulate).Rhogadopsis sculpta (Chen & Weng, 2005) has the second and third tergites partly superficially striate, a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum and the anterior half of the notauli present on the mesoscutal disc, but has vein 2-SR+M of fore wing slightly shorter than vein m-cu or subequal (distinctly shorter than vein m-cu in R. aciculifera).Rhogadopsis tabidula (Weng & Chen, 2005) and R. sculpturator Li & van Achterberg, 2013, are similar but the new species has the anterior half of the notauli impressed (absent or as a shallow impression on mesoscutal disc in both species), hind femur and tibia similarly ivory as the hind coxa (hind femur and tibia yellow, different from pale hind coxa), vein r of fore wing about twice as long as wide (about as long as wide) and the propodeum without distinct costulae (with distinct costulae).

Key to species of
Description.Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.4 mm.Head.Antenna incomplete, with 16 segments remaining; third segment 1.6 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.6 and 2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 9); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather far separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and setose; face setose, with weak medial elevation, remotely and finally punctate (Fig. 6); width of clypeus 2.1 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus rather flat, straight and thin ventrally (Figs 6, 10); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 6); malar suture wide; length of malar space 0.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with long carina (Fig. 10).
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.4, 8.4 and 7.5 times as long as wide, respectively; especially hind femur with long setae (Fig. 8).
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex and striate, medially with some grooves and minute punctures, dorsal carinae united subbasally (Fig. 5); second (as third) tergite largely striate, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.05 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.09 times fore wing (Fig. 8).
Colour.Black; palpi, metasoma ventrally and legs except dark brown hind tarsus (but basal half of basitarsus yellow) pale yellow or ivory; clypeus and face dorsally orange brown (Fig. 7); mandible (except black teeth), tegulae and veins at base of wings yellow; pterostigma and veins (except basal veins) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Distribution.China (Shaanxi).Biology.Unknown.Etymology.From "acicula" (Latin for "small pin"), because of the longitudinally rugulose-striate or aciculate second and third metasomal tergites (similar to the fine grooves made with a small pin), and "fera" (Latin for "carry, bear").Diagnosis.The new species is close to R. moniliata sp.n., for the differences see the diagnosis of this species.It shares with R. infernalis (Fischer, 1966) from the Philippines the first tergite about 1.5 times as long as wide apically, antenna of ♂ with 35-37 segments and a rather short temple (eye 3.2-4.0times as long as temple in dorsal view, not twice, as is mentioned in the original description, in the paratype examined).Rhogadopsis infernalis has the third antennal segment about twice as long as wide (about 3 times in R. moniliata), the propodeum with some superficial rugae (with complete median carina and costulae), the precoxal sulcus short (long) and the hind femur 3 times as long as wide (about 4.5 times).The length of the ovipositor sheath of R. infernalis is unknown because the type series consists of only males.

Rhogadopsis cracentata
Description.♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.6 mm.Head.Antenna with 32 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.6 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Figs 16,18); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 3.7 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and glabrous, laterally somewhat elevated; face smooth except punctulation, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 19); width of clypeus 1.7 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus convex, punctate and protruding, slightly curved and thin ventrally (Fig. 19); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 19); malar suture present; length of malar space as long as basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 22).
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.7 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, finely rugose, dorsal carinae united and with short median carina (Fig. 15); second tergite smooth, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.07 times fore wing (Fig. 21).
Distribution.China (Shaanxi).Biology.Unknown.Etymology.From "cracentis" (Latin for "slender") because of the slender first metasomal tergite.Diagnosis.The combination of an absence of the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum (Fig. 26), the first metasomal tergite without a long median carina (Fig. 27) and vein r of the fore wing long and slender (at least 5 times longer than wide; Fig. 23) makes this species easy to separate from other known species.
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 7.8 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae.
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, some grooves and minute punctures, dorsal carinae united and with long median carina; second tergite smooth, with pair of rather large basal depressions; following tergites smooth.
Description.Female from Liuba, length of body 3.7 mm, of fore wing 4.1 mm.Head.Antenna with 39 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.4 and 1.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 42); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina far separated from hypostomal carina and carina dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, with oblique striae and glabrous, laterally punctate and setose; face punctate, medially elevated (Fig. 39); width of clypeus 3.0 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face; clypeus moderately convex, punctate and protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Figs 33,38); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 39); malar suture absent; length of malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 38).
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 10.0 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 41).
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface rather slightly convex medially, finely rugulose, with median carina and with dorsal carinae remaining separated (Fig. 37); second tergite smooth, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.07 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Fig. 41).
Colour.Black; palpi and legs (but tarsi brown) ivory or white; scapus and pedicellus ventrally, mandible (except black teeth), tegulae and head (except dark brown stemmaticum and posterior part of head yellow, but frons and face brownish medially (Fig. 39); wing membrane subhyaline; base and apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; intermediate part of ovipositor sheath and veins of basal half of wing brown; pterostigma and remainder of veins dark brown.
Biology.Unknown.Diagnosis.The new species is similar to R. cracentata but the setose part of the ovipositor sheath is longer (0.5-0.7 times hind tibia and about twice as long as hind basitarsus versus 0.2 times hind tibia and slightly shorter than hind basitarsus in R. cracentata), the third and fourth antennal segments of the ♀ are robust (Fig. 52; slenderer in R. cracentata), the first metasomal tergite is rather stout (1.2-1.4 times longer than its apical width versus 1.5-1.9times) and the hind femur is wider (about 3.7 times as long as wide versus 4.5-4.7 times).
It shares with R. infernalis (Fischer, 1966) from the Philippines the robust third antennal segment (being about twice as long as wide), the rather short temple (eye 3.2-4.0times as long as temple in dorsal view) and the robust hind femur.Rhogadopsis infernalis  has the propodeum with some superficial rugae (with complete median carina and costulae in R. cracentata), the precoxal sulcus short (long) and the antenna has about 37 segments (30-34 segments).The length of the ovipositor sheath of R. infernalis is unknown because the type series consists of only males.
Description.Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.3 mm.Head.Antenna with 33 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.3, 2.1 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 52), maxillary palp as long as height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather far separated from hypostomal carina and carina dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, striae absent, with weak medial elevation and punctulate setose; face punctulate, medially elevated (Fig. 48); width of clypeus 2.4 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face, clypeus moderately convex, protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Fig. 48); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 48); malar suture present; length of malar space 0.8 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina.
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.7, 7.8 and 4.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with rather long setae.
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, finely rugulose, dorsal carinae united and with short median carina (Fig. 47); second tergite with pair of large basal depressions; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.16 times fore wing and 0.5 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.23 times fore wing (Fig. 44).
Colour.Brownish black or black, face brown dorso-laterally and medio-ventrally; clypeus and mandible brownish yellow; scapus and pedicellus (but outer side partly dark brown), legs (but coxae and trochanters white and apex of hind tibia and hind tarsus dark brown dorsally), tegulae, base of wings and sternites laterally yellow; palpi white; sternites medially brown, pterostigma and veins (except base of wings) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Distribution.China (Shaanxi).Biology.Unknown.Etymology.From "monile" (Latin for "necklace") because of the rather necklacelike short antennal segments of the female.Diagnosis.Rhogadopsis pratellae shares with R. maculosa Li & van Achterberg, 2013, the longer vein 1-SR of the fore wing (0.5 times as long as vein 1-M), vein 3-SR of fore wing about 1.5 times as long as vein 2-SR and first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically.It differs by having the first metasomal tergite about 1.3 times as long as wide apically (about as long as wide in R. maculosa), the propodeum mainly smooth except for carination (coarsely reticulate), the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum short elliptical or droplet-shaped (elongate), antenna with 29-34 segments (antenna with about 43 segments), area below the pterostigma subhyaline (slightly infuscate) and the anterior half of the notauli developed on the mesoscutal disc (largely absent).

Rhogadopsis pratellae (Weng
Description.♀ from Liupan Mt., length of body and of fore wing 3.5 mm.Head.Antenna with 33 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.2, 1.8 and 1.8 times their width, respectively (Figs 58,62); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina far separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 2.8 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and glabrous, laterally punctate and setose; face smooth except punctulation, medially elevated (Fig. 59); width of clypeus 2.3 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; clypeus slightly convex, punctate and protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Fig. 59); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 59); malar suture absent, but with a short depression; length of malar space 0.8 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 53).
Legs.Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 8.6 and 6.4 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 61).
Metasoma.Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially, finely striate but medially (except apically) largely rugulose (Fig. 57), without median carina and with dorsal carinae remaining separated, present on basal third of tergite; second tergite with pair of large triangular basal depressions; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.22 times fore wing and 0.7 times hind tibia (Fig. 53); entire exposed sheath 0.28 times fore wing.
Colour.Black or blackish brown; palpi and legs (but telotarsi apically, hind tarsus largely and apical patch of hind tibia dark brown) ivory or pale yellowish; scapus (except dark brown outer side), mandible (except dark brown teeth) and tegulae yellow; remainder of antenna and ovipositor sheath dark brown; head (but dorsal part of head black except near eyes and face latero-ventrally and temple chestnut brown), mesoscutum, scutellum (except posteriorly), pronotum postero-dorsally, mesopleuron antero-dorsally, narrow dorsal transverse stripes of third-fifth tergites, lateral patches of second-seventh tergites and metasoma ventrally (except basally) yellowish brown (Fig. 53); veins of basal third of wings pale brown (except dark brown C+SC+R); pterostigma and remainder of veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.