Research Article |
Corresponding author: Sergey A. Belokobylskij ( doryctes@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2023 Sergey A. Belokobylskij, Deokseo Ku.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Belokobylskij SA, Ku D (2023) Braconid imagobionts from the tribe Cosmophorini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae) in the fauna of South Korea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 96: 129-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.101287
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Two euphorine taxa from the tribe Cosmophorini, the genus Cryptoxilos Viereck, 1911 and the subgenus Eucosmophorus Belokobylskij, 2000 (genus Cosmophorus Ratzeburg, 1848) are recorded for the first time for the Korean Peninsula. Three species from South Korea, Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) jejuensis sp. nov., C. (Eu.) wandoensis sp. nov., and Cryptoxilos (Cryptoxiloides) ulleungus sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Keys to the described species of Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) and Cryptoxilos (Cryptoxiloides) are provided. Digital photographs of the type species of the subgenus Eucosmophorus, Cosmophorus undulatus Belokobylskij, 2000, are published for the first time.
Cosmophorini, descriptions, diagnosis, Ichneumonoidea, Korean Peninsula, new records, new species, parasitoid
For a long time, the euphorine tribe Cosmophorini Muesebeck & Walkley, 1951 of the braconid subfamily Euphorinae included only one morphologically distinctive genus, Cosmophorus Ratzeburg, 1848, whose distribution was restricted to the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions (
The latest molecular phylogenetic study of the maximum possible genera of the subfamily Euphorinae (
The Cosmophorini taxa with known life history strategies are imagobionts (sensu Shaw, 2004), specifically koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult bark-beetles, (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) (
Two species of the tribe Cosmophorini have been already found in the fauna of the Korean Peninsula, Cosmophorus (Cosmophorus) cembrae Ruschka, 1925 and C. (C.) klugii Ratzeburg, 1848 (
The terminology employed for the morphological features, sculpture, and body measurements follows
The specimens examined in this study were deposited in the collections of the National Institute of Biological Resources (Incheon, Republic of Korea;
Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Family Braconidae Nees, 1811
Subfamily Euphorinae Foerster, 1863
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus)
Belokobylskij, 2000b: 372;
Sinuatophorus
van Achterberg, in
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) undulatus Belokobylskij, 2000.
The subgenus Eucosmophorus Belokobylskij of the genus Cosmophorus Ratzeburg is a small braconid taxon of the tribe Cosmophorini (Euphorinae) includes six East Asian (Palaearctic-Oriental) species, C. (Eu.) acutidentatus (van Achterberg, 2000) (Indonesia), C. (Eu.) breviceps (Quicke & van Achterberg, 2000) (Malaysia: Sabah), C. (Eu.) constrictus (van Achterberg, 2000) (Malaysia: Sabah), C. (Eu.) longiceps (Quicke & van Achterberg, 2000) (Brunei), C. (Eu.) maximus (van Achterberg, 2000) (Indonesia), and C. (Eu.) undulatus (Belokobylskij, 2000) (Japan: Ryukyus) (
1 | Mandible mainly horizontal, its second tooth situated at inner side of mandible and in same plane as apical (upper) tooth, small or obsolescent (Figs |
Subgenus Eucosmophorus Belokobylskij, 2000 (type species Cosmophorus undulatus Belokobylskij, 2000) |
– | Mandible more vertical, its second tooth situated ventrally to apical tooth of mandible (not in same plane) and medium-sized or small. Ovipositor of female straight or sometimes somewhat curved apically. Posterior half of second tergite usually largely or entirely smooth, and without lateral crease. Anterior ocellus situated at same level as posterior ocelli | 2 |
2 | Vertex with deep median longitudinal groove. POL ~ 2.5 times diameter of posterior ocellus and at least twice distance between anterior and posterior ocelli. Third abscissa of costal vein (2-SC+R) of hind wing comparatively long | Subgenus Regiphorus van Achterberg, 2000 (type species Cosmophorus regius Niezabitowski, 1910) |
– | Vertex without median longitudinal groove. POL 1.5–2.0 times diameter of ocellus and at most 1.5 times distance between anterior and posterior ocelli. Third abscissa of costal vein (2-SC+R) of hind wing variable, but usually medium-sized or short | Subgenus Cosmophorus Ratzeburg, 1848 (type species Cosmophorus klugii Ratzeburg, 1848) |
The hosts of this relatively rare subgenus are unknown. However, since members of the genus Cormophorus with known mode of life are endoparasitoids (imagobionts:
Holotype
: female, “Korea (JJ), Muljangori, Bonggae-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, VIII.12–VIII.29.2017 (Malaise Trap) [Hyung-Keun Lee leg.]” (
Paratypes : 1 female, “Korea (JJ), Mulyeongari, Sumang-ri, Namwon-up, Seoqwipo-si, Jeju-do, VI.03–VI.17.2017 (Malaise Trap) [Hyung-Keun Lee leg.]” (SMNE).
Female. Body length 2.4–3.0 mm; fore wing length 1.7–2.2 mm.
Head : Width of head 1.3–1.4 times its median length, equal to its maximum length, 1.35–1.45 times its maximum height (without mandible), 1.3 times width of mesoscutum. Vertex with wide and shallow medial longitudinal depression. Occiput strongly concave. Temples behind eyes weakly convex in anterior 1/2–3/5, than weakly and roundly narrowed, 1.1–1.3 times longer than transverse diameter of eye. Frons medially distinctly concave, with distinct, relatively low, but higher anteriorly, median longitudinal carinae, which distinctly divergent anteriorly at short distance on antennal sockets. Ocelli medium-sized, arranged in triangle with base 1.4–1.5 times its lateral sides; posterior margin of anterior ocellus placed weakly before line between anterior margins of lateral ocelli. POL 2.8–3.0 times Od, 1.3–1.4 times OOL. Eye subround, Eye with rather sparse and short setae, 1.05–1.15 times as high as broad. Malar suture invisible. Malar space very narrow, 0.10–0.15 times height of eye, 0.1–0.2 times basal width of mandible. Antennal protuberances with one wide, relatively long and acuminate apical antero-medial tooth. Clypeus very narrow, almost straight ventrally. Upper tentorial pit rather distinct, situated between eye and antennal socket and almost connected with socket its outer border. Face 2.0–2.4 times wider than its medial height with antennal protuberances. Mandible wide, widened towards basal 3/5–2/3 and then strongly narrowed towards apex, with distinct submedial ventral corner and small tubercle on lower margin, with small but wide corner in upper margin, with two apical teeth, upper tooth short and obtuse, lower tooth longest and acuminate. Length of mandible 2.0 times its maximum submedial width. Occipital carina present only in ventral 1/3, absent widely upper and upper-laterally, below fused with distinct hypostomal carina.
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) jejuensis sp. nov. (female, holotype) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, front view D head, dorsal view E head and antenna, lateral view F face and mandible, front view G propodeum, first and second metasomal tergites, dorsal view H mesosoma, dorsal view I mesosoma, lateral view J tip of ovipositor, lateral view K hind leg.
Antenna : Antenna slender, almost filiform, 18–20-segmented, flagellum weakly compressed and segment concave below (if antenna directed posteriorly). Scape subcylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex (lateral view), not depressed, with two distinct and acuminate teeth on its anterior apical side; length of scape 1.5–1.6 times its maximum width (lateral view), 1.3–1.5 times longer than rather narrow pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.3–3.8 times longer than its apical width, 1.1–1.3 times longer than widened second segment. Second flagellar segment 2.2 times longer than its maximum width. Length of penultimate segment 2.5–3.0 times its width, 1.2–1.3 times longer than shortened apical segment; the latter weakly acuminate or obtuse.
Mesosoma : Length of mesosoma 1.9–2.1 times its maximum height. Dorsal part of mesosoma weakly convex (lateral view). Oblique short and crenulate notauli present only on vertical part of mesoscutum, completely absent on its horizontal part. Prescutellar depression short, with six–seven carinae, smooth between carinae, 0.2–0.3 times as long as scutellum. Scutellum without posterior transverse depression, completely smooth. Subalar depression distinct but shallow, rather narrow, densely reticulate-rugose and sometimes with oblique striation. Precoxal sulcus distinct, long, narrow, crenulate-rugulose, strongly curved up in posterior 2/3 and prolonged towards mesopleural pit and pleural suture. Prepectal carina present but fine.
Wings : Length of fore wing 2.6–2.9 times its width. Length of pterostigma 2.7–3.1 times its maximum width. Metacarp (1-R1) strongly desclerotised and lost distally. Radial (marginal) cell strongly shortened, open apically; anterior margin of radial (marginal) cell 0.9–1.0 times as long as pterostigma and 1.7–2.4 times as long as distance from apex of radial (marginal) cell to apex of wing. Radial vein (r) arising behind middle of pterostigma, its first abscissa (r) more or less distinctly thickened and short, 0.3–0.4 times as long as maximum width of pterostigma. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR + SR1) evenly regularly curved and transparent (discolored), absent apically at short distance. Parallel vein (CU1a) straight and unsclerotised, interstitial to mediocubital vein (2-CU1). Recurrent vein (m-cu) forming usually weak obtuse corner with first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Nervulus (cu-a) short and postfurcal, distance from basal vein (1-M) to nervulus (cu-a) almost equal to nervulus (cu-a) length. Hind wing 4.2–4.8 times longer than wide. Second abscissa of costal vein (1-SC+R) almost absent in basal 1/3 and present but strongly desclerotised in apical 2/3; fourth abscissa of costal vein (SC+R1) strongly desclerotised in distal 4/5. Submedial (subbasal) cell distally open. Recurrent vein (m-cu) straight, sclerotised, mainly pigmented and almost interstitial.
Legs : Hind femur 3.2–3.3 times longer than wide. Hind tarsus almost equal to hind tibia, its second segment 0.4 times as long as first segment, approximately as long as fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma : First tergite of metasoma relatively long, weakly curvedly widened to middle and then narrowed (sometimes weakly) towards apex, spiracular tubercles absent, dorsope almost absent. Apical width of first tergite 0.85–0.90 times its maximum medial width, almost equal to or 1.2 times large than its minimum width, length 1.9–2.0 times its apical width and 1.2–1.4 times length of propodeum. Suture between second and third tergites present, but very shallow. Length of second tergite approximately equal to its basal width, 1.0–1.1 times length of third tergite. Ovipositor compressed, with 3 arcuate and not equivalent sections in apical 1/5 (missing in holotype), distal section longest and crescent. Ovipositor sheath not widened in apical quarter, approximately as long as metasoma, 1.5–1.7 times longer than mesosoma, 0.7 times as long as fore wing.
Sculpture and pubescence : Head entirely smooth. Sides of pronotum coarsely reticulate-rugose in lower half or medially and in posterior 1/5, smooth on remaining upper and lower parts. Mesoscutum finely and densely punctate on anterior vertical part, entirely smooth on posterior horizontal surface; scutellum entirely smooth. Mesopleuron mainly smooth. Propodeum entirely reticulate-rugulose or reticulate-punctate, with small and almost smooth areas latero-posteriorly or submedially, with longitudinal medial carina in basal 1/2–3/5 and almost semi-circular areola in posterior 2/5. Legs smooth. First metasomal tergite entirely densely reticulate-rugulose. Second tergite mainly longitudinally striate, with sparse fine punctation medially, sometimes almost smooth in small antero-lateral areas. Remaining tergites smooth. Vertex medially widely glabrous, laterally with sparse, short and semi-erect pale setae directed laterally; mesoscutum almost entirely with short and relatively densely white setae.
Colour : Body mainly dark reddish brown to dark brown, metasoma ventrally brown to partly pale brown; mandible, antennal socket (sometimes only their lower part) and lower half of prothorax yellow to yellowish brown. Antennae mainly dark brown to black, four basal segments yellow to brownish yellow. Palpi pale yellow. Legs yellow to pale brown, femora mainly brown or pale reddish brown. Ovipositor sheath dark brown to black. Wings very faintly evenly infuscate, subhyaline. Pterostigma dark brown, pale basally at short distance.
Male. Unknown.
The new species is similar to C. (Eu.) constrictus (van Achterberg, 2000) from Malaysia (Sabah) (
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) jejuensis sp. nov. is also very similar to the South Japanese C. (Eu.) undulatus Belokobylskij, 2000 (
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) undulatus (Belokobylskij, 2000) (female, holotype) A habitus, lateral view B head, front view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E antenna, lateral view F mesosoma and first tergite, dorsal view G head and mesosoma, lateral view H tip of ovipositor, lateral view.
This species is named after its type locality, Jeju Island
Korean Peninsula (Jeju Island).
Holotype
: female, “Korea (JN), Jangjoa-ri, Wando-eup, Wando-gun, VIII.29–IX.12.2020 (Malaise Trap), Ku Deokseo, Lee Jaehyeon “ (
Female. Body length 2.6 mm; fore wing length 2.0 mm.
Head : Width of head 1.8 times its median length, 1.5 times its maximum length, 1.6 times its height, 1.3 times width of mesoscutum. Vertex without medial longitudinal depression. Occiput distinctly concave. Temples behind eyes distinctly and roundly narrowed, ~1.2 times longer than transverse diameter of eye. Frons medially very weakly concave, with low double longitudinal carinae, which are fused medially and distinctly divergent anteriorly. Ocelli medium-sized, arranged in triangle with base 1.4 times its lateral sides; posterior margin of anterior ocellus placed distinctly before line between anterior margins of lateral ocelli. POL 2.0 times Od, 0.8 times OOL. Eye subround, without setae, 1.1 times as high as broad. Malar suture present and distinct. Malar space narrow, 0.2 times height of eye, 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Antennal protuberances with one wide and long acuminate apical anteromedial tooth. Clypeus narrow, straight ventrally. Upper tentorial pit distinct, situated between eye and antennal socket and connected with socket outer border. Face 2.3 times wider than its medial height. Mandible wide, widened towards subapex and then narrowed towards apex, with small but distinct ventral tubercle on lower margin, with two wide apical teeth, anterior (upper) tooth longest and acuminate, posterior (lower) tooth short and less acuminate. Length of mandible 2.7 times its maximum width. Occipital carina present only laterally, absent widely upper, below fused with hypostomal carina.
Cosmophorus (Eucosmophorus) wandoensis sp. nov. (female, holotype) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C mandible D apical segments of antenna E head, front view F head, dorsal view G head and basal segments of antenna, lateral view H mesosoma and first tergite, dorsal view I mesosoma and first tergite, lateral view J hind leg K tip of ovipositor, lateral view.
Antenna : Antenna weakly thickened, almost setiform, 21-segmented, flagellum not compressed. Scape subcylindrical, not depressed, without pointed apical teeth in anterior side; length of scape 1.1 times its maximum width, almost as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.7 times longer than its apical width, 0.9 times as long as second segment. Second flagellar segment 3.0 times longer than apical width. Length of penultimate segment 2.7 times its width, 1.1 times longer than apical segment; the latter weakly acuminate.
Mesosoma : Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its maximum height. Dorsal part of mesosoma weakly convex. Notauli present on vertical part of mesoscutum only and crenulate, completely absent on its horizontal part. Prescutellar depression rather short, with four carinae, almost smooth between carinae, 0.3 times as long as scutellum. Scutellum without transverse posterior depression, weakly sculptured in posterior 1/3. Subalar depression shallow, wide and densely rugose-areolate. Precoxal sulcus distinct, long, rather wide, crenulate-rugulose, curved up posteriorly and prolonged towards mesopleural pit and pleural suture (fused with additional oblique crenulate furrow). Prepectal carina absent. Mesosternal furrow narrow and shallow, rugulose.
Wings : Length of fore wing 2.6 times its width. Length of pterostigma 2.3 times its maximum width. Metacarp (1-R1) strongly desclerotised and lost distally. Radial (marginal) cell strongly shortened, open apically; anterior margin of radial (marginal) cell 0.9 times as long as pterostigma and 2.5 times as long as distance from apex of radial (marginal) cell to apex of wing. Radial vein (r) arising slightly behind middle of pterostigma, its first abscissa (r) strongly thickened and very short, 0.2 times as long as maximum width of pterostigma. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR + SR1) evenly regularly curved and transparent, absent apically at short distance. Parallel vein (CU1a) almost straight and unsclerotised, subinterstitial to mediocubital vein (2-CU1). Recurrent vein (m-cu) forming weak obtuse corner with first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Nervulus (cu-a) short and strongly postfurcal, distance from basal vein (1-M) to nervulus (cu-a) twice nervulus (cu-a) length. Hind wing 4.7 times longer than wide. Second abscissa of costal vein (1-SC+R) completely absent; fourth abscissa of costal vein (SC+R1) almost absent in distal half. Medial (basal) cell antero-distally and submedial (subbasal) cell distally open. Recurrent vein (m-cu) sclerotised, pigmented and almost interstitial.
Legs : Hind femur 3.6 times longer than wide. Hind tarsus 0.9 times hind tibia, its second segment 0.4 times as long as first segment, 0.9 times as long as fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma : First tergite rather long, weakly and almost linearly widened posteriorly, spiracular tubercles absent, dorsope very small. Apical width of first tergite 1.7 times its minimum width, length approximately 1.6 times its apical width and length of propodeum. Suture between second and third tergites present, but fine, distinct medially and almost absent laterally Length of second tergite almost equal to its basal width, 1.4 times length of third tergite. Ovipositor compressed, with three arcuate and not equivalent sections in its apical 1/3, distal section longest and crescent. Ovipositor sheath weakly widened to apical quarter, ~ 1.2 times longer than metasoma, 1.5 times longer than mesosoma, 0.7 times as long as fore wing.
Sculpture and pubescence : Head mainly smooth, face weakly rugulose-punctate. Sides of pronotum coarsely reticulate-areolate in lower half and in posterior quarter, mainly smooth on remaining part. Mesoscutum finely rugulose-granulate on anterior vertical part, entirely smooth on posterior horizontal surface; scutellum mainly smooth, rugulose in narrow posterior quarter. Mesopleuron smooth medially and below, rugulose-reticulate anteriorly and ventro-posteriorly. Propodeum entirely reticulate-areolate, areas enlarged posteriorly, without mediolateral areas and posterior transverse carina. Legs smooth. First metasomal tergite densely reticulate-rugulose. Second tergite mainly small reticulate-areolate, smooth on rather large latero-posterior areas. Remaining tergites smooth. Vertex entirely with relatively dense, short and semi-erect yellow setae directed laterally; mesoscutum almost entirely with short and rather densely yellowish setae.
Colour : Body reddish brown to dark reddish brown, metasoma in latero-posterior half almost black; propodeum dorsally and first metasomal tergite paler; mandible, lower median part of prothorax, and metapleuron yellow to yellowish brown. Antennae mainly brown to dark brown, three basal segments brownish-yellow. Palpi pale yellow. Legs yellow to pale brown, hind femur mainly brown. Ovipositor sheath dark brown to black. Wings faintly evenly infuscate. Pterostigma dark brown, pale basally at very short distance.
Male. Unknown.
The new species is similar to C. (Eu.) breviceps (Quicke & van Achterberg, 2000), which was described from Malaysia (Sabah) (
This species is named after its type locality, Wando Islands
Korean Peninsula.
(Transformed and update after
1 | Temple short and distinctly narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view; eye 1.2–1.5 times longer than temple (Fig. |
2 |
– | Temple long and weakly narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view; eye 0.6–1.0 times as long as temple (Figs |
3 |
2 | Eye in dorsal view 1.5 times longer than temple; temple weakly convex. Teeth of scape minute, slightly protruding dorsally. Frons without carinae. Mandible only with one tooth. Area behind and below mandibular base rugose-striate. Second tergite of metasoma sparsely longitudinally rugose. Body length 1.9 mm. Malaysia (Sabah) | Eu. breviceps (Quicke & van Achterberg, 2000) |
– | Eye in dorsal view 1.2 times longer than temple (Fig. |
Eu. wandoensis sp. nov. |
3 | Head in dorsal view comparatively slender, rather distinctly flat in lateral view. Length of fore wing 1.5 mm. Shape of fused discoidal-radiomedial (disco-submarginal) cell of fore wing comparatively slender, parallel-sided. – Body brown. Body length 2.3 mm. Brunei | Eu. longiceps (Quicke & van Achterberg, 2000) |
– | Head in dorsal view less slender, less flattened in lateral view (Figs |
4 |
4 | Scape with pair of minute teeth dorsally. Third antennal segment ~ 1.2 times longer than fourth segment. Antennal socket with relatively short acute tooth. Mandible comparatively slender. Mesoscutum largely glabrous medio-anteriorly. Mesosternal sulcus nearly smooth. Body length 2.7 mm. Indonesia (Sulawesi) | Eu. acutidentatus (van Achterberg, 2000) |
– | Scape with pair of large lobe-shaped teeth dorsally (Figs |
5 |
5 | First metasomal tergite distinctly constricted posteriorly and comparatively short (Fig. |
6 |
– | First metasomal tergite almost parallel-sided or weakly widened posteriorly, not constricted posteriorly and comparatively long (Fig. |
7 |
6 | Head rather bulbous above (lateral view). Upper teeth of scape obtuse apically. First flagellar segment 1.6 times longer than second segment. Second flagellar segment in front view 2.0 times longer than its width and on half wider than first segment. First and second flagellar segments dark brown. Mesosoma 1.8 times longer than its height. Prescutellar depression and precoxal sulcus finely crenulate. Radial vein (r) of fore wing arising weakly before middle of pterostigma. Second metasomal tergite longer, 1.3 times longer than anterior width. Body length 3.5 mm. Malaysia (Sabah) | Eu. constrictus (van Achterberg, 2000) |
– | Head not distinctly bulbous above (lateral view). Upper teeth of scape subpointed apically (Fig. |
Eu. jejuensis sp. nov. |
7 | First flagellar segment in lateral view 4.7 times longer than its apical width. Apical teeth of scape long. Eye in dorsal view 0.6 times as long as temple. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height. Prescutellar depression entirely narrow. Areola of propodeum subconical-oval shape. First metasomal segment long, 2.7 times longer than distal width. Second metasomal segment 1.3 times longer than its basal width. Body mainly black. Body length 4.2 mm. Indonesia (Sumatra) | Eu. maximus (van Achterberg, 2000) |
– | First flagellar segment in lateral view 3.5 times longer than its apical width (Fig. |
Eu. undulatus (Belokobylskij, 2000) |
Cryptoxilos dichromorphus Viereck, 1911.
This is a relatively small and rare euphorine genus that belong to the tribe Cosmophorini, and currently contains seven described species (
The two species of Cryptoxilos previously known for the Palaearctic region belong to the Old World subgenus Cryptoxiloides Čapek & Capecki, 1979, and were described from Europe (Poland) and the Eastern Palaearctic (China: Zhejiang) (
Holotype
: female, “Korea (GB), Dosolam, Naesujeon-gil, Ulleung-up, Ulleung-gun, V.27.2017 (Sweeping), Ku Deokseo” (
Paratype : 1 female, same label as in holotype (SMNE).
Female. Length of body 1.6–1.8 mm, length of fore wing 1.4–1.6 mm.
Head : Width of head (dorsal view) 1.7–1.9 times its medial length, 1.1 times width of mesoscutum. Occipital carina complete and rather distinct, joining with hypostomal carina weakly upper base of mandible. Temple behind eyes (dorsal view) weakly convex in anterior 1/3–1/2, than distinctly evenly narrowed. Length of eye in dorsal view 1.3–1.4 times length of temple. Ocelli arranged in almost equilateral triangle; POL 1.4–1.6 times OD, 0.4 times OOL. Eye covered by rather long and dense setae. Face narrow and convex, its minimum width 0.6 times width at level of antennal sockets, almost equal to medial height (without clypeus). Clypeus narrow, its width 3.8 times maximum height; ventral margin of clypeus weakly concave. Distance between tentorial pits almost 8.0 times distance between pit and margin of eye. Malar space 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Mandible relatively slender, distinctly twisted in apical half. Length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; maxillary palp with 5 segments, third, fourth and fifth segments almost same length.
Cryptoxilos (Cryptoxiloides) ulleungus sp. nov. (female, holotype A, C–H; paratype B) A habitus, lateral view B head, front view C head, dorsal view D antenna, lateral view E mesosoma, dorsal view F head and mesosoma, lateral view G propodeum and first tergite of metasoma, dorsal view H hind leg.
Antenna : Antenna 12-segmented, weakly thickened, weakly setiform, 0.7 times as long as body. Scape 1.4–1.5 times longer than wide, 1.3–1.5 times longer than pedicel. First flagellar segment 2.4–2.7 times longer than its maximum width, approximately as long as second segment and wider than it. Length of second flagellar segment 2.8–3.2 times its width. Penultimate segment 3.6–3.7 times longer than wide, almost as long as first and apical segments; apical segment slender and acuminated.
Mesosoma : Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height. Mesoscutum transverse, weakly protruding anteriorly, 0.6 times as long as maximum width. Notauli distinct, complete, shallow, crenulate-rugulose. Prescutellar suture relatively wide, with six carinae and with dense and fine rugosity between carinae. Scutellum slightly convex, rugose laterally and posteriorly. Precoxal sulcus distinct, wide, long, weakly evenly curved or almost straight, posteriorly fused with mesopleural suture, entirely widely crenulate-rugose. Propodeum postero-medially weakly and widely concave.
Wings : Fore wing 2.6 times longer than wide. Pterostigma wide, 2.0–2.4 times longer than maximum width. Metacarp (1-R1) 0.5 times length of pterostigma. Radial vein (r) arising from middle of pterostigma. First radial abscissa (r) present but very short, first radiomedial vein (2-SR) arising from radial vein (r) closely to pterostigma. First radiomedial vein (2-SR) strongly desclerotised and mainly discolored, incomplete and visible in anterior half only. First abscissa of medial vein (1-SR+M) mainly discolored and curved. Mediocubital vein (M+CU1) sclerotized but distinctly discolored, strongly curved. Nervulus (cu-a) discolored, distinctly postfurcal. Recurrent (m-cu), cubital (1-CU1, 2-CU1, 3-CU1), parallel (CU1a) and second abscissa of longitudinal anal (2-1A) veins absent or strongly desclerotised. Hind wing 4.0–4.3 times longer than wide, its hind margin with long and dense setae. Second abscissa of costal vein (1-SC+R) practically absent. Radial vein (SR) discolored, distinctly curved basally; radial (marginal) cell narrowed distally.
Legs : Hind femur elongate-oval, 3.5–3.7 times longer than its maximum width. Hind tibia rather distinctly widened posteriorly. Hind tarsus almost as long as hind tibia. Basitarsus of hind leg 0.5–0.6 times as long as second to fifth segments combined; second segment 0.5–0.6 times as long as basitarsus, 0.9–1.0 times as long as fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma : First tergite of metasoma weakly widened distally, its ventral margins not connected below and with distinct gape, 2.3 times longer than its apical width, almost 2.0 times longer than propodeum; maximum apical width 2.0–2.3 times its minimum subbasal width; its spiracular tubercles weakly or distinctly protruding and situated submedially, dorsope and laterope absent. Suture between second and third tergites absent medially on wide distance, shortly present laterally. Combined second and third tergites large, almost complete or mostly covered all posterior tergites; medial length of these tergites 1.8–1.9 times basal width of second tergite, 1.3 times their maximum width. Ovipositor weakly curved in posterior half, compressed, distinctly narrowed towards apex. Ovipositor sheath relatively long, covered by sparse, long and almost erect setae, 0.45–0.50 times as long as metasoma, 0.6 times as long as mesosoma, 0.25 times as long as fore wing.
Sculpture and pubescence : Temple, vertex and frons smooth, face finely and rather densely punctate. Side of pronotum almost smooth in upper half, remainder distinctly rugose. Mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate anteriorly on vertical surface, mainly smooth on horizontal surface, with wide and dense rugosity in subtriangular medio-posterior area. Scutellum widely smooth. Mesopleuron smooth in large oval upper area below rugose subalar depression and large area below precoxal sulcus. Propodeum entirely rugose-reticulate, sculpture weak in basolateral 1/3. Hind coxa dorsally distinctly coarsely rugose with transverse curved striation; hind femur smooth. First metasomal tergite longitudinally striate, with dense and coarse rugosity between striae; following tergites smooth and glabrous. Vertex almost entirely covered by rather dense, semi-erect pale setae directed in sides, usually glabrous medio-posteriorly. Mesoscutum entirely with dense, semi-erect pale setae. Fore wing entirely densely setose.
Colour : Body dark brown to black, face, clypeus, lower and lateral parts of head dark reddish brown. Palpi and ovipositor yellow. Antenna mainly brown to dark brown, basal three–four segments paler, reddish brown or brownish yellow. Fore and middle coxae yellowish brown, hind coxa dark reddish brown; all femora reddish brown or partly dark reddish brown and paler distally; tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown or pale brown. Wing membrane hyaline with dense dark setae; pterostigma brown or dark brown with short pale basal and apical areas; veins pale brown to nebulose. Ovipositor sheaths dark brown to black.
Male. Unknown.
This new species is similar to the Chinese Cryptoxilos (Cryptoxiloides) pallipes Chen, He, van Achterberg & Ma, 2001 (
This species is named after its type locality, the Ulleung Island in the East Sea.
(Updated after
1 | Face of female strongly narrowed submedially and with minimum distance between eyes less than distance between outer margins of antennal sockets. Metacarp (1-R1) of fore wing approximately as long as pterostigma. Shape of last abscissa of radial vein (SRI) of fore wing variable, often partly straight. New World, Australasia, Oceania | Subgenus Cryptoxilos Viereck, 1911 (type species: C. dichromorphus Viereck, 1911) |
– | Face of female moderately narrowed submedially, and with minimum distance between eyes approximately equal to distance between outer margins of antennal sockets (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Anterior tentorial pits enlarged and oval. Mesoscutum without rugose subtriangular medio-posterior area. Mesopleuron largely smooth above and below precoxal sulcus. First radiomedial vein (2-SR) of fore wing far separated from base of radial vein (RS). Radial (RS) vein of hind wing less curved basally. Body length 1.7 mm. West Palaearctic (Poland) | C. (C.) cracoviensis (Čapek & Capecki, 1979) |
– | Anterior tentorial pits normal and round (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Eye in dorsal view 1.8 times longer than temple. POL equal to OD. Width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height and its ventral margin straight. First flagellar segment 4.0 times longer than its maximum width, 1.2 times longer than second segment. First abscissa of radial vein (r) of fore wing not developed, first radiomedial vein (2-SR) arising from pterostigma. First metasomal tergite 1.8 times longer than its apical width. Body length 2.1 mm. East Palaearctic (China) | C. (C.) pallipes Chen, He, van Achterberg & Ma, 2001 |
– | Eye in dorsal view 1.3–1.4 times longer than temple (Fig. |
C. (C.) ulleungus sp. nov. |
The cosmopolitan subfamily Euphorinae is one of the most morphologically diverse groups of koinobiont braconid parasitoids, which have a wide range of the host taxa and host developmental stages used for infestation (
Despite the number of publications regarding the Euphorinae parasitoids of the Korean Peninsula (
The current generic composition of the euphorine tribe Cosmophorini is very polymorphic and does not have the combined morphological criteria (diagnostic features) for tribe characteristic and delimitation. Currently, only molecular data (
The authors are very thankful to Dr Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón (México City, México) and Dr Konstantin G. Samartsev (St Petersburg, Russia) for their useful suggestions and comments on the first version of the manuscript. We are grateful to Mrs. Kyoungim Kim, Ms Hyojin Jeong and Ms. Jaehyeon Lee for braconid specimens preparation.
This work was funded in part by the State Research Project No 122031100272-3 for SAB, and was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (