A review of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) of Southwest China with descriptions of two new species

Yan Fu; Nawaz Haider Bashir; Qiang Li; Li Ma

doi:10.3897/jhr.97.121279

Research Article

A review of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) of Southwest China with descriptions of two new species

Yan Fu^‡, Nawaz Haider Bashir^‡§, Qiang Li^‡, Li Ma^‡

‡ Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China

§ Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China

Corresponding author: Li Ma ( maliwasps@aliyun.com )

Academic editor: Michael Ohl

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Fu Y, Bashir NH, Li Q, Ma L (2024) A review of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) of Southwest China with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.121279

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A4411DB8-035B-4BB6-A2C6-8E3B40AD0C85

Abstract

Two new species of the genus Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae: Trypoxylini) from Yunnan Province, China: T. aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov. and T. ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The female of T. infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 is described for the first time. In addition, ten species of Trypoxylon are newly recorded from China: T. buddha Cameron, 1889, T. flavipes Tsuneki, 1979, T. fulvocollare Cameron, 1904, T. gampahae Tsuneki, 1981, T. imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938, T. kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979, T. khasiae Cameron, 1904, T. nasale Tsuneki, 1979, T. pahangense Tsuneki, 1979, and T. pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979. An updated key to Trypoxylon of Southwest China is provided.

Keywords

Crabronidae, Identification key, new records, taxonomy

Introduction

Southwest China, belonging to the main bioregions of Southeast Asia (Indochina), is recognized as one of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots and one of the regions with the richest and most threatened fauna worldwide. It’s located at the intersection of the Oriental and Palearctic regions, spanning subtropics and tropics and including plateau climate, tropical rainforest climate, and subtropical monsoon climate (CEPF 2020; Myers et al. 2000; Liu et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2023; Meng et al. 2023).

Southwest China, with an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, includes Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, and Tibet Autonomous Region and is divided into three terrain units (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and Sichuan Basin), with the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and Wushan Mountains regarded as the ‘Sky Islands of China’ and is a refuge for a wide range of flora and fauna, with an obvious vertical distribution of species (He and Jiang 2014; Yi et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2023). The species found in the southern and western regions have distinct Oriental characteristics, while those inhabiting the high mountain areas are related Palearctic species; hence, the insect fauna is diversified and abundant (Kryzhanovskiy 1956).

Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796, has the widest distribution and most species (633 species and 84 subspecies) among the seven genera of Trypoxylini (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae) (Pulawski 2024). They usually build their nests in the wood or plant stalks and prey on spiders (Barth 1910; Kazenas 2001). Its members have a slender body 5.5–22.0 mm long; the inner eye orbits are notched; the antennal socket is far away from the frontoclypeal suture; the forewing has only one submarginal cell; and the petiole is long, stick-shaped, or flask-shaped (Bohart and Menke 1976).

Many authors studied the taxonomy of Trypoxylon. Richards (1934) revised the New World species, recognizing several species groups, and Tsuneki (1956a, b, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978a, b, 1979a, b, c, 1980a, b, 1981a, b, c, d, e, f, 1986) studied the species of the Oriental and Australian Regions, including certain species of Northeast Asia and Europe. Bohart and Menke (1976) reviewed the genus on the worldwide basis, and Antropov (1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989a, b, c, 2011, 2016) examined the species of the Palearctic and Oriental Regions. As of 2024, 633 species are known (Pulawski 2024).

In China, 55 species and nine subspecies of this genus are currently known, with 37 species and one subspecies found in southwest China (Strand 1922; Tsuneki 1966–1981; Wu and Zhou 1996; Li and Li 2007, 2010). Despite the extensive taxonomic studies conducted there over the past few decades, new species are continuously being discovered in various regions of Southwest China, especially in the tropical rainforests of Yunnan Province. In this study, two new species from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated; the female of T. infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 is described for the first time; ten species are recorded for the first time from China; and a key to the genus Trypoxylon of southwest China is provided.

Material and methods

The specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China (YNAU). The specimens were observed and illustrated using an Olympus stereomicroscope (SZ Series) with an ocular micrometer. The photographs were taken with the VHX-5000 digital microscopic system and edited with Adobe Photoshop® 8.0. The descriptive terminology of morphological structures follows Bohart and Menke (1976) and Tsuneki (1979a). The abbreviations are as follows:

AW apical width of the first flagellomere;

BW basal width of the apical flagellomere in male;

CV1, CV2 abscissa I of cubital vein, abscissa II of cubital vein;

F I, F II, F III, etc. the first, second and third flagellomere, etc.;

GL/ W ratio of gastral petiole length to apical width (dorsal view);

HL head length (frontal view);

HW head width (frontal view);

IOD interocular distance;

IODc minimum IOD at base of clypeus (frontal view);

IODv minimum IOD at vertex (dorsal view);

IODs ratio of IODv to IODc;

OOD ocellocular distance;

Od posterior ocellus diameter;

PD puncture diameter;

PIS puncture interspace;

POD postocellar distance;

R1 apical part of forewing vein RI beyond the meeting point with Rs;

TCV transverse cubital vein.

The frontal shield in some species has lateral bifurcation directed towards the eye incision; the upper area of the frontal shield is the area from the top to the base of the lateral bifurcation, and the lower area is from the base of the lateral bifurcation to the junction of the lateral carina in the frontal end.

Key to the species of Trypoxylon from Southwest China

Females

1	Frons with shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming acute angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum with several conspicuous, transverse carinae	2
–	Frons without shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming right or obtuse angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum without transverse carinae	4
2	Frontal shield discontinued, upper lateral carina broadly interrupted but dorsal carina clearly defined	Trypoxylon interruptum Tsuneki, 1978
–	Frontal shield complete, upper lateral carina and dorsal carina continued	3
3	Frontal shield with upper area subequal in length to lower area, at most 1.5 × as long as lower area, lateral carina of upper area curved; lateral surface of propodeum coriaceous, conspicuously obliquely rugose	Trypoxylon schmiedeknechtii Kohl, 1906
–	Frontal shield with upper area more than 1.5 × as long as lower area, lateral carina of upper area almost parallel; lateral surface of propodeum smooth medially and posteriorly, with inconspicuous oblique rugae anteriorly	Trypoxylon thaianum Tsunek, 1961
4	Gastral terga I–III with apical fovea; pronotal collar narrow, with median tubercle	5
–	Gastral terga I–III without apical fovea; pronotal collar broad, without median tubercle	8
5	Frons and mesoscutum with large punctures, PIS ≤ 0.5 × PD, PIS shiny; lateral surface of propodeum dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae; free margin of clypeus markedly concave laterally, with short and wide protrusion medially	Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889
–	Frons and mesoscutum with fine punctures, PIS ≈ PD, PIS microscopically coriaceous; lateral surface of propodeum smooth, without rugae; free margin of clypeus straight or slightly convex laterally	6
6	Gastral tergum I without apicomedian fovea; legs black, at most partly brown	Trypoxylon bifoveatum Tsuneki, 1979
–	Gastral tergum I with apicomedian fovea; legs broadly yellow, only partly brown or black	7
7	Supraantennal tubercle with transverse subquadrate edge anteriorly; R1 equal to TCV, not reaching wing apex; gaster wholly black	Trypoxylon maculipes Tsuneki, 1979
–	Supraantennal tubercle rounded, without anterior transverse edge; R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex; gastral terga II–IV, base of gastral sternum III, gastral sternum IV ferruginous	Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979
8	Gastral petiole clavate, gradually widening apically, as long as, or shorter than following two segments combined	9
–	Gastral petiole flask-shaped, apical swelling rather abrupt, with parallel-sided stalk, longer than following two segments combined	22
9	Mandible thick, bidentate on inner margin near apex; head in frontal view quadrate, in dorsal view thick; median and lower frons roundly swollen	Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981
–	Mandible slender, without denticle on inner margin; head wider than long; median and lower frons not roundly swollen	10
10	Frontal furrow deeply impressed; legs slender and long (hind tibia about 1.25 × as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW), hind coxa more than three × apical width; propodeal dorsum long, more than 3.5 × as long as scutellum	Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov.
–	Frontal furrow very fine, inconspicuously impressed; legs thick and short (hind tibia about 0.93 × as long as HW, midtarsomere I shorter than half HW), hind coxa as long as, or shorter than twice apical width; propodeal dorsum short, shorter than 3.5 × as long as scutellum	11
11	Supraantennal tubercle with deep, longitudinal groove	12
–	Supraantennal tubercle without deep, longitudinal groove	13
12	Sides of supraantennal tubercle with few rugae; gaster wholly black; IODs = 2:1	Trypoxylon koreanum Tsuneki, 1956
–	Sides of supraantennal tubercle without rugae; gastral sterna II–III ferruginous brown, and apex of gastral petiole to sternum V yellow; IODs = 5:2	Trypoxylon okinawanum Tsuneki, 1966
13	Propodeal enclosure not delimited by boundary groove, densely covered with irregular, reticulate carinae; pronotal collar with black posterior band	14
–	Propodeal enclosure delimited by more or less distinct U-shaped groove, surface smooth or covered with several transverse carinae medially; pronotal collar with light brown, translucent posterior band	15
14	Supraantennal tubercle conspicuously nasiform, with thick, longitudinal carina; clypeus with dense tiny punctures, free margin with small, rectangular protrusion medially, protruding area shallowly incised mesally	Trypoxylon fronticorne obliquum Tsuneki, 1981
–	Supraantennal tubercle low, with thin, longitudinal carina; clypeus with sparse large punctures, free margin with large, rectangular protrusion medially	Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
15	Supraantennal tubercle low, medial longitudinal carina thin	16
–	Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, medial longitudinal carina thick	20
16	Gaster black, most of gastral sterna brownish	17
–	Gaster more or less ferruginous	18
17	Free margin of clypeus with nearly triangular protrusion, bidentate mesally; side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina	Trypoxylon shimoyamai Tsuneki, 1958
–	Free margin of clypeus with inverted trapezoid protrusion medially; side of propodeum without lateral carina	Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov.
18	Free margin of clypeus rounded, without protrusion medially; U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure almost invisible and medial furrow shallow, surface smooth and shiny, without punctures or rugae	Trypoxylon truncatum Tsuneki, 1979
–	Free margin of clypeus with distinct protrusion medially; U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure and medial furrow clear and distinct, surface with conspicuous and dense rugae	19
19	Free margin of clypeus with distinct obtuse protrusion; supraclypeal area slightly narrow and long; gaster wholly ferruginous	Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979
–	Free margin of clypeus medially with distinctly inverted trapezoidal protrusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment	Trypoxylon ferrugiabdominale Li & Li, 2007
20	Free margin of clypeus conspicuously produced, with large semi-elliptic protrusion medially, as long as Od; gastral petiole and segments IV–VI black; legs wholly black	Trypoxylon clypeisinuatum Li & Li, 2010
–	Free margin of clypeus slightly produced medially, protrusion small, shorter than Od; gastral terga IV–VI ferruginous or with black maculae; legs partly ferruginous	21
21	Free margin of clypeus ferruginous, with semicircular protrusion, produced area shallowly incised mesally; gastral petiole broad and short, GL/ W = 2.7–3.0; gaster wholly ferruginous; all trochanters amber yellow	Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979
–	Free margin of clypeus black, with two barely separated and round teeth medially; gastral petiole much slender, GL/ W = 3.5–3.9; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical segment; all trochanters black	Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979
22	Gaster wholly or from apex of petiole to apical segment ferruginous	23
–	Gaster black or middle part (from apex of petiole to segment III or IV or base of segments II–III) ferruginous	25
23	Gaster wholly ferruginous, petiole with black macula; supraantennal furrow absent; supraantennal tubercle low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim	Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979
–	Gaster from apex of petiole to apical segment ferruginous; supraantennal furrow well developed; supraantennal tubercle without anterior transverse carina	24
24	Supraantennal tubercle attenuate apically, apex of supraantennal tubercle obliquely inclined, forming smooth and shiny area with large median hollow; margin of clypeus sinuate; antenna and legs mostly ferruginous; body length 11.9–12.5 mm	Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904
–	Supraantennal tubercle broaden apically, without anterior oblique flattened area; free margin of clypeus rounded; antenna and legs mostly black; body length 22.0 mm	Trypoxylon szechuen Tsuneki, 1981
25	Mesoscutum microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures, PIS ≤ PD	26
–	Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, with fine, scattered punctures, PIS > PD	28
26	Supraantennal tubercle without median carina, instead impressed line separated apex of supraantennal tubercle; pronotal collar thick	Trypoxylon bilobatum Tsuneki, 1961
–	Supraantennal tubercle with median carina; pronotal collar thin	27
27	Supraantennal tubercle low tuberiform; propodeal enclosure with clear U-shaped boundary groove and medial furrow; base of gastral segments II–IV and legs mostly ferruginous	Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938
–	Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep groove medially; propodeal enclosure with vague U-shaped boundary groove, without medial furrow; gaster wholly and legs black	Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007
28	Supraantennal furrow shallow; antennal socket rim anteriorly expanded into two separate cylinders; gaster wholly black	Trypoxylon takasago Tsuneki, 1966
–	Supraantennal furrow deep; antennal socket rim not expanded; gaster ferruginous medially	29
29	Setae on head and thorax golden; pronotal collar posteriorly and base of gastral segments II–III ferruginous; body length 22.2 mm	*Trypoxylon fulvocollare* Cameron, 1904
–	Setae on head and thorax silvery; pronotal collar black posteriorly, gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment III or IV; body length 18.0–20.0 mm	30
30	Free margin of clypeus transversely produced mesally, slightly incised; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment III, darkly marked dorsally and ventrally; legs black; IODs = 1:1	Trypoxylon orientale Cameron, 1904
–	Free margin of clypeus rounded mesally, not produced and incised; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to base of segment IV; legs black, with ferruginous spots; IODs varied	31
31	Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina; all trochanters amber yellow; IODs = 1.5:1	Trypoxylon errans Saussure, 1867
–	Side of propodeum without lateral carina; all trochanters amber black	32
32	Lateral tubercles of pronotum toothed; vertex conspicuously depressed; F I = 2.8–3.3 × AW; antenna mostly ferruginous beneath; body length 14.0–19.0 mm	Trypoxylon bicolor Smith, 1856
–	Lateral tubercles of pronotum triangular; vertex undepressed; F I = 2.0–2.5 × AW; antenna brown beneath; body length 10.0–19.0 mm	Trypoxylon petiolatum Smith, 1858

Males

1	Frons with shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming acute angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum with several conspicuous, transverse carinae	2
–	Frons without shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming right or obtuse angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum without transverse carinae	4
2	Frontal shield discontinued, upper lateral carina broadly interrupted but dorsal carina clearly defined; flagellomere III beneath with linear tyloids, flagellomere IV excavate beneath at base (apical flagellomere longer than two but shorter than three preceding articles combined)	Trypoxylon interruptum Tsuneki, 1978
–	Frontal shield complete, upper lateral carina and dorsal carina continued; flagellomeres not modified	3
3	Frontal shield with upper area as long as lower area, upper lateral carina curved; apical flagellomere longer than three but shorter than four preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon schmiedeknechtii Kohl, 1906
–	Frontal shield with upper area longer than lower area; apical flagellomere as long as three preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon thaianum Tsunek, 1961
4	Gastral terga I–III with apical fovea; pronotal collar narrow, with median tubercle	5
–	Gastral terga I–III without apical fovea; pronotal collar broad, without median tubercle	8
5	Frons and mesoscutum with large punctures, PIS ≤ 0.5 × PD, PIS shiny; lateral surface of propodeum dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave, with short, wide protrusion medially (penis valve subapically with narrow, curved hook on each side)	Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889
–	Frons and mesoscutum with fine punctures, PIS ≈ PD, PIS microscopically coriaceous; lateral surface of propodeum smooth, without rugae; lateral margin of clypeus straight or slightly convex	6
6	Gastral tergum I without fovea; flagellomeres II–VI beneath with tyloids, flagellomeres VII–VIII excavate at base	Trypoxylon bifoveatum Tsuneki, 1979
–	Gastral tergum I with fovea; flagellomeres II–VI beneath without tyloids, flagellomeres V–VI excavate at base	7
7	Supraantennal tubercle subquadrate, surface nearly flat, including supraantennal furrow; R1 equal to TCV, not reaching wing apex; penis valve simple at apex	Trypoxylon maculipes Tsuneki, 1979
–	Supraantennal tubercle low, broad, roundly tuberiform, apical edge curved, not including supraantennal furrow; R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching apex of wing; penis valve subapically with narrow, curved hook on each side	Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979
8	Gastral petiole clavate, as long as or shorter than segments II–III combined	9
–	Gastral petiole flask-shaped, longer than segments II–III combined	20
9	Supraantennal tubercle with deep longitudinal groove	Trypoxylon koreanum Tsuneki, 1956
–	Supraantennal tubercle without deep longitudinal groove	10
10	Propodeal enclosure not delimited by boundary groove, densely covered with irregular, reticulate carinae; pronotal collar with black posterior band; penis valve with more or less pronounced preapical enlargement	11
–	Propodeal enclosure delimited by more or less distinct U-shaped groove, surface smooth or covered with several transverse carinae medially; pronotal collar with light brown, translucent posterior band; penis valve without preapical enlargement	12
11	Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with thick mid-longitudinal carina; flagellomeres without tyloids	Trypoxylon fronticorne obliquum Tsuneki, 1981
–	Supraantennal tubercle low, longitudinal carina thin; flagellomeres III–VIII beneath with tyloids	Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
12	Median and lower frons flat, without apical transverse carina and medial carina (flagellomeres I–XI beneath with tyloids, flagellomere IV excavate at base beneath)	Trypoxylon planifrons Tsuneki, 1977
–	Median and lower frons raised, with apical transverse carina or medial carina	13
13	Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, medial longitudinal carina thick	14
–	Supraantennal tubercle low, medial longitudinal carina narrow	17
14	Antenna without tyloids	15
–	Antenna with tyloids	16
15	Apical flagellomere as long as three preceding articles combined; gaster ferruginous, with vaguely outlined, black, regular-shaped band on gastral terga I–IV	Trypoxylon fenchihuense Tsuneki, 1967
–	Apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined; gaster brown to black	Trypoxylon similichingi Li & Li, 2010
16	Flagellomeres II–IV beneath with linear tyloids, apical flagellomere as long as, or shorter than five preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon clypeisinuatum Li & Li, 2010
–	Flagellomeres III–IV beneath with linear tyloids, apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon pacificum Gussakovskij, 1932
17	Apical flagellomere curved, conspicuously hollowed beneath (as long as three preceding articles combined); U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure almost invisible and medial furrow shallow, surface smooth and shiny, without punctures or rugae	Trypoxylon truncatum Tsuneki, 1979
–	Apical flagellomere not curved; U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure and medial furrow clear, distinct, surface with conspicuous dense rugae	18
18	Flagellomeres without tyloids and not excavate beneath (apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined)	Trypoxylon ferrugiabdominale Li & Li, 2007
–	Flagellomeres with tyloids	19
19	Flagellomeres V–VI stoutly dentate beneath, apical flagellomere as long as two preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon shimoyamai Tsuneki, 1958
–	Flagellomeres not dentate beneath, flagellomeres III–VIII beneath with linear tyloids, apical flagellomere as long as three preceding articles combined	Trypoxylon kansitakum Tsuneki, 1971
20	Apical flagellomere as long as or longer than four preceding articles combined	21
–	Apical flagellomere shorter than four preceding articles combined	23
21	Flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base, distinctly incrassate toward apex; supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep longitudinal groove at base	Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007
–	Flagellomeres unmodified; supraantennal tubercle tuberiform, without groove	22
22	Apical flagellomere longer than five preceding articles combined; setae on head and thorax silvery; gastral segments II–III ferruginous	Trypoxylon errans Saussure, 1867
–	Apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined; setae on head and thorax golden; apex of gastral segments II–III ferruginous	Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904
23	Mesoscutum distinctly microscopically coriaceous, superimposed with punctures, PIS ≈ PD, PIS coarse (apical flagellomere longer than two preceding articles combined; base of gastral segments II–IV ferruginous)	Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938
–	Mesoscutum without microsculpture, simply punctated, PIS > PD, PIS smooth and shiny	24
24	Supraantennal furrow shallow, antennal socket rim anteriorly expanded (supraantennal tubercle round, without transverse carina or band-like expansion at anterior margin; apical flagellomere longer than three preceding articles combined)	Trypoxylon takasago Tsuneki, 1966
–	Supraantennal furrow deep, antennal socket rim not expanded	25
25	Supraantennal tubercle attenuate apically, apex of supraantennal tubercle obliquely inclined, forming smooth and shiny area with large hollow mesally (apical flagellomere longer than two preceding articles combined and shorter than three preceding articles combined)	Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904
–	Supraantennal tubercle broaden apically, without anterior oblique flattened area	26
26	Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina; clypeus conspicuously protruded medioapically; gaster from apex of petiole to segment III ferruginous laterodorsally, dark dorsally and ventrally	Trypoxylon orientale Cameron, 1904
–	Side of propodeum without lateral carina; clypeus round medioapically; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to base of gastral segment IV	27
27	Lateral tubercles of pronotum dentate; vertex conspicuously depressed; apical flagellomere in lateral view distinctly tapering	Trypoxylon bicolor Smith, 1856
–	Lateral tubercles of pronotum triangular; vertex undepressed; apical flagellomere in lateral view not tapering, slightly curved medially	Trypoxylon petiolatum Smith, 1858

Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/23AF9F03-3F22-419E-832F-E62658160F28

Fig. 1

Type material

Holotype : ♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, 1438 m., 20.VI–20.VII.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU). Paratypes: 29♀♀: same locality as for holotype except: 20.VI–20.VII.2018 (10♀♀), 20.VII–15.VIII.2018 (3♀♀), 17.V–21.VI.2018 (2♀♀), 25.IV–17.V.2018 (3♀♀), 28.V–28.VI.2019 (10♀♀), 15.IV–27.V.2021 (1♀); 1♀, China, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guanggang Village, Ancient tea forest, 21°49'15"N, 100°29'44"E, 1526 m, 20.VIII–16.IX.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU).

Figure 1.

Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus sp. nov. holotype ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C head (dorsal view) D thorax (dorsal view) E propodeum (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view) G gastral segments I–III (dorsal view).

Diagnosis

The species resembles T. minutum Tsuneki, 1979 and T. undatum Tsuneki, 1979 in lacking the lateral carina on the propodeum. It differs from both by the supraantennal tubercle with small U-shaped carina, transverse carina on both sides of apex, and with short, longitudinal carina mesally (in T. minutum the supraantennal tubercle is triangular, without transverse carina anteriorly and without middle carina; in T. undatum the supraantennal tubercle is low, with conspicuous, transverse carina anteriorly and thick, longitudinal carina mesally), free margin of clypeus with an inverted trapezoid projection (in T. minutum the free margin of clypeus is triangularly produced; in T. undatum the clypeal margin is wavy, without projection), gastral sterna II–IV black, gastral terga II–IV brown to black (in T. minutum gastral sterna II–IV are dark red, gastral terga II–IV are ferruginous; in T. undatum gastral sterna and terga II–IV are ferruginous, gastral terga II–III each with broad brown mark).

Description

Female: Body length, 6.9–7.2 mm (Fig. 1A). Body black; labial palpi, maxillary palpi and pronotal lobe apically ivory; yellowish brown are: most of mandible, clypeal apex, scape beneath, foretrochanter, forefemur except with brown stripe on inner surface, foretibia, apex of midcoxa, mid- and hindtrochanters; brown are: mandible apically, pedicel beneath, tegula, midfemur except yellow stripe on outer surface, midtibia and fore- and midtarsi; wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown. The following body parts covered with short, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae less than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, metapleuron, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum.

Head : Head quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 1B), HW: HL = 10: 10, thick in dorsal view (Fig. 1C). Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus more concave; free margin of clypeus with inverted trapezoid protrusion that is slightly concave in middle (Fig. 1B). Supraclypeal area narrow, long, length greater than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle low, its anterior margin with small U-shaped carina, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim, and short longitudinal carina mesally (Fig. 1B). Supraantennal furrow lacking. F I = 2.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 7: 5: 4. Frons slightly convex medially, microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD) and hardly visible medial furrow. Inner eye orbits convergent below, broadly, shallowly notched (IODs = 10:4.5). Vertex slightly convex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 2: 9: 5) (Fig. 1C). Gena narrow, evenly convex.

Thorax : Pronotum with deep, transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flattened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially, enlarged towards side, without median tubercle, with distinct, translucent, posterior border; pronotal lobes rounded. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1D) microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extended to 1/4 of scutum length; prescutal sutures absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscopically coriaceous, with fine and dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD). Metapleuron impunctate (Fig. 1F). Propodeal enclosure with deep U-shaped groove (Fig. 1E), basally with short oblique rugae, with narrow, deep mid furrow and short transverse rugae within furrow, side of groove smooth, impunctate. Posterior part of propodeum with deep mid groove, except apically. Side of propodeum without lateral carina; lateral surface shiny, impunctate (Fig. 1F). In forewing, R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.8, TCV < CV2. Hind coxa without small tubercle ventrally.

Gaster : Gastral petiole (Fig. 1G) clavate, about 3.40 × as long as apical width in dorsal view, shorter than segments II–III combined.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Etymology

The specific name is derived from two Greek words: apheles - (=smooth) and - thoracicus (= Latinized form of thorax), referring to the mesopleuron, metapleuron, and propodeal lateral surface smooth, and the side of propodeum without lateral carina in the female.

Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/9AE3DBB3-47D1-4DE6-A468-EE7F9EAE5DB9

Fig. 2

Type material

Holotype : ♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 21.VI–20.VII.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU). Paratype: 3♀♀: same date as holotype except: 28.V–28.VI.2019 (2♀♀), 13.VIII–15.IX.2020 (1♀).

Diagnosis

The species resembles T. longipes Tsuneki, 1979 in having the legs markedly slender and elongate (hind tibia about 1.25 × as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW), free margin of clypeus wavy, supraantennal tubercle low and supraantennal furrow shallow. It differs by the IODs = 10:7 (in T. longipes the IODs = 10:4), gastral petiole slightly flask-shaped, GL/ W = 4.1 (in T. longipes gastral petiole distinctly flask-shaped, GL/ W = 5.6), gaster wholly ferruginous (in T. longipes gastral tergum V blackish). The species also resembles T. ambiguum Tsuneki, 1956 in the shape of the clypeal free margin and pronotal collar, but has a shallow supraantennal furrow (in T. ambiguum the supraantennal furrow is absent), IODs = 10:7 (in T. ambiguum IODs = 10:9), gastral petiole slightly clavate (in T. ambiguum gastral petiole flask-shaped), GL/ W = 4.1 (in T. ambiguum GL/ W = 5.0).

Description

Female: Body length, 7.7–8.0 mm (Fig. 2A). Body black; labial palpi, maxillary palpi and most of pronotal lobe ivory; yellow are: most of mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath, foreleg except base of forecoxa, midleg from apex of midcoxa to midtarsomere I; yellowish brown are: mandible apically, midtarsomere II–IV, hindcoxa on inner surface, hindtrochanter and inner surface of hindfemur; gaster wholly ferruginous; wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown. The following body parts covered with short, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae less than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum.

Figure 2.

Trypoxylon ferrugineipes sp. nov. holotype ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C head (dorsal view) D thorax (dorsal view) E propodeum (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view) G gastral segments I–III (dorsal view).

Head : Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 2B), HW: HL = 10: 9, thin in dorsal view (Fig. 2C). Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave; margin of clypeus sinuate, slightly concave medially (Fig. 2B). Supraclypeal area narrow and long, length greater than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle low, without anterior transverse carina, with short longitudinal carina mesally (Fig. 2B); supraantennal furrow shallow in dorsal view. F I = 3.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 3: 2: 2. Frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Inner eye orbits convergent below, with broad, shallow notch (IODs = 10:7). Vertex slightly convex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 1: 7: 5) (Fig. 2C). Gena narrow, evenly convex.

Thorax : Pronotum with deep transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flattened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially and enlarged towards side, with minute median tubercle, with distinct, translucent, posterior border; pronotal lobe rounded. Mesoscutum (Fig. 2D) microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extending to 1/5 of scutum; prescutal suture absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD). Metapleuron microscopically coriaceous, impunctate (Fig. 2F). Propodeal enclosure with deep U-shaped groove (Fig. 2E), with few, short and oblique rugae basomedially, with broad, deep mid furrow, long and transverse rugae within furrow, sides of furrow smooth, scattered with fine punctures. Posterior part of propodeum with deep medial groove, except for apical portion. Propodeal lateral carina well-developed (Fig. 2F); propodeal lateral surface dull, microscopically coriaceous, with inconspicuous rugae anteriorly. In fore wing, R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex, CV1 = CV2 × 3.1, TCV = CV2. Legs very slender, elongate, hindtibia about 1.25 × as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW and hindcoxa longer than three × apical width; hindcoxa without small ventral tubercle.

Gaster : Gastral petiole (Fig. 2G) slightly clavate, about 4.10 × as long as apical width in dorsal view, shorter than segments II–III combined.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Etymology

The specific name is derived from two Latin words: ferrugineus - (= ferruginous) + - pes (= leg), referring to the legs partly ferrugineus in female.

Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007

Fig. 3

Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007: 6.

Material examined

6♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 21.VI–20.VII.2018 (1♀), 25.IV–17.V.2018 (1♀), 19.IV–28.V.2019 (2♀♀), 28.V–28.VI.2019 (2♀♀), Li Ma project team (YNAU); 15♂♂: same data as for preceding: 25.IV–17.V.2018 (1♂), 17.V–21.VI.2018 (1♂), 21.VI–20.VII.2018 (1♂), 20.VII–15.VIII.2018 (1♂), 15.IX–16.X.2018 (2♂♂), 16.X–17.XI.2018 (2♂♂), 26.II–22.III.2019 (1♂), 22.III–19.IV.2019 (1♂), 28.VI–19.VII.20198 (3♂♂), 13.VIII–15.IX.2020 (1♂), 27.V–15.VI.2021 (1♂).

Diagnosis

The species resembles T. koreanum Tsuneki, 1956 and T. koikense Tsuneki, 1956 in having the supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep groove medially. It differs from both by gastral petiole flask-shaped, longer than following two segments combined, GL/ W = 5.25 (in T. koreanum and T. koikense the gastral petiole is clavate, shorter than following two segments combined, GL/ W = 2.0–2.7), propodeal dorsum without mid furrow, obliquely carinae (in T. koreanum and T. koikense the propodeal dorsum with mid furrow, without oblique carinae), flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base and distinctly incrassate toward apex in male (in T. koreanum flagellomeres unmodified in male; in T. koikense flagellomere VIII unmodified but flagellomere IV excavate beneath at base in male).

Description

Female (first description of female): Body length, 7.5 mm (Fig. 3A). Black; yellowish brown are: labial and maxillary palpi, most of mandible, tegula, apex of foretibia, foretarsus and midtarsomere I; brown are: wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma. The following body parts covered with long, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae greater than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, metapleuron, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum.

Figure 3.

Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007. ♀ (A, D, F, G, J, L); ♂ (B, C, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P) A, B habitus (lateral view) C male antenna (lateral view) D, E head (frontal view) G, H thorax (dorsal view) F, I propodeum (dorsal view) J, K thorax (lateral view) L, M gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) N male sternum VIII O, P genitalia.

Head : Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 3D), HW: HL = 10: 8.8, thin in dorsal view. Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave; free margin of clypeus with short rectangular protrusion, protrusion shallowly incised mesally (Fig. 3D). Supraclypeal area broad, short, shorter than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep longitudinal groove at base (Fig. 3D). F I = 2.5 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 1: 1: 1. Frons slightly (mainly mesally) convex, microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures, and hardly visible medial furrow. Inner eye orbits convergent below, broadly and shallowly notched (IODs = 10:10). Vertex slightly convex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 2: 6: 5). Gena narrow, evenly convex.

Thorax : Pronotum with deep transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flattened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially, enlarged towards side, with minute median tubercle, with distinct black posterior border; pronotal lobe rounded. Mesoscutum microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 3G), with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extended to 1/4 of scutum; prescutal suture absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD). Metapleuron microscopically coriaceous, dull. Propodeal enclosure with shallow U-shaped groove, without mid furrow, oblique striation covering almost entire propodeal enclosure surface (Fig. 3F). Posterior part of propodeum with deep medial groove, except for apical portion. Lateral carina of propodeum well-developed (Fig. 3J), propodeal lateral surface dull, with inconspicuous rugae anteriorly. In fore wing, R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.5, TCV = CV2.

Gaster : Gastral petiole (Fig. 3L) flask-shaped, about 5.25 × as long as apical width in dorsal view, longer than segments II–III combined.

Male: Sculpture, setae, and body coloration (Fig. 3E, H, I, K, M) as in female except as follows: body length 7.3 mm (Fig. 3B); clypeal free margin not obviously produced (Fig. 3E); IODs = 10:8; OOD: Od: POD = 3.5: 2.5: 2.5; F I: F II: F III = 9: 3: 5; flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base and distinctly incrassate toward apex (Fig. 3C); F XI = 3.5 × BW, flagellomere XI as long as four preceding articles combined; male sternum VIII (Fig. 3N); and male genitalia (Fig. 3O, P).

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889

Fig. 4

Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889: 118, 119; Bingham 1897: 225; Richards 1934: 338; R. Bohart and Menke 1976: 345; Tsuneki 1978b: 33, 76, 1979a: 3, 19, 1979b: 3, 8, 1980b: 4, 16, 21, 1981d: 18, 22, 1981f: 41.

Trypoxylon monstruosum Tsuneki, 1974: 633, synonymized with Trypoxylon buddha by Tsuneki 1978b: 36; R. Bohart and Menke 1976: 630.

Trypoxylon buddhae tarawakanum Tsuneki, 1976: 92, synonymized with Trypoxylon buddha by Tsuneki 1978b: 36.

Material examined

1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Longmen Village, 21°16'46"N, 101°32'19"E, ca 923 m, 10.IV.2010, Rui Zhang (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. buddha resembles T. brevipenne de Saussure, 1867 in having large punctures on the frons and mesoscutum, metapleural keel conspicuously curved and hind coxae with tubercle in female. It differs by the apex of gastral terga I–III each with apicomedian fovea (in T. brevipenne the gastral terga I–III without fovea), free margin of clypeus with short, wide protrusion medially (in T. brevipenne free margin of clypeus with semicircular protrusion medially). The species also resembles T. maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 in sharing the apex of gastral terga I–III each with apicomedian fovea and in body colour, but the punctures on frons and mesoscutum are large (in T. maculipes punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are small), supraantennal tubercle with middle carina and anterior transverse carina (in T. maculipes supraantennal tubercle without middle carina and anterior transverse carina inconspicuous), free margin of clypeus with short, wide protrusion medially (in T. maculipes free margin of clypeus with bidentate protrusion medially).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 9.5 mm (Fig. 4A). Body black; head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 4B), almost equal in width and height; lateral margin of clypeus markedly concave, with short, wide protrusion medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with conspicuous middle carina, and anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons with large, irregular punctures (PIS < PD), PIS smooth, shiny, frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with large, scattered punctures (PIS < PD), PIS smooth, shiny (Fig. 4C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 4D), with wide mid furrow and transverse wrinkles in furrow; gastral petiole slightly flask-shaped (Fig. 4E), shorter than following two segments combined, apex of gastral terga I–III each with apicomedian fovea. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 4F), propodeal lateral surface dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae. HW: HL = 10: 10. IODs = 10:6. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 7: 8; F I = 3.2 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 7: 8: 6. R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex, CV1 = CV2 × 2, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.2.

Figure 4.

Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); India; Philippines; Sri Lanka.

Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979

Fig. 5

Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979a: 3, 24, 1979b: 3, 8, 1980a: 4, 17, 1981a: 4, 13, 1981b: 100, 103, 1981d: 18, 1981f: 43.

Material examined

2♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.IV–31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. flavipes resembles T. buddha Cameron, 1889 and T. maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 in having the apex of gastral terga I–III each with apicomedian fovea and head sub-quadrate in frontal view. It differs from both by the anterior edge of supraantennal tubercle rounded (in T. buddha supraantennal tubercle with conspicuous transverse carina anteriorly; in T. maculipes the anterior edge of supraantennal tubercle transverse), the gaster and legs more or less ferruginous (in T. buddha and T. maculipes the gaster and legs wholly black), punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are small (in T. buddha punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are large), free margin of clypeus with bidentate protrusion medially (in T. buddha free margin of clypeus with short, wide protrusion medially), the penis valve subapically with narrow, curved hook on each side (in T. maculipes the penis valve is simple at apex).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 7.7–7.8 mm (Fig. 5A). Body black; yellow are: mandible basally, scape and pedicel beneath, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore legs, midleg except midtarsomere II–V, hindtrochanter and apex of hindtibia; ferruginous are: apex of mandible, clypeus, base of gastral terga II–IV, base of gastral sternum III, gastral sternum IV. Head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 5B), almost equal in width and height; clypeus with bidentate protrusion; supraclypeal area narrow and long; supraantennal tubercle low, with conspicuous middle carina, anterior carina rounded; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar with median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 5C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 5D), with wide mid furrow, and transverse wrinkles in furrow; gastral petiole slightly flask-shaped (Fig. 5E), shorter than following two segments combined, apex of gastral terga I–III each with fovea medially. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 5F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 10. IODs = 10:4. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 3: 4. F I = 3.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 9: 8. R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex, CV1 = CV2 × 4, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 5.8.

Figure 5.

Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979. ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

Australia; Borneo; China (Yunnan); India; Laos; Moluccas; New Guinea; Pacific Islands; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Sulawesi.

Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904

Fig. 6

Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904: 217; Tsuneki 1978b: 52, 78, 1979a: 12, 101, 1979c: 8, 1980a: 7, 55, 1980b: 8, 70, 1981f: 70.

Material examined

1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 19.VI–13.VII.2021, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. fulvocollare resembles T. taiwanum Tsuneki, 1967 and T. atricorne Tsuneki, 1979 in having the supraantennal tubercle low, with thin mid-longitudinal carina, without anterior carina, the antennal socket rim tricarinate, the shape of pronotal collar and punctures on the frons and mesoscutum fine and sparse. It differs from both by the body covered with golden setae (in T. taiwanum and T. atricorne the setae are silvery), the flagellomeres I–II beneath and pronotal collar posteriorly yellow (in T. taiwanum the pronotal collar posteriorly black to light brown; in T. atricorne the flagellomeres I–II black and pronotal collar posteriorly are black to light brown), the base of gastral segments II–III are ferruginous (in T. taiwanum and T. atricorne the gaster is ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment III or IV), OOD: POD = 2: 3 (in T. taiwanum OOD: POD = 1: 3 and in T. atricorne OOD: POD = 1: 2), free margin of clypeus rounded (in T. taiwanum free margin of clypeus is conspicuously rounded; in T. atricorne free margin of clypeus is rounded and shallowly incised mesally).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 21.2 mm (Fig. 6A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape, pedicel, flagellomeres I–II beneath, pronotal collar posteriorly, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindtibia; base of gastral segments II–III ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense, long golden setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 6B); free margin of clypeus rounded, without protrusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, with thin mid-longitudinal carina, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with midsize to large and dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar flat, without tubercle mesally; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth, shiny (Fig. 6C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 6D), with wide mid furrow, without transverse carinae; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 6E), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 6F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.2. IODs = 10:10. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 3: 3. F I = 5.7 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 7: 7. R1 short, R1 = 1/2 TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 7, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.5.

Figure 6.

Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904. ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

Borneo; China (Yunnan); Indonesia; Java; Lesser Sunda Islands; Malaysia; Moluccas; Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra.

Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981

Fig. 7

Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981d: 5, 19.

Material examined

1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 27.V–15.VI.2021, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. gampahae resembles T. mandibulatum Richards, 1933 and T. pygmaeum Cameron, 1900 in having the mandible bidentate on inner margin near apex, median and lower frons roundly swollen and head sub-quadrate in frontal view. It differs from both by punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse (in T. mandibulatum punctures on the frons and mesoscutum somewhat are large and conspicuous), the frons in lateral view is highly raised and inclined to antennal socket rim anteriorly (in T. pygmaeum the frons in lateral view is inconspicuously raised and almost flat anteriorly), the free margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with bidentate protrusion medially (in T. mandibulatum the clypeal free margin is inconspicuously produced and with truncate protrusion medially; in T. pygmaeum the free margin of clypeus is inconspicuously produced and slightly wavied).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 7.5 mm (Fig. 7A). Body black; head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 7B); mandible thick, bidentate on inner margin near apex; free margin of clypeus gently raised, inconspicuously incised medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; median and lower frons roundly swollen, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 7C); propodeal enclosure with shallow but distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 7D), without mid furrow, oblique striation covering almost entire propodeal enclosure surface; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 7E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 7F), propodeal lateral surface dull, with inconspicuous rugae anteriorly. HW: HL = 10: 10. IODs = 10:7. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 5: 8. F I = 2.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 7: 7. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.3, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 3.3.

Figure 7.

Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Sri Lanka.

Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938

Fig. 8

Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938: 451, 453; Tsuneki 1956a: 120, 122, 1956b: 4, 8, 19, 1972: 8, 1973: 32, 36, 1981e: 6, 1981f: 36; Antropov 1988: 87; 416; Terayama and Nambu 2009: 7, 26; Jeong and J.-K. Kim 2020: 246, 248.

Material examined

1♀1♂: China, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Leigong Mountain, 27°52'06"N, 106°56'53"E, 1184 m, 19.VII.2019 (1♀), 15.VII.2019 (1♂), Yan Zhang (YNAU). 2♀♀3♂♂: China, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Dabanshui Forest Park, 27°42'18"N, 106°51'15"E, ca 1001 m, 10. VII. 2011, Feng Dongdong (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. imayoshii resembles T. ambiguum Tsuneki, 1956 in having a similar shape of the supraantennal tubercle, the pronotal collar and gastral petiole, punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse. It differs by the free margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with slightly bidentate protrusion medially (in T. ambiguum the margin of clypeus is inconspicuously produced and slightly waved), the frontal furrow is conspicuously impressed, the surface gently inclined towards middle (in T. ambiguum the frontal furrow is inconspicuous, only conspicuous before anterior ocellus), the flagellomere XI longer than two preceding articles combined in male (in T. ambiguum the flagellomere XI shorter than two preceding articles), the apex of sternum VIII rounded in male (in T. ambiguum the apex of sternum VIII incised mesally in male). The species also resembles T. infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 in having the shape of pronotal collar and gastral petiole, punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse, but the supraantennal tubercle is low (in T. infoveatum the supraantennal tubercle is highly nasiform), the gaster is more or less ferruginous (in T. infoveatum the gaster is wholly black), the flagellomeres are unmodified in male (in T. infoveatum the flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base and markedly incrassate toward apex).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 8.0–9.7 mm (Fig. 8A). Body black; yellowish brown are: mandible, clypeal apex, pronotal lobe, tegula, foreleg except base of forecoxa, midleg except midtarsomere II–IV, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter and base of hindtibia; base of gastral segments II–IV ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense, long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 8D); free margin of clypeus with reversed trapezoidal protrusion, produced area shallowly incised mesally; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures, frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar trituberculate, with median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures, PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 8G); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 8F), with wide mid furrow, and transverse rugae in furrow; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 8L), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 8J), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.2. IODs = 10:9. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 5: 3. F I = 3.6 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 12: 9: 9. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.9, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 4.9.

Figure 8.

Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938. ♀ (A, D, F, G, J, L); ♂ (B, C, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P) A, B habitus (lateral view) C male antenna (lateral view) D, E head (frontal view) G, H thorax (dorsal view) F, I propodeum (dorsal view) J, K thorax (lateral view) L, M gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) N male sternum VIII O, P genitalia.

Male. Body length 7.0–9.6 mm (Fig. 8B). Sculpture, setae, and coloration (gaster sometimes wholly brown) (Fig. 8E, H, I, K, M) as in female except as follows: clypeal free margin roundly produced (Fig. 8E); IODs = 10:8. OOD: Od: POD = 3: 4: 3; F I: F II: F III = 9: 8: 8; F XI = 2.4 × BW, flagellomere XI longer than two preceding articles combined, but shorter than three preceding articles combined (Fig. 8C). Male sternum VIII (Fig. 8N). Male genitalia (Fig. 8O, P).

Distribution

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea; Russia.

Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979

Fig. 9

Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979b: 4, 17, 1981d: 19.

Material examined

1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.IV–31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU); 1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Sandalwood and pomelo mixed forest, 27°90'04"N, 106°27'21"E, ca 508 m, 25.IX–25.X.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU).

Diagnosis

The species resembles T. formosicola Strand, 1922 in having the supraantennal tubercle is low, but differs by rounded free margin of clypeus (in T. formosicola free margin of clypeus have short, wide protrusion), the scape and pedicel beneath and gaster are wholly ferruginous (in T. formosicola the scape and pedicel beneath and gaster are wholly black). The species also resembles T. gracilescens F. Smith, 1860 in having the free margin of clypeus rounded. It differs by the supraantennal furrow is absent (in T. gracilescens the supraantennal furrow is deep), the side of the propodeum have conspicuous lateral carina (in T. gracilescens the lateral carina is inconspicuous, almost lacking), the supraantennal tubercle is low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim (in T. gracilescens the medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle is obliquely flattened into smooth, shiny and round area, not connected to the antennal socket rim).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 11.9–12.5 mm (Fig. 9A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and flagellomere I, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except coxa and trochanter, hindtibia and hindtarsus; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment. Head and thorax with dense, long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 9B); free margin of clypeus rounded, without protrusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with medium-large, dense punctures (PIS = PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth and shiny (Fig. 9C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 9D), mid furrow shallow, transversely rugose; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 9E), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 9F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8. IODs = 11:9. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 3: 2. F I = 4.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 7: 6. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 7, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 5.1.

Figure 9.

Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Sri Lanka.

Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904

Fig. 10

Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904d: 218; Tsuneki 1978b: 54, 80, 1979a: 11, 12, 84, nec 1979c: 7, 8, 9, 36 (= Trypoxylon varipilosum), 1981f: 58.

Material examined

3♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Honghe Prefecture, Hekou County, Nanxi Town, 22°37'32"N, 103°56'53"E, ca 121 m, 6.VIII.2016 (2♀♀), 28.X.2016 (1♀), Hesheng Wang (YNAU); 3♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rubber forest, 21°92'26"N, 101°26'50"E, ca 543 m, 20.VIII–18.IX.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 20.VIII–18.IX.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Sandalwood and pomelo mixed forest, 27°90'04"N, 106°27'21"E, ca 508 m, 26.VIII–26.IX.2019, Li Ma project team (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. khasiae resembles T. varipilosum Cameron, 1901 and T. hyperorientale Strand, 1922 in having the medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle obliquely flattened into smooth, shiny and round area, the shape of pronotal collar, and a smooth mesoscutum. It differs from both by the body with silvery setae (in T. varipilosum the setae brassy), oblique area of supraantennal tubercle carrying fovea on it (in T. varipilosum oblique area is flat), IODs = 10:5.6 (in T. varipilosum IODs = 10:9.0), the free margin of clypeus is rounded out, with two notches medially (in T. hyperorientale the margin of clypeus is rounded, slightly incised mesally), flagellomeres beneath and gaster from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment are ferruginous (in T. hyperorientale the flagellomeres and gaster are wholly black).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 11.9–12.5 mm (Fig. 10A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and all flagellomeres beneath, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midfemora and all tibiae and tarsi; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment. Head and thorax with dense and long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 10B); free margin of clypeus rounded out, with two notches medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle nasiform, without anterior transverse carina, medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle obliquely flattened into smooth, shiny, round area, with distinct fovea on it; frons with deep medial groove, punctures fine (PIS = PD). Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth and shiny (Fig. 10C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 10D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 10E), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 10F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.5. IODs = 10:5.6. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 7: 4. F I = 4.0 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 27: 18: 16. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 4.1, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.7.

Figure 10.

Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); India; Indonesia; Laos; Thailand.

Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979

Fig. 11

Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979a: 5, 37.

Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1980a: 2. Substitute name for Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979.

Trypoxylon minahime Tsuneki, 1992: 54. Unnecessary substitute name for Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979.

Material examined

3♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.IV–31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU); 3♀♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rubber forest, 21°92'26"N, 101°26'50"E, ca 543 m, 15.V–18.VI.2018, Lin Zhao (YNAU).

Diagnosis

T. nasale resembles T. sauteri Tsuneki, 1981 and T. clypeisinuatum T. Li and Q. Li, 2010 in having the supraantennal tubercle is high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by IODs = 10:8 (in T. sauteri IODs = 10:3.4), the fore- and midlegs except base of coxa and gaster are ferruginous (in T. sauteri the gastral segment I, V and VI are black; in T. clypeisinuatum the legs are wholly black, the gastral segment I, V and VI are black), free margin of clypeus have semicircular protrusion, the protrusionis shallowly incised mesally (in T. sauteri the margin of clypeus is slightly semicircularly produced; in T. clypeisinuatum the margin of clypeus is conspicuously semicircularly produced).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 8.7–9.2 mm (Fig. 11A). Body black; ferruginous are: mandible basally, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and flagellomere I, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter, apex of hindtibia, hindtarsus and gaster. Head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 11B); free margin of clypeus with semicircular protrusion, produced area shallowly incised mesally; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 11C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 11D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 11E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 11F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 9. IODs = 10:8. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 9: 6. F I = 3.7 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 7: 6. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.8, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 2.7–3.0.

Figure 11.

Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Malaysia.

Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979

Fig. 12

Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979a: 6, 51, 1981d: 26, 38.

Material examined

1♀: China, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guanggang Village, Ancient tea forest, 21°49'15"N, 100°29'44"E, ca 1526 m, 20.VIII–16.IX.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU);1♀: China, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 17.V–20.VI.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 13♀♀: same data as for preceding: 20.VI–20.VII.2018 (2♀♀), 20.VII–16.VVIII.2018 (3♀♀), 16.VIII–14.IX.2018 (3♀♀), 28.V–28.VI.2019 (1♀), 28.VI–19.VII.2019 (1♀), 19.VII–21.VIII.2019 (1♀), 21.VIII–20.IX.2019 (1♀), 10.VII–13.VIII.2020 (1♀).

Diagnosis

T. pahangense resembles T. truncatum Tsuneki, 1979 and T. brunneimaculatum T. Li and Q. Li, 2007 in having the supraantennal tubercle is low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by the free margin of clypeus have conspicuously obtuse-shaped protrusion (in T. truncatum the margin of clypeus is rounded, without projection; in T. brunneimaculatum the clypeal free margin is slightly semicircularly produced), the gaster is wholly ferruginous (in T. truncatum the gastral petiole is black; in T. brunneimaculatum the gastral segment I, V and VI are black).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 7.7–10.1 mm (Fig. 12A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter, hindtibia and hindtarsomere I; gaster ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense and short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded (Fig. 12B); free margin of clypeus with distinctly obtuse-shaped protrusion; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle low, with anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 12C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 12D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 12E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 12F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 9. IODs = 10:5. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 3: 2. F I = 3.5 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 6: 6. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 3.2, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 2.7–3.0.

Figure 12.

Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Malaysia.

Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979

Fig. 13

Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979a: 5, 36.

Material examined

1♀, China, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guanggang Village, farmland, 21°49'50"N, 100°28'20"E, ca 1229 m, 16.IX–19.X.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU); 9♀♀: same data as for preceding: 28.V–28.VI.2019 (1♀), 20.VII–23.VIII.2019 (2♀♀), 23.X–24.XI.2019 (2♀♀), 13.I–15.II.2021 (4♀♀).

Diagnosis

T. pendleburyi resembles T. nasale Tsuneki, 1979 and T. clypeisinuatum T. Li and Q. Li, 2010 in having the supraantennal tubercle is highly nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by free margin of clypeus have two barely separated and round teeth medially (in T. nasale the margin of clypeus have semicircular protrusion, the protrusion is shallowly incised mesally; in T. clypeisinuatum the margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with semicircular protrusion), the all trochanter are black, the gaster from apex of petiole to end is ferruginous (in T. nasale the all trochanter and gaster are wholly ferruginous; in T. clypeisinuatum the gastral segment I, V and VI are black), the gastral petiole is much slender (in T. nasale the gastral petiole is broad and short).

Description

Female (first record from China): Body length 7.5–9.2 mm (Fig. 13A). Body black; yellow are: base of mandible, clypeus, pronotal lobe, tegula, foretibia and foretarsus, base of midtibia, midtarsomere I and base of hindtibia; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment VI, sometimes gastral segment V with black mark. Head and thorax with dense and short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded in fromtal view (Fig. 13B); free margin of clypeus with two barely separated and round teeth medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ≈ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 13C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 13D), with wide mid furrow, and transverse rugae in furrow; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 13E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 13F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.4. IODs = 10:5. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 5: 6. F I = 3.5 × AW, F I: F II: F III = 10: 7: 6. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 × 2.7, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 3.5–3.9.

Figure 13.

Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979 ♀ A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I–III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view).

Distribution

Australia; Borneo; China (Yunnan); India; Laos; Moluccas; New Guinea; Pacific Islands; Sri Lanka; Sulawesi.

Discussion

Species from southwest China are found in both the Oriental and Palearctic regions, highlighting the richness and uniqueness of the region’s biodiversity and reflecting the complexity and diversity of the region’s natural environment. This study lays the foundation for further research on the relationship between climate change, environmental heterogeneity, and the diversity of sphecid wasps in southwest China.

Southeast Asia has the greatest diversity of the genus Trypoxylon, with Indonesia and Malaysia harboring the highest species diversity (Pulawski 2024). The research and supplementation of Trypoxylon species in Southeast Asia have mainly benefited from the contributions of Tsuneki (1956–1986). The ecological diversity of Southeast Asia is remarkable, encompassing tropical rainforests, monsoon forests, mountain forests, swamps, and other ecosystems (Sodhi et al. 2004; Buerki et al. 2014; Jiang et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2020; Meng et al. 2023). Southwest China, covering an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, features complex landforms and diverse climate types. Serving as a main ecological environment in Southeast Asia, it hosts a large number of plant and animal species along with various ecosystem types (Zhang et al. 2014; Cao et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2011). This region offers not only different ecological environments and habitat options but also abundant food resources, which may be the main reason why the genus Trypoxylon is concentrated in southwest China.

The endemic and newly recorded species of China are mainly distributed in southern China, which is part of the Indochina bioregions. The discovery of new species and the revision of existing ones in this region will provide new insights into the biodiversity and biogeographic distribution of Indochina. Additionally, it will provide a basis for further research on the origin, diffusion paths, and historical evolution processes of biological species across various bioregions.

Prospect. On the basis of morphological classification studies and the analysis of insect gene sequences by molecular biology methods, insect species can be identified and classified more accurately, thereby solving the problem of some species being very similar in morphology and difficult to distinguish (Liu et al. 2021). It is also possible to jointly construct phylogenetic trees of insects to reveal their relationships and evolutionary history (Ilyasov et al. 2018). Furthermore, combining geographical and ecological environment analysis can help us explore the patterns and mechanisms of biological evolution, as well as the causes and processes of biodiversity formation in the region.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the editor and two reviewers for suggestions that helped improve this article. We express our heartfelt thanks to Wojciech J. Pulawski (California Academy of Sciences, California) for providing us with many valuable references. We are also grateful to Dr. Jing-xian Liu (South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China), Yong-sheng Pu, Yu Tao, and Ling Zhao (Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China) for helping us collect specimens. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 32270485, the Agricultural Basic Research joint project of Yunnan Province under Grant number 202101BD070001-004 and the Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology “Yunnan Talent Program” plan (202303AM140032).

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﻿Abstract

Keywords

﻿Introduction

﻿Material and methods

﻿Key to the species of Trypoxylon from Southwest China

﻿ Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov.

Type material

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

Etymology

﻿ Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov.

Type material

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

Etymology

﻿ Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿ Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979

Material examined

Diagnosis

Description

Distribution

﻿Discussion

﻿Acknowledgments

﻿References

Abstract

Introduction

Material and methods

Key to the species of Trypoxylon from Southwest China

Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov.

Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov.

Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007

Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889

Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979

Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904

Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981

Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938

Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979

Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904

Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979

Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979

Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References