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Research Article
A newly recorded genus Microdynerus Thomson, 1874 and a review of its related genus Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China
expand article infoYue Bai‡, Bin Chen‡, Ting-Jing Li‡
‡ Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China

Corresponding author: Ting-Jing Li ( ltjing1979@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2024 Yue Bai, Bin Chen, Ting-Jing Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Bai Y, Chen B, Li T-J (2024) A newly recorded genus Microdynerus Thomson, 1874 and a review of its related genus Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 57-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.112108
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:727CB19F-EC87-4F6F-AEA5-1B696C959040
Open Access

Abstract

In this paper, the genus Microdynerus Thomson 1874 is newly recorded from China with one species Microdynerus (Pseudomicrodynerus) parvulus (Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838). Furthermore, a total of ten species of the genus Leptochilus de Saussure is recorded from China, including one new species, i.e., Leptochilus (Lionotulus) angulus sp. nov., which is described and illustrated in detail. Of the remaining nine Leptochilus species three are recorded here for the first time from China, i.e., L. (Lionotulus) argentifrons (Kostylev, 1935), L. (Lionotulus) callidus (Kostylev, 1940), and L. (Lionotulus) locuples Giordani Soika, 1970, whereas the remaining six species, i.e., L. (Lionotulus) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001, L. (Lionotulus) gobicus (Kostylev, 1940), L. (Lionotulus) habyrganus Kurzenko, 1977, L. (Lionotulus) incertus (Kostylev, 1940), L. (Lionotulus) kozlovi Kurzenko, 1977, and L. (Neoleptochilus) tibetanus Giordani Soika, 1966, have been documented from China before. All treated species are diagnosed and illustrated. Finally, a key to the Chinese species of the two related genera is provided.

Keywords

China, Eumeninae, Hymenoptera, Leptochilus, Microdynerus, new record, new species

Introduction

The genus Microdynerus Thomson, 1874 in the subfamily Eumeninae contains three subgenera with 53 valid species and six subspecies (Carpenter, unpublished). The nominotypical subgenus Microdynerus (Microdynerus) is distributed mainly in the Palearctic Region with the exception of a few species occurring in Nearctic Region. The distribution of the other two subgenera M. (Pseudomicrodynerus) and M. (Alastorynerus), both of them currently comprising only four species each, is limited to Palearctic Region. Both were first described as genera by Blüthgen (1938) and then downgraded to the subgeneric level by Carpenter (1986) and Gusenleitner (1997) respectively. Species of the genus are usually small (4.5–7.5 mm) and show often a medially transverse raised bulge on the metanotum, which gives them a superficially similar appearance to the genus Leptochilus de Saussure 1853. In fact, some species of these two genera were confused before (Arens 2001). To date, there was no record of Microdynerus in China, whereas, the Leptochilus was known from Chine by six species. In our collections of Chinese eumenids, two specimens of the genus Microdynerus were initially misidentified and mixed with those of Leptochilus.

Leptochilus is a larger group distributed in most of global zoogeographic regions (except Australian Region), containing six subgenera with 198 species: L. (Euleptochilus) Blüthgen, L. (Leptochilus) de Saussure, L. (Lionotulus) Blüthgen, L. (Neoleptochilus) Blüthgen, L. (Sarochilus) Gusenleitner, and L. (Zendalia) Robertson. Among the known species, more than 130 species belonging to the first five subgenera above occurre in the Palearctic Region (Fateryga 2018; Fateryga and Fateryga 2021). The distribution of the remaining subgenus L. (Zendalia) Robertson 1928, however, is restricted to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The taxonomic development of the genus Leptochilus was shaped by Blüthgen (1938–1967), Parker (1966), Giordani Soika (1938–1986), Gusenleitner (1966–2017), and others. Since the 1970s, a large number of species in this genus had been described by Gusenleitner (1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2006) and Giordani Soika (1970, 1976, 1979, 1986). In China, five species of the subgenus L. (Lionotulus) and one of the subgenus L. (Neoleptochilus) were sporadically recorded (Kostylev 1940; Giordani Soika 1966; Kurzenko 1977; Gusenleitner 2001).

In the present paper, the genus Microdynerus with the species M. (Pseudomicrodynerus) parvulus (Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838) was newly recorded and illustrated in China. Furthermore, all known species of the genus Leptochilus in China are systematically revised and ten species belonging to the two subgenera L. (Lionotulus) and L. (Neoleptochilus) are recognized from Xinjiang, Xizang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the pertinent literature and available specimens, one of these species in Leptochilus are identified as new to science and three are new records. The new species is described and illustrated in detail, and nine other species of Leptochilus are provided with diagnosis and figures. A key to the Chinese species of the two genera Microdynerus and Leptochilus is given. Finally, a distribution map (Fig. 95) of all known species of these two genera Leptochilus and Microdynerus in China is provided.

Materials and methods

The specimens examined in our study are deposited in the Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China (CNU), and Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia. Descriptions and measurements were made under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61).

Once a male specimen was available, we softened the specimen and directly dissected the genitalia with a dissecting needle for comparison, and then stored it in anhydrous alcohol for subsequent review. Male genitalia were extracted from softened specimens and directly dissected with a dissecting needle for comparison, and then stored it in anhydrous alcohol for subsequent review.

All photos and measurements were taken with Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope and Photoshop CS 6 was used to compile the photo plates. Body length was measured from the anterior margin of the head to the posterior margin of metasomal tergum 2. If the pinned specimens were not horizontally oriented, a segmented approach was adopted to measurement. For the density description of punctures, “sparsely” means that interspaces are larger than one puncture diameter, “moderately” means equal to the diameter, and “densely” means less than one diameter. The abbreviations used in the text are shown as follows: A (1, 2, …) for antennal joints, T (1, 2, …) for metasomal terga, S (1, 2, …) for metasomal sterna.

Descriptions and keys are based on available specimens and the most pertinent literature, among which keys in Gusenleitner (1993) and Selis (2023) and descriptions in Giordani Soika (1966), Kurzenko (1977) and Gusenleitner (2021) have been applied mainly. The species discussed are alphabetically listed in the text. The used terminology principally follows Carpenter (1981 (1982)).

Results

Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853

Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853: 233; Giordani Soika 1938: 2–14; 1941: 7–13; Parker 1966: 151–229; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 42–53.

Type species

Pterochilus mauritianus [!] [= Pterochilus mauritanicus Lepeletier, 1841], by subsequent designation of Ashmead 1902.

Diagnosis

Body length < 9.0 mm; without epicnemial carina; axillary fossa of scutellum oval, broader than long; metanotum with horizontal carina between dorsally and posterior surfaces; propodeum with submarginal carina projecting as rounded lobe above valvula and bilamellate; T1 depressed subapically, gradually widened with lateral sides divergent in dorsal view; T2 with flat or concave apical lamella.

Distribution

Worldwide except Australian region.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) angulus Bai, Chen & Li, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/501C27FC-7DE5-4667-BA21-EF1A0A4EC4CC
Figs 1–9

Material examined

Holotype , ♀, China, Inner Mongolia, Urad Front Banner, Xin an Town, Shulin Village, 40.945°N, 108.633°E, 989 m, 3.VIII.2016, Zhenxia Ma (CNU); paratypes, 3♀♀, same data as holotype.

Diagnosis

This species resembles L. (L.) callidus (Kostylev, 1940) with similar clypeus punctures (Figs 2, 3, 19) and occipital carina (Figs 4, 24). It can be distinguished from the related species and other members of the genus by the following character combination: pronotal carina transparent and obvious (Fig. 5), propodeum with long and undeveloped carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces, posterior surface with oblique and long striae, propodeal carina as long as propodeal concavity (Fig. 7).

Description

Female. Body length 5.5–6.3 mm (Fig. 1), forewing length 5.4–6.2 mm; black, with the following parts light yellow: basal spot of clypeus (or not), an anterior interrupted band of pronotum dorsally, most of tegula except the median transparent part, apical margin of scutellum, small dorsal spots of mesopleuron (or not), apical margin of femora, tibiae (slightly dark at apical margin) and tarsi, apical bands of T1–T2 (T1 subterminal part ferruginous or not), apical small spots on both sides of S2, and apical sports of T3–T5 in the middle (or not).

Head. In front view, clypeus wider than long (1.4×), and apically with emargination wider than depth (2.2×–2.5×) (Figs 2, 3), clypeus laterally with dense short white setae; clypeus with small and dense punctures basally, and with bigger and coarser punctures on apical half; frons, vertex and gena with coarse and dense punctures; occipital carina forming obvious angle latero-ventrally (Fig. 4).

Mesosoma. Mesosoma with irregular coarse punctures, interspaces between punctures with minute punctures; mesoscutum on anterior half and mesopleuron ventrally with sparse punctures (Figs 1, 6); pronotal carina transparent and obvious (Fig. 5); metapleuron and lateral surfaces of propodeum with unbroken finely horizontal striae, and lateral surface of propodeum densely striate mixed with irregular punctures (Fig. 6); propodeum with long and undeveloped carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 7); posterior surface with oblique and long striae, propodeal carina present in lower part and half as long as propodeal concavity (Fig. 7).

Metasoma. Metasoma leathery, with smaller and sparser punctures than those on head and mesosoma (Figs 8, 9); punctures of T1 larger than the second metasomal segment, punctures of metasomal segments 2–3 lager than those on metasomal segments 4–6; in dorsal view, the first metasomal segment semi-circular (Fig. 1); the second one with wide apical lamellae and with a row of great punctures at base of lamellae, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed; S2 weak convex in lateral view (Fig. 8), with shallow and long longitudinal medial furrows at base (Fig. 9).

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia).

Etymology

The specific name angulus is derived from Latin word: angulus, referring to occipital carina forming obvious angle latero-ventrally.

Figures 1–9. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) angulus sp. nov., holotype (♀) 1 habitus in dorsal view 2, 3 head in frontal view 4 gena in lateral view 5 vertex and pronotum 6 mesosoma in lateral view 7 propodeum in posterior view 8, 9 metasoma in lateral view.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) argentifrons (Kostylev, 1935)

Figs 10–16

Microdynerus argentifrons Kostylev, 1934: 137; Kostylev 1940: 37; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 45.

Material examined

1♂, China, Xinjiang, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Ruoqiang County, 14.V.2010, Zhaohui Luo (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.0 mm; male body length 4.5 mm, forewing 4.3 mm (Fig. 10); body with small and sparse punctures, interspaces between punctures polished (Fig. 10); with obvious white setae; black, with the following parts yellow: clypeus, scape, flagellum except dorsally, pronotum, tegula, parategula, scutellum at posterior half, posterodorsal spot of mesopleuron, legs (except basal margins of femora), mostly on apical margin of T1, wide band in the part middle area of T2, lateral spot of S2, apical bands of metasomal segments 2–5. In front view, frons with dense setae (Fig. 11); clypeus wider than long, apically with deep emargination in male, and emargination wider than depth (1.8×); A13 sharp at the apex (Fig. 12); ocelli large; occipital carina curved latero-ventrally. Pronotal carina obvious (Fig. 13); propodeum smooth (Fig. 14), with boundary between dorsal and posterior surfaces, but without carina; propodeal carina present inn lower half, and less than 1/2 of propodeal concavity. Metasomal segments 2–4 with wide apical lamellae and the second metasomal segment with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 15); S2 weak convex in lateral view, with shallow and short longitudinal medial furrows at base (Fig. 16).

Figures 10–16. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) argentifrons (Kostylev, 1935) ♂ 10 habitus in dorsal view 11 head in frontal view 12 part of antenna 13 vertex and pronotum 14 propodeum in posterior view 15, 16 metasoma in lateral view.

Distribution

China (new record: Xinjiang), Turkmenistan.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) callidus (Kostylev, 1940)

Figs 17–26

Odynerus callidus Kostylev, 1940: 33.

Leptochilus callidus: van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 46.

Material examined

1♀, 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Ewenki Autonomous Banner, Yimin Town, Five Pastureland, 8.VIII.2006, Tingjing Li (CNU); 2♂♂, China, Ningxia, Yinchuan City, Helan County, Jinshan Township, Lujiawazi, 38.694°N, 106.174°E, 1117 m, 21.VII.2020, Yujiang Yao, Rongyuan Zhang (CNU); 1♂, China, Ningxia, Wuzhong City, Yanchi County, Huamachi Town, Yikeshu Village, 37.891°N, 107.434°E, 1312 m, 25.VII.2020, Qianchen Wang, Rongyuan Zhang (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 6.1 mm, forewing 5.7 mm (Fig. 17); male body length 4.9–5.5 mm, forewing 4.4–5.0 mm (Fig. 18); black, with the following parts light yellow: clypeus of male, scape ventrally in male, an anterior interrupted band of pronotum dorsally in male, outer margin of tegula, two spots on posterior margin of scutellum in female, apical margin of femora, tibiae (slightly dark ventrally) and tarsi, apical bands of T1–T2, apical small spots of S2 laterally; A8–A12 ventrally deep yellow. In front view, clypeus wider than long (1.3× in female, 1.1× in male), and apically with shallow emargination wider than depth (2.9× in female, 2.7× in male) (Figs 19, 20); clypeus in female with sparse and coarse punctures, interspaces between punctures with transverse wrinkles on apical half (Fig. 19), clypeus in male with sparse and small punctures (Fig. 20); clypeus and frons at lower part in male with dense white setae (Fig. 20); A13 almost parallel on both sides at the apex (Fig. 22); frons, vertex and gena with coarse and irregular punctures; frons punctures in male lager than those in female; occipital carina forming obvious angle latero-ventrally (Fig. 24). Mesosoma with irregular and coarse punctures, interspaces between punctures with minute punctures; posterior margin of mesoscutum and mesopleuron dorsally with dense punctures, interspaces between punctures reticulate; pronotal carina non-transparent and obvious (Fig. 21); metapleuron dorsally with coarse horizontal striae, ventrally leathery and with irregular fine striae; propodeum dorsally with coarse and dense punctures; carina degenerate between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 23); posterior surface with long and oblique striae mixed with coarse punctures, propodeal carina present in lower part and about 2/3 of propodeal concavity (Fig. 23). Metasoma leathery, with small and sparse punctures; the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and there with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 25); S2 weak convex in lateral view (Fig. 25), with shallow longitudinal medial furrows at base, and half as long as S2 (Fig. 26).

Figures 17–26. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) callidus (Kostylev, 1940) ♀ 17, 19, 21, 23–26 ♂ 18, 20, 22. 17, 18 habitus in dorsal view 19, 20 head in frontal view 21 vertex and pronotum 22 part of antenna 23 propodeum in posterior view 24 gena in lateral view 25, 26 metasoma in lateral view.

Distribution

China (new record: Inner Mongolia, Ningxia), Central Asia from Lake Aral to Gobi Desert.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001

Figs 27–39

Leptochilus chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001: 239.

Material examined

1♀, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Horinger County, Suojiayao Village, 40.570°N, 111.966°E, 1230 m, 25.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU); 2♂♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Wuchuan County, Daqingshan Town, Sanchakou Village, 41.003°N, 111.533°E, 1661 m, 23.VII.2019, Pan Huang (CNU); 2♂♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Wuchuan County, Daqingshan Town, Dongyaozi, 40.930°N, 111.393°E, 1503 m, 24.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU); 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Tongliao city, Daqinggou, 11.VIII.2006, Ming Luo (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.5 mm (Fig. 27); male body length 4.5–4.8 mm, forewing 4.3–4.5 mm (Fig. 28); black, with the following parts yellow: clypeus basal marking in female, complete clypeus in male, scape ventrally in male, small spot of gena, two anterior marking of pronotum dorsally, spot of mesopleuron dorsally, tegula, posterior margin of scutellum, apical margin of femora, tibiae and tarsi, narrow apical bands of T1–T2 (broader of T1 laterally), broken apical bands of S2. In front view, clypeus wider than long (1.4× in female, 1.1× in male), and apically emargination wider than depth (2.3× in female, 1.8×in male) (Figs 29, 30); clypeus in female with sparse and coarse punctures on basal half, with dense and larger punctures on apical half (Fig. 29); clypeus in male with sparse and small punctures, with dense white setae (Fig. 30); frons, vertex and gena with coarse and dense punctures, occipital carina curved latero-ventrally (Fig. 32); A13 sharp at the apex (Fig. 36). Mesosoma with coarse and dense punctures; pronotal carina degenerate (Fig. 31); metapleuron and lateral surfaces of propodeum with unbroken finely horizontal striae; propodeum posterior surfaces with wide propodeal concavity, with long and oblique striae laterally, propodeal carina present in lower part, and short about 1/3 as long as the propodeal concavity (Fig. 33); hind tarsus in male swollen (Fig. 28). Metasoma leathery, with sparse and small punctures (Figs 27, 28); the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and there with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 34); S2 strong convex in lateral view (Fig. 34), with deep longitudinal medial furrows at base (Fig. 35); volsella with lateral processes in the middle and basal parts (Figs 37, 38), penis valve slightly narrow in the middle part, with depression at the top (Fig. 39).

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia).

Figures 27–39. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001 ♀ 27, 29, 31–35 ♂ 28, 30, 36–39. 27, 28 habitus in dorsal view 29, 30 head in frontal view 31 vertex and pronotum 32 gena in lateral view 33 propodeum in posterior view 34, 35 metasoma in lateral view 36 part of antenna 37, 38 volsella 39 penis valve.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) gobicus (Kostylev, 1940)

Figs 40–45

Odynerus gobicus Kostylev, 1940: 36.

Leptochilus gobicus; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 47.

Material examined

Holotype , ♂, Tzoto, Alachan, Gobi, 9.V.1908, P. Kozlov! (Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg); paratype, 1♀, same data as holotype.

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.5 mm (Fig. 40); black, with the following parts yellow: small spot of gena, A6–A13 of male, two anterior small spots of pronotum dorsally, outer margin of tegula, posterior margin scutellum in male, apical margin of femora, part of tibiae and tarsi (hind tarsus dorsally brown), narrow apical bands of T1–T2, apical spots of S2 laterally. Body with sparse white setae, and with minute and sparse punctures (Figs 40, 41); clypeus wider than long (1.3× in female, 1.1× in male), and apically emargination wider than depth (3.0× in female, 1.9× in male) (Figs 42, 43); clypeus in female with sparse and shallow punctures, base of emargination without punctures and smooth (Fig. 42); clypeus in male with dense setae (Fig. 43); frons, vertex and gena with coarse and sparse punctures. Punctures of mesosoma coarser and denser than those on head and metasoma; pronotal carina unobvious (Figs 40, 41); A13 sharp at the apex (Fig. 45); the first hind tarsus in male swollen (Fig. 44). Metasoma leathery, with sparse and small punctures; the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and there with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 44); S2 weakly convex in lateral view (Fig. 44).

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia).

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) habyrganus Kurzenko, 1977

Figs 46–57

Leptochilus habyrganus Kurzenko, 1977: 550.

Material examined

2♀♀, China, Gansu Province, Weiwu City, Qilian Town, Qilian Township, 37.678°N,102.422°E, 2354 m, 5.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU); 1♀, 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Wuchuan County, Daxiyaozi, 41.046°N, 111.483°E, 1732 m, 23.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU); 1♀, 2♂♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Baotou City, Guyang County, Near Dadeheng, 41.130°N, 110.321°E, 1570 m, 21.VII.2019, Rongyuan Zhang (CNU); 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Wuchuan County, Daqingshan Town, Sanchakou Village, 41.003°N, 111.533°E, 1661 m, 23.VII.2019, Pan Huang (CNU); 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Wuchuan County, Daqingshan Town, Dongyaozi, 40.930°N, 111.393°E, 1503 m, 24.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU).

Figures 40–45. 

(taken by Alexander V. Fateryga). Leptochilus (Lionotulus) gobicus (Kostylev, 1940). holotype (♂) 41, 43–45 paratype (♀) 40, 42. 40, 41 habitus in dorsal view 42, 43 head in frontal view 44 habitus in lateral view 45 part of antenna.

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.4–6.3 mm, forewing 5.0–5.8 mm (Fig. 46); male body length 4.3–4.9 mm, forewing 4.0–4.6 mm (Fig. 47). This species resembles L (L.) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001 with similar coloration (Figs 27, 28, 46, 47), antenna (Figs 36, 53), occipital carina (Figs 32, 51), pronotal carina (Figs 31, 50), hind tarsi in male (Figs 28, 47) and S2 (Figs 34, 54). Male genitalia are different from L (L.) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001 (Figs 37–39, 55–57) by penis valve obvious narrow in the middle part, depression deeper than above at the top (Fig. 57). In addition, it can be distinguished from the related species and other members of the genus by the following character combination: in front view clypeus wider than long (1.1× in female, 1.2× in male), apically emargination wider than depth (2.6× in female, 1.8×in male) (Figs 48, 49), propodeum posterior surface with finely and oblique striae mixed with sparse punctures, propodeal concavity shallow, and propodeal carina present in lower part, and long about 2/3 as long as the propodeal concavity (Fig. 52).

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai).

Figures 46–57. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) habyrganus Kurzenko, 1977 ♀ 46, 48, 50–52, 54 ♂ 47, 49, 53, 55–57. 46, 47 habitus in dorsal view 48, 49 head in frontal view 50 vertex and pronotum 51 gena in lateral view 52 propodeum in posterior view 53 antenna 54 metasoma in lateral view 55, 56 volsella 57 penis valve.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) incertus (Kostylev, 1940)

Figs 58–60

Odynerus incertus Kostylev, 1940: 33.

Leptochilus incertus; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 47.

Material examined

Holotype , ♀, Bain-Houdouk, Nord Alachan, Mongolic, 20.V.1909, P. Kozlv! (Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg).

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.5 mm (Fig. 58); black, with the following parts light yellow: base half of clypeus, scape ventrally, pronotum dorsally in the front half, tegula, scutellum at posterior half, dorsal spot of mesopleuron, apical margins of femora, tibiae and tarsi, apical bands of both T1–T2 and S2 (band of T1 expand on both side and T2 with medial spots laterally). In front view, clypeus wider than long, and apically with shallow and wide emargination (Fig. 60); with large and dense punctures on apical half, with obvious white setae; frons with dense setae on lower half; frons, vertex and gena with small and sparse punctures. Punctures of mesosoma larger than those on head and metasoma (Fig. 59); pronotal carina obvious (Fig. 58). Metasoma leathery, with small and sparse punctures; the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and there with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 59); S2 weakly convex in lateral view, with shallow longitudinal medial furrows at base (Fig. 59).

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia).

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) kozlovi Kurzenko, 1977

Figs 61–71

Leptochilus kozlovi Kurzenko, 1977: 547.

Material examined

2♀♀, 1♂, China, Xinjiang, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Huocheng County, Qingshuihe Town, Shuanggouyi village, 44.182°N, 80.685°E, 688 m, 26.VII.2019, Jie Chen (CNU); 1♂, China, Xinjiang, Karamay, jinlong town, Near G217 and S201 of Ayikule Reservoir, 45.526°N, 84.916°E, 279 m, 23.VII.2019, Tingjing Li, Qian Han, Jie Chen (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 4.3–5.2 mm, forewing 4.5–4.6 mm (Fig. 61); male body length 4.3–4.6 mm, forewing 4.1–4.3 mm (Fig. 62); black, with the following parts yellow: clypeus in male, scape ventrally in female, wholly scape in male, anterior half of pronotum, tegula, parategula, apical half of scutellum, apical margin of femora, tibiae (slightly dark apical margin) and most of tarsi, apical bands of both T1–T2 and S2 (broader of T1 laterally), apical margin of T3–T5 with short bands or spots (apical margin of T6 in male); A6–A13 ventrally deep yellow. Body with dense and coarse punctures, interspaces between punctures reticulate; clypeus wider than long (1.3× in female, 1.0× in male), apically with shallow emargination wider than depth (2.8× in female, 2.6× in male) (Figs 63, 64); clypeus in female with sparse and coarse punctures, base of emargination without punctures and smooth (Fig. 63); clypeus in male with sparse and small punctures, dense white setae (Fig. 64); frons on lower half in male with dense white setae; occipital carina slightly curved latero-ventrally (Fig. 66); A13 sharp at the apex (Fig. 71). Pronotal carina transparent and obvious (Fig. 65); metapleuron and lateral surfaces of propodeum with unbroken coarse horizontal striae mixed with coarse punctures (Fig. 67); propodeum with developed and long carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 68), posterior surface with coarse and oblique striae mixed with coarse punctures, propodeal carina weakly present in lower part and less than half of propodeal concavity. Punctures of metasomal segments 3–7 sparser than those on metasomal segments 1–2; the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures long carina-formed extending almost to the top (not reaching apical margin) (Fig. 69); S2 weakly convex in lateral view, with shallow and short longitudinal medial furrows at base (Fig. 70).

Figures 58–60. 

(taken by Alexander V. Fateryga). Leptochilus (Lionotulus) incertus (Kostylev, 1940). holotype (♀) 58 habitus in dorsal view 59 habitus in lateral view 60 head in frontal view.

Distribution

China (Xinjiang).

Figures 61–71. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) kozlovi Kurzenko, 1977 ♀ 61, 63, 65–70 ♂ 62, 64, 71. 61, 62 habitus in dorsal view 63, 64 head in frontal view 65 vertex and pronotum 66 gena in lateral view 67 mesosoma in lateral view 68 propodeum in posterior view 69, 70 metasoma in lateral view 71 part of antenna.

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) locuples Giordani Soika, 1970

Figs 72–78

Leptochilus locuples Giordani Soika, 1970: 70; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 48.

Material examined

1♀, China, Gansu Province, Zhangye City, Gaotai County, Heiquan Town, Yanzhibao Village, 39.607°N, 99.654°E, 1319 m, 1.VII.2019, Xue Zhang (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 5.5 mm, forewing 4.9 mm (Fig. 72); black, with the following parts whitish yellow: scape ventrally, pronotum dorsally at anterior half, tegula, parategula, scutellum at posterior half, posterior oblique plane of metanotum, dorsal spot of mesopleuron, apical margins of femora, tibiae and tarsi, apical bands of T1–T2 (band of T1 extended on lateral side) and apical small spots of S2 laterally. Body with dense and coarse punctures; in front view, clypeus wider than long (1.3×), and apically emargination wider than depth (2.9×) (Fig. 73); clypeus with large and dense punctures on apical half, with minute and dense punctures on basal half, outer margin with white setae; frons with dense setae at the lower half (Fig. 73); occipital carina developed and forming obvious angle latero-ventrally (Fig. 75). Pronotal carina developed and transparent (Fig. 74); metapleuron with horizontal striae dorsally and leathery ventrally (Fig. 75); propodeum with short and curved carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces, lateral surfaces with fine striae mixed with sparse punctures; without propodeal carina, and sparsely punctate on upper half, propodeal concavity only present in upper part, and obliterate and with oblique striae in lower half crossing posterior surface (Fig. 76). Metasoma leathery, with large and coarse punctures (Fig. 77); the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures short carina-formed (Fig. 77); S2 weakly convex in lateral view, with shallow longitudinal medial furrows at base, and slightly longer than half of S2 (Fig. 78).

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (new record: Gansu), Turkmenistan.

Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) tibetanus Giordani Soika, 1966

Figs 79–85

Leptochilus tibetanus Giordani Soika, 1966: 99; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 53.

Material examined

7♀♀, China, Xizang, Linzhi City, Milin County, Wolong Town, 4.VIII.2014, Tingjing Li (CNU); 1♀, China, Xizang, Linzhi City, Bayi Town, Bujiu Township, Duodang Village, 5.VIII.2014, Tingjing Li (CNU).

Diagnosis

Female body length 6.0–6.8 mm, forewing 5.5–6.0 mm (Fig. 79); male body length 4.5–5.5 mm; body with obvious white setae, and the setae on the head and mesosoma longer than those on the metasoma; black, with the following parts yellow: base band of clypeus in female, wholly clypeus in male, scape line in male ventrally; small spot of gena near eye, an anterior interrupted band of pronotum dorsally, tegula, parategula, scutellum on posterior half, dorsal spots of mesopleuron, apical margin of femora, tibiae base and dorsally, tarsi, apical bands of T1–T5 (apical bands of T3–T5 incomplete), T2 laterally with circular and medial spots , apical bands of S2–S5. Body with sparse white setae; in front view, clypeus in female slightly wider than long, and apically with semicircular emargination wider than depth (2×) (Fig. 80), emargination in male wider than in female; clypeus in female with small and sparse punctures, and interspaces between punctures with smaller punctures, with dense white setae laterally (Fig. 80), wholly with dense white setae in male; frons and vertex with coarse and dense punctures, interspaces between punctures reticulate (Figs 80, 81); punctures on gena sparser and smaller than above, interspaces between punctures leathery, occipital carina curved latero-ventrally (Fig. 83); A13 sharp apically. Mesosoma with coarse punctures, interspaces between punctures finely punctate; punctures of pronotum and mesoscutum dense; other part of mesosoma with sparse punctures; pronotal carina narrow extremely (Fig. 81); metapleuron and lateral surfaces of propodeum with unbroken finely horizontal striae (Fig. 82); propodeum with long and dense setae, and without carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 84); propodeal concavity deep, propodeal carina present in lower part and less than half of propodeal concavity (Fig. 84). Metasoma with sparse and coarse punctures (Fig. 85); metasomal segments 1–3 punctures lager than those on metasomal segments 4–6; the second metasomal segment with apical lamellae and there with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures normal, not carina-formed (Fig. 85); S2 weak convex in lateral view, with shallow longitudinal medial furrows at base.

Figures 72–78. 

Leptochilus (Lionotulus) locuples Giordani Soika, 1970 ♀ 72 habitus in dorsal view 73 head in frontal view 74 vertex and pronotum 75 gena and mesosoma in lateral view 76 propodeum in posterior view 77, 78 metasoma in lateral view.

Figures 79–85. 

Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) tibetanus Giordani Soika, 1966 ♀ 79 habitus in dorsal view 80 head in frontal view 81 vertex and pronotum 82 mesosoma in lateral view 83 gena in lateral view 84 propodeum in posterior view 85 metasoma in lateral view.

Distribution

China (Xizang).

Microdynerus Thomson, 1874

Microdynerus Thomson, 1874: 58.

Type species

Odynerus exilis Herrich-Schäeffer, 1839, by subsequent designation of Jones 1937.

Diagnosis

Female without cephalic foveae (Fig. 88); pronotum with anterior face usually densely punctate; mesosoma long, mesoscutum longer than wide; inner side of the trailing edge of tegula straight and not extended (except Microdynerus robustus); posterior face of propodeum without wide deep vertical cavity, with submarginal carina and vavula not projecting; T1 wider than long; T1–T2 with apical bands, T2 apically not carina-formed or without foveae, S2 without longitudinal furrow (Fig. 94).

Distribution

Palearctic and Nearctic Region.

Microdynerus (Pseudomicrodynerus) parvulus (Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838)

Figs 86–94

Odynerus parvulus Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838: 19.

Odynerus helvetius de Saussure, 1855: pl. XIII fig. 6; 1856: 295; Berland 1928: 63, figs. 104–108.

Microdynerus bifidus Morawitz, 1885: 177; Kostylev 1929: 82.

Pseudomicrodynerus helvetius; Blüthgen, 1938 (1937): 276; 1938: 446; 1952: 353; 1961: 66, 93; van der Vecht and Fischer 1972: 37.

Microdynerus parvulus; Castro, 1997: 5; Gusenleitner 2008: 38.

Material examined

2♀♀, China, Xinjiang, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghe county, Qinghe town, Ale Township, Akelangke Village, 46.690°N, 90.369°E, 1256 m, 19.VII.2019, Qian Han (CNU).

Figures 86–94. 

Microdynerus parvulus (Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838) ♀ 86 habitus in dorsal view 87 head in frontal view 88 vertex 89 propodeum in posterior view 90 mesosoma in dorsal view 91 mesosoma in lateral view 92 metasoma in dorsal view 93 metasoma in lateral view 94 metasoma in ventral view.

Diagnosis

Body length 5.5–5.8 mm, forewing 5.4–5.5 mm (Fig. 86); interspaces between punctures leathery; black, with the following parts whitish yellow: whole clypeus in male, antenna ventrally in male, two anterior spots of pronotum dorsally (or not), outer margin of tegula, apical bands of both T1–T2 and S2, apical spot of S3 laterally (or not), part of tibiae; mandibular teeth ferruginous in male. Body with sparse and small punctures; in front view, head slightly subquadrate, two lateral margin almost parallel (Fig. 87), in dorsal view head thick, vertex prolonged (Fig. 88); mandible enlarged and angular, the outer edge curved (Fig. 87); clypeus punctate, interspaces between big punctures densely micropunctate, and sparser at apex, clypeus wider than long (1.3× in female), apically with deep U-styled emargination wider than depth (1.5× in female) (Fig. 87); interantennal carina at the same level as frons; in female A6–A12 thick and short, A13 in male wide and flat, backward reaching apical margin of A9; frons wide and swollen, with a medial longitudinal furrow from anterior-ocellus to base of interantennal carina; frons, vertex and gena with sparse and deep punctures, interspaces with extremely minute punctures (Fig. 88); occipital carina curved latero-ventrally (Fig. 91). Mesosoma with sparse and deep punctures, interspaces with extremely minute punctures (Fig. 90); sharp angle of pronotal carina at humeral angle, and pronotal carina posteriorly with a row of short longitudinal carinae; mesoscutum with two longitudinal furrows of punctures on posterior margin; anterior margin of scutellum with a row of dense punctures, and with a shallow longitudinal furrow in the middle; metanotum medially with transverse raised bulge (Fig. 90); propodeal furrow deep, propodeal carina in the furrow developed and complete (Fig. 89). Metasoma leathery, punctures smaller and shallower than those on head and mesosoma, punctures on T1 a little larger and deeper than the second metasomal segment, and those on metasomal segments 3–6 indistinct (Figs 7–9); in dorsal view, the first metasomal segment bell-shaped, the second one with narrow apical lamellae; S2 concave basally, and flat in lateral view (Fig. 94).

Distribution

China (new record: Xinjiang), England, France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia.

Key to the Chinese species of the two genera Leptochilus de Saussure and Microdynerus Thomson

1 Mandible enlarged and angular in outer edge, head in frontal view subquadrate (Fig. 87); mesosoma prolonged, mesoscutum longer than wide (Fig. 90); propodeum with submarginal carina and vavula not projecting (Fig. 90) Microdynerus (Pseudomicrodynerus) parvulus (Herrich-Schäeffer, 1838)
– Mandible narrow and slightly curved in outer edge, head in frontal view rounded (Figs 2–3, 11, 19, 20); mesosoma shorter, mesoscutum about as long as wide; propodeum with submarginal carina and vavula projecting (Fig. 82) 2
2 T1 long and bell-shaped (Fig. 79), longer than wide; the second metasomal segment with wide apical lamellae and with a row of great punctures at base, interspaces between punctures not carina-formed (Fig. 85) Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) tibetanus Giordani Soika, 1966
– T1 short and semi-circular (Figs 1, 10, 17, 18), wider than long; the second metasomal segment with wide and concave apical lamellae and with a row of great punctures at base of lamellae, interspaces between punctures carina-formed (Figs 8–9) 3
3 The second metasomal segment with large and coarse punctures (Figs 69, 77) 4
– The second metasomal segment with small and shallow punctures (Figs 8, 15, 25, 35, 54) 5
4 Occipital carina developed and forming obvious angle latero-ventrally (Fig. 75); propodeum with short and curved carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 76); interspaces between apical punctures of the second metasomal segment with short carina-formed (Fig. 77) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) locuples Giordani Soika, 1970
– Occipital carina obviously curved latero-ventrally (Fig. 66); propodeum with developed carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces (Fig. 68); interspaces between apical punctures of the second metasomal segment with carina-formed extending almost to the top (Fig. 69) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) kozlovi Kurzenko, 1977
5 Ocelli large, almost as big as diameter of antennal socket (Fig. 11); body wholly finely and sparsely punctate, smooth, and with a large area of yellow markings (Fig. 10) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) argentifrons (Kostylev, 1935)
– Ocelli smaller than diameter of antennal socket (Figs 19, 20); body wholly coarsely punctate, leathery, and with a smaller area of yellow markings than the above 6
6 Occipital carina obviously angle latero-ventrally (Figs 4, 24) 7
– Occipital carina curved latero-ventrally (Figs 32, 51, 59) 8
7 Pronotal carina transparent; propodeum with obvious carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces, propodeal carina half as long as propodeal concavity (Fig. 7) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) angulus sp. nov.
– Pronotal carina non-transparent; propodeum carina between dorsal and posterior surfaces longer than the above species, about 2/3 as long as the propodeal concavity (Fig. 23) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) callidus (Kostylev, 1940)
8 Clypeus apically with shallow and wide emargination; frons with dense setae on lower half (Fig. 60); male unknown Leptochilus (Lionotulus) incertus (Kostylev, 1940)
– Apical emargination of clypeus deeper and narrower than the above; frons with sparse setae on lower half (Fig. 48); the first hind tarsus in male swollen (Figs 28, 44, 47) 9
9 Female clypeus with minute and dense punctures basally, and with coarser and bigger punctures apically (Figs 29, 48); in lateral view, S2 of both sexes strongly convex basally (Figs 34, 54) 10
– Female clypeus wholly with small and sparse punctures (Fig. 42); in lateral view, S2 of both sexes slightly convex basally (Fig. 44) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) gobicus (Kostylev, 1940)
10 Propodeal concavity deep, propodeal carina less than half of propodeal concavity (Fig. 33); penis valve slightly narrow in the middle part, with depression at the top (Fig. 39) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) chinensis Gusenleitner, 2001
– Propodeal concavity shallow, propodeal carina more than half of propodeal concavity (Fig. 52); penis valve obvious narrow in the middle part, depression deeper than the above at the top (Fig. 57) Leptochilus (Lionotulus) habyrganus Kurzenko, 1977
Figure 95. 

A distribution map of all known species of these two genera Leptochilus and Microdynerus in China.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr. Alexander V. Fateryga (Branch of the Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Feodosiya, Russia) for helping us to take photos of type specimens deposited in the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg. We are also grateful to Prof. James M. Carpenter (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA), Marco Selis (Viterbo, Italy) and another anonymous reviewer for providing their important comments on this study. And we sincerely thank Dr. Zhaohui Luo (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China) for providing us with the specimens deposited in the insect collections under her care. This study was funded by Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program (Grant No. 2022FY202100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 31772490, 31372247, 31000976).

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