Both sexes. Comparatively large-bodied (3.6–17 mm). Parascrobal area of head raised and with crest-like structure (= corona) (Fig. 1). Pronotum long and in dorsal view separated from mesothorax by distinct constriction, semicircularly strigulate (Figs 11–13). Mesonotum with mesoscutum and mesoscutellar-axillar complex fused, without flexible, transverse transscutal articulation; mesoscutum with notauli V-like sulcate and extending to base of mesoscutellum; axillae strongly advanced laterally (Figs 11–13). Mesothorax ventrally with membranous region anterior to each mesocoxa, enabling mesocoxae to rotate anteriorly. Profemur enlarged (Figs 2–4) and ventrally with comb of small teeth and strong black bristles.

Figure 1. 

Four different types of corona structure in Oodera, in dorso-frontal view. Antennal scrobes are left of corona, eye is right of corona; a interrupted (exemplar species imaged: O. namibiensis sp. n.) b continuous (exemplar species imaged: O. formosa) c square (exemplar species imaged: O. longicollis) d three- to four-part (exemplar species imaged: O. leibnizi sp. n.). For additional definitions of corona types see main text.

Female. Always with exserted part of ovipositor visible in dorsal view (Figs 2–4).

For a detailed description of the genus see Gibson (2003). Only few characters given there need to be redescribed based on the material examined in this study:

Mesosoma. Pronotum in dorsal view appearing somewhat pentagonal or almost circular. Mesoscutellum sculpture variable dorsally, always with longitudinally strigose parts, with smoother, coriaceous apical rim distinguished by furrow or carina.

Wings. Postmarginal vein slightly shorter to slightly longer than marginal vein.

Metasoma. Length of ovipositor sheaths varying from less than 10% of metasoma length to 110% of metasoma length.

Note that some of the characters given by Gibson (2003) were not studied for all species because they were not visible in some specimens, including types, specifically ventral views of mesosoma.

Note: If combinations of characters are given, connected with and and separated by comma (not semicolon), then all characters have to be present; in the alternative path at least one of the characters has to be different.

FEMALE (N = 1). Medium-sized (8.40 mm). Head and mesosoma dark blue to green-blue. Fore wing hyaline. Body slender (mesonotum 1.51× as long as wide). Head round (1.41× as high as long). Eyes small (0.57× as high as head) (Fig. 8a). Corona medium (5.20× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 5a). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 11a). Mesoscutellum normal (0.70× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.42), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior third to half, rugulose in posterior half or two thirds (Fig. 14a). Propodeum medium (0.13× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 14a). Profemur medium (2.04× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.13× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.47× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.11× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 2a).

Figure 2. 

Habitus (dorsal) I a O. ahoma (Mani & Kaul) (imaged specimen: OAh01, holotype) b O. circularicollis sp. n. (OCi01, holotype), c O. felix sp. n. (OFe01, holotype) d O. fidelis sp. n. (OFi01, holotype) e O. florea sp. n. (OFl01, holotype) f O. formosa (Giraud) (OFo13). Scale bars: 1 mm.

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 2a, 5a, 8a, 11a, 14a). Scape brown, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa dark brown, profemur dark green and blue, meso- and metafemur dark brown, tibiae light brown, tarsi yellow, except for brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 5a, 8a). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.39× as wide as long. Head width 3.57× eye distance. Malar space 0.43× head height. Corona 0.71× as long as eye height. POL 0.75× OOL. Scape 2.31× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicule length not available. Flagellum length to head width not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 11a, 14a). Pronotum 1.03× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.51× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.35× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.12× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.35× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.34× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2a). Fore wing 3.00× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.38× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.10× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.76× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

Asia. India: female holotype, Lumding, Assam, leg. R.O., 25.05.1942, det. Mani and Kaul as Lycisca ahoma (USNM) (OAh01).

Hosts may be Agrilus sp. (Buprestidae) (Noyes 2017) (unverified host record).

India.

FEMALE (N = 3). Small-sized (5.88–6.48 mm). Head and mesosoma blackish with dark green, purple and yellow parts. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust to medium (mesonotum 1.22–1.43× as long as wide). Head oval (1.45–1.51× as high as long). Eyes small (0.54–0.56× as high as head) (Fig. 8b). Corona thick (3.64–4.0× as long as wide), structure interrupted (Fig. 5b). Pronotum virtually round (Fig. 11b). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.64–0.76× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex or convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae slightly less or more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.32–0.35), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior two thirds, rugulose in posterior third (Fig. 14b). Propodeum medium (0.13–0.14× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 14b). Profemur robust (1.78–1.91× as long as wide). Marginal vein short to medium (0.88–0.94× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.45–0.48× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.12–0.15× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 2b).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 2b, 5b, 8b, 11b, 14b). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur light to dark green, all other parts of legs yellow to light brown. Metasoma black.

Head (Figs 5b, 8b). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.46–1.51× as wide as long. Head width 3.4× eye distance. Malar space 0.44–0.47× head height. Corona 0.62–0.71× as long as eye height. POL equal to OOL. Scape 2.52–2.86× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicle length not available. Flagellum length to head width not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 11b, 14b). Pronotum 0.91× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.49–0.55× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.42–1.45× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.86–0.98× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.42–0.45× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.21–1.29× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2b). Fore wing 2.67–2.89× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.35–0.38× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.17–0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.5–3.53× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.83–3.76× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Morocco: female holotype, Granja del Muluya, Kebdana-Marruecos, leg. P. Alcaide VII. 1953, ex larva ‘unreadable word’ Punica, ex coll. V. Delucchi (NMBE) (OCi01); two female paratypes with same data (NMBE) (OCi02), (ZFMK) (OCi03).

Unknown. The label data point towards an association with Punica (pomegranate).

Morocco.

Named for its unusual, round pronotum.

FEMALE (N = 1). Medium-sized (7.20 mm). Head and mesosoma mostly blackish and dark greenish. Fore wing partly infumate. Body slender (mesonotum 1.45× as long as wide). Head oval (1.59× as high as long). Eyes large (0.64× as high as head) (Fig. 8c). Corona medium (4.80× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 5c). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, roof-like, with broadest part behind midlength (Fig. 11c). Mesoscutellum slender (0.80× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.38), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior two thirds, finely areolate in posterior third (Fig. 14c). Propodeum medium (0.14× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 14c). Profemur medium (2.08× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.17× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma short (0.43× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.10× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 2c).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 2c, 5c, 8c, 11c, 14c). Scape, pedicel and first funicle segment yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur black, all other parts of legs light brown with yellow joints, tarsi yellow, except for brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma brown.

Head (Figs 5c, 8c). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.54× as wide as long. Head width 3.72× eye distance. Malar space 0.36× head height. Corona 0.68× as long as eye height. POL 1.20× OOL. Scape 2.41× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.18× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.47× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 11c, 14c). Pronotum as long as wide. Pronotum 0.55× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.80× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.05× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.38× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.28× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2c). Fore wing 3.20× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.34× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.22× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.50× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 3.0× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Central African Republic: female holotype, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc Ntional de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6 km 173 °S Lidjombo, leg. S. van Noort, 26–27.05.2001 (SAMC) (OFe01).

Unknown.

Central African Republic.

Named after the Latin adjective felix, meaning lucky.

Unfortunately, the holotype was damaged during examination for this study (metasoma detached from body). The images show the still undamaged specimen.

BOTH SEXES (N = 3). Small-sized (6.48–6.80 mm). Head and mesosoma dark green to blue. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust to slender (mesonotum 1.29–1.47× as long as wide). Head round (1.33–1.41× as high as long). Eyes large (0.61–0.67× as high as head) (Fig. 8d). Corona medium to thick (4.00–6.00× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 4d). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part hardly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 11d). Mesoscutellum slender (0.75–0.87× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.37–0.39), mesoscutellum completely lineate, with median lines converging (Fig. 14d). Propodeum large (0.19–0.20× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 14d). Profemur elongated (2.23–2.51× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.11–1.19× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Metasoma medium (0.45–0.46× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.13–0.13× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 2d).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 2d, 5d, 8d, 11d, 14d). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur dark green, all other parts of legs dark yellow, except for brown meso- and metafemur. Metasoma brown.

Head (Figs 5d, 8d). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.39–1.45× as wide as long. Head width 3.18–3.66× eye distance. Malar space 0.33–0.37× head height. Corona 0.57–0.76× as long as eye height. POL 0.6–1.00× OOL. Scape 2.18–2.86× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.14–0.18× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.29–1.50× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 11d, 14d). Pronotum 0.83–1.10× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.44–0.64× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.44–1.47× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.89–1.02× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.44–0.47× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.27–1.43× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2d). Fore wing 2.80–2.97× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.35–0.40× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.20–0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.95–3.64× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.11–3.27× as long as stigmal vein.

ASIA. Vietnam: female holotype, Ha Tinh Huong son, 900 m, 18°22'N/105°13'E, leg. L. Herman, MT, 05.05.1998 (CNC) (OFi01); two male paratypes, Ha Tinh Huong son, 900 m, 18°22'N/105°13'E, leg. L. Herman, MT, 18.–28.5.1998 (CNC) (OFi02), (ZFMK) (OFi03).

Unknown.

Vietnam.

Named after the latin adjective fidelis, meaning faithful, because of the distinct blueish colour of head and mesosoma and blue being the symbolic colour of trust.

FEMALE (N = 1). Small-sized (4.80 mm). Head and mesosoma dark green and green-blue. Fore wing hyaline. Body robust (mesonotum 1.32× as long as wide). Head round (1.41× as high as long). Eyes large (0.66× as high as head) (Fig. 8e). Corona medium (5.83× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 5e). Pronotum oval and wider than long, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 11e). Mesoscutellum normal (0.72× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.28), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior third, areolate in posterior two thirds (Fig. 14e). Propodeum large (0.18× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 14e). Profemur medium (2.08× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.25× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.49× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.12× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 2e).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 2e, 5e, 8e, 11e, 14e). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur light green, all other parts of legs dark brown with yellow joints and tarsi, except for brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 5e, 8e). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.41× as wide as long. Head width 3.76× eye distance. Malar space 0.34× head height. Corona 0.67× as long as eye height. POL 1.67× OOL. Scape 2.43× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicle length not available. Flagellum length to head width not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 11e, 14e). Pronotum 0.92× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.52× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.45× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.91× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.45× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.37× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2e). Fore wing 3.33× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.36× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.16× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.53× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

ASIA. Thailand: female holotype, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, labelled “Deciduous”, leg. S. Glong-lasae, 02–10.10.2006 (CNC) (OFl01).

Unknown.

Thailand.

Named after the latin adjective florea, meaning flowery. The species is, in our subjective view, particularly beautiful and flimsy, like a flower.

BOTH SEXES (N = 35). Usually small-sized (3.60–7.12 mm, with only 1 of 27 medium-sized). Head and mesosoma dark green and coppery. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust to slender (mesonotum 1.19–1.47× as long as wide). Head usually round (1.30–1.48× as high as long, with only 3 of 32 with head oval). Eyes usually large (0.55–0.68× as high as head, with only 4 of 32 with eyes small) (Fig. 8f). Corona thick to medium (3.20–6.67× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 5f). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 11f). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.63–0.95× as long as wide), anterior margin usually convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 mesoscutellum length; 0.24–0.47, with only 8 of 32 with anterior margin of mesoscutellum hardly convex), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior half to anterior two-thirds, with median lines converging, rugulose in posterior half or third (Fig. 14f). Propodeum usually medium (0.08–0.18× as long as mesoscutum, with only 5 of 28 with propodeum large) (Fig. 14f). Profemur usually medium to elongated (1.94–2.33× as long as wide, with only 5 of 31 with profemur robust). Marginal vein short to medium (0.85–1.00× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Metasoma short to long (0.43–0.55× as long as body). Ovipositor usually short (0.09–0.17× as long as metasoma, with only 2 of 26 with metasoma rather long) (Fig. 2f).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 2f, 5f, 8f, 11f, 14f). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur dark green, all other parts of legs dark brown, except for brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma brown to black.

Head (Figs 5f, 8f). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.29–1.73× as wide as long. Head width 3.00–3.78× eye distance. Malar space 0.33–0.45× head height. Corona 0.56–0.84× as long as eye height. POL 0.5–1.33× OOL. Scape 1.95–3.16× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.13–0.20× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.12–1.66× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 11f, 14f). Pronotum 0.86–1.05× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.49–0.64× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.38–1.55× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.82–1.02× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.38–0.55× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.19–1.71× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 2f). Fore wing 2.56–3.86× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.28–0.39× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.17–0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.24–4.25× (2.24–3.29× if two outliers with very short stigmal vein are removed) as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.40–4.50× (2.40–3.29× if two outliers with very short stigmal vein are excluded) as long as stigmal vein.

Europe. Bulgaria: male, Slencev Brjag, leg. Kocourek, 26.07.1968, det. Z. Bouček 1976 (BMNH) (OFo04). France: female, Landes, leg. Reinhard, det. Z. Bouček 1958 (MFNB) (OFo03). Germany: three females, MTB 6315 Flörsheim-Dalsheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, BRD RP 49°39'16"N–8°12'51"E, „Garten am Haus“, leg. G. Reder, 11.06, 19.06 and 04.07.2014 (ZFMK) (OFo33-35). Romania: female, Herculeana, leg. T.E. Leiler, 1921 (BMNH) (OFo07). Russia: male paratype O. monstrum, Taganrog, leg. K. Anger, 20.06.1929, det. N. Nikol’skaya (BMNH) (OFo12); female holotype O. monstrum, USSR, VI.1935 (ZIRAS, examined from photographs); female syntype O. bestia, Ul’yanovsk Aksinin, 19.04.1905 (ZIRAS, examined from photographs); female, USSR, Adigea, Soci, leg. K. Pospisil, 23.06.1957, det. Z. Bouček 1958 (BMNH) (OFo13). Slovenia: two males, one ? sex, Vipava, Carniolia, Wippach, leg. Handl, 16.07.1986, det. Z. Bouček 1958 (NHMW) (OFo09-11). Spain: female, Villaviciosa, 8.1969 (BMNH) (OFo08). Switzerland: female, Genève, Miolan, leg. C. Besuchet, 07.08.1991, det. H. Baur 1994 (NMBE) (OFo03). Turkey: female, G.antep, Gaziantep, leg. M Yasar Celik, 14.07.1971 (MNP) (OFo32). Former Yugoslavia: two females, leg. T.E. Leiler, 1955 (BMNH) (OFo05-06); without location: female holotype O. formosa, labelled “Heydenia formosa Gir.” (plus unreadable addition) (MNHN) (OFo01). North America. Canada: Ontario: female, Ottawa, Fletcher Garden, 45°23'11.58"N, 75°42'12.84"W, Boudreault, Goulet &Ferdandez, 28.VII–18.VIII.2016, MT (CNC) (collected subsequent to study, not included in diagnosis and description, no specimen ID assigned). USA: Kentucky: female, Owen County, Herndorn Farm, Hym Institute, 22.06–08.07.2009 (CNC) (OFo31). New Jersey: 11 females, one ? sex, Camden County, Merchantville, leg. H.A. Hespenheide, 1969 (CNC) (OFo19-30). Virginia: five females, Clarke County, Univ. Va. Blandy Exptl. Farm 2 miD Boyce, leg. D.R. Smith, 17.–30.06.1993, 01.–14.07.1993, 25.06–05.07.1994 and 25.07.–08.08.1995 (CNC) (OFo14-18).

Hosts: Buprestidae (Agrilus sp., A. graminis, A. suvorovi, A. viridis, Capnodis sp.), Cleridae (Tillus unifaciatus), Ptinidae (Ptinus germanus), Scolytinae (Hylesinus sp.); Plant associates: Fabaceae (Robinia sp.). The host and associates records are taken from Noyes (2017) (and references therein) and are not verified.

Southern and Central Europe, northernmost location in Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, representing first record from Germany; Russia. Introduced to the eastern United States (Kentucky, Virginia, New Jersey) and recently found in eastern Canada (Ontario).

Comparison of the female holotype (examined from images) and the male paratype of O. monstrum (Figs 4c, 7c, 10c, 13c, 16c) with the holotype of O. formosa indicates the specimens are conspecific, resulting in the new synonymy of O. monstrum under O. formosa. The characters used by Nikol’skaja (1952) to separate O. monstrum and O. formosa (as O. bestia) cannot be confirmed as valid. The first diagnostic character used to differentiate O. monstrum from O. formosa was “pedicel length of first funicular segment” (interpreted as pedicel being as long as first funicular segment) versus “pedicel slightly longer than first funicular segment”. This variation is characteristic of almost all Oodera species. The second character, “ovipositor shorter than first hind tarsal segment” versus “equal in length to first hind tarsal segment” is equally variable in O. formosa. Other differences between the two putative species included colour differences of the body, metasoma, antennae and legs. We found the rather slight differences in colouration to be within the variation of what we interpret as O. formosa. In general, differences in intensity or hue of colour, especially in the weaker sclerotised parts such as legs, antennae, and metasoma, are mostly unsuitable to differentiate between species in Chalcidoidea (e.g., Peters and Baur 2011), though differences in colour pattern of different structures can be important. Bouček (1958) provided some more characters to differentiate O. monstrum, which he considered a valid species, and O. formosa. These differences, mainly of the surface sculpture of the head and mesoscutellum are accurate when examining the respective type specimens. However, we consider the differences to constitute intraspecific variation when taking into account all specimens we include in O. formosa. In all additional diagnostic characters we use in this revision, there is no difference between O. monstrum and O. formosa. The synonymy of O. bestia Nikol’skaja, 1952 under O. formosa by Bouček (1958) is confirmed after examination of one of the syntypes.

The specimens from North America were assumed to be O. formosa by Gibson (2003). Our examination of a number of specimens from North America and comparison with European O. formosa, including the holotype, revealed that the North American specimens are in fact introduced O. formosa.

In general, we found distinguishing O. formosa from many other species of Oodera to be rather difficult. This is mainly due to the fact that O. formosa is the only species of Oodera represented by a significant number of specimens from several series (except for O. longicollis (Cameron) which is, however, very easily distinguished from all other Oodera species). The specimens show intraspecific variation that can be quite staggering for some characters. Only examination of this larger series allowed us to recognise the variation as intraspecific. For many other species, only single or a few specimens were available or (small) uniform series that originate from the same host or region. The variation of O. formosa is reflected in several diagnostic characters for which we add the term “usually” if the vast majority of examined specimens exhibits this character but a minority does not. We made these additions (also in the diagnoses of few other species) to make diagnoses and key more easily applicable for the reader. With a combination of characters, O. formosa is well separated from all other species.

FEMALE (N = 1). Large-sized (17.00 mm). Head and mesosoma bright dark blue and green-blue with blackish parts. Fore wing partly infumate. Body slender (mesonotum 1.45× as long as wide). Head elongated (1.67× as high as long). Eyes large (0.60× as high as head) (Fig. 9a). Corona thick (3.32× as long as wide), structure three- to four-part (Fig. 6a). Pronotum oval and longer than wide, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 12a). Mesoscutellum slender (0.82× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.37), mesoscutellum completely rugose without clear structure, medial part shiny (Fig. 15a). Propodeum medium (0.08× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15a). Profemur elongated (2.31× as long as wide). Marginal vein short (0.67× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma long (0.56× as long as body). Ovipositor very long (1.16× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3a).

Figure 3. 

Habitus (dorsal) II a O. gracilis Westwood (imaged specimen: OGr01; ovipositor not visible in full length) b O. heikewernerae sp. n. (OHe01, holotype) c O. hoggarensis Hedqvist (OHo02, paratype) d O. leibnizi sp. n. (OLe01, holotype) e O. longicollis (Cameron) (OLo01) f O. madegassa Bouček (OMad01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 3a, 6a, 9a, 12a, 15a). Scape with first half yellow and second half dark brown, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur blue, middle leg completely black, hind leg black with proximal 4/5 of femur orange. Metasoma black and blue.

Head (Figs 6a, 9a). Face transversely striate from parascrobal area at lower third of eye height to clypeus margin. Head width to length not available. Head width to eye distance not available. Malar space 0.40× head height. Corona 0.60× as long as eye height. POL 0.77× OOL. Scape 2.90× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicle length not available. Flagellum length to head width not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 12a, 15a). Pronotum 0.86× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.42× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.43× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.02× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.43× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.30× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3a). Fore wing 3.27× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.39× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.16× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.50× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 5.25× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

ASIA. Indonesia (North Sulawesi): female, Indonesia, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone N.P., leg. G. Else, 09.06.1985, det. Z. Bouček (compared with holotype in Oxford Museum) (BMNH) (OGr01).

Unknown.

Indonesia (Sulawesi), West Papua.

We did not examine the type (described from West Papua). However, the uniqueness of the species and the fact that we examined a specimen compared to the type by Bouček allow us to include this species in the taxonomic revision.

BOTH SEXES (N = 12). Head and mesosoma mostly blackish with blue and coppery parts. Fore wing hyaline. Body robust to medium (mesonotum 1.22–1.40× as long as wide). Head usually oval (1.45–1.65× as high as long, with only 3 of 12 with head elongated). Eyes small to large (0.58–0.67× as high as head) (Fig. 9b). Corona thick to medium (3.80–5.33× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 6b). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 12b). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.58–0.77× as long as wide), anterior margin usually convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.26–0.47, with only 2 of 12 with anterior margin hardly convex), mesoscutellum completely densely lineate (Fig. 15b). Propodeum small to medium (0.05–0.14× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15b). Marginal vein usually medium (0.83–1.06× as long as postmarginal vein, with only 1 of 12 with short marginal vein).

FEMALE. Small-sized (5.31–6.64 mm). Profemur robust to medium (1.71–2.04× as long as wide). Metasoma short to medium (0.39–0.47× as long as body). Ovipositor short to rather long (0.12–0.18× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3b).

MALE. Body length not available. Profemur elongated (2.29× as long as wide).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 3b, 6b, 9b, 12b, 15b). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur black with tinge of blue, all other parts of legs yellow to brown. Metasoma brown.

Head (Figs 6b, 9b). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.45–1.75× as wide as long. Head width 3.13–4.00× eye distance. Malar space 0.34–0.42× head height. Corona 0.53–0.67× as long as eye height. POL 0.75–1.6× OOL. Scape 2.33–3.32× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.13–0.20× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.3–1.51× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 12b, 15b). Pronotum 0.77–1.07× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.50–0.59× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.33–1.46× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.87–1.05× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.33–0.46× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.17–1.4× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3b). Fore wing 2.67–3.52× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.31–0.4× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.15–0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.5–4.00× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.67–4.21× as long as stigmal vein.

AFRICA. Botswana: female holotype, Serowe, Farmer’s Brigade, leg. P. Forchhammer, MT, XII. 1987 (CNC) (OHe01); three female paratypes, Serowe, Farmer’s Brigade, leg. P. Forchhammer, MT, XII. 1992 (CNC) (OHe03-04), (ZFMK) (OHe09); female paratype, Serowe, Farmer’s Brigade, leg. P. Forchhammer, MT, I. 1993 (CNC) (OHe08); female paratype, Serowe, Farmer’s Brigade, leg. P. Forchhammer, MT, XII. 1987 (CNC) (OHe10); female paratype, Botswana (B9) Lake Ngami 2900 12 m. NE Sehitwa, 17.04.1972 (NMP) (OHe11); Republic of South Africa: male paratype, E. Transvaal 15km NW Klaserie Guernsey Farm M. FITs, Woodland, leg. S. & J. Peck, 19–31.07.1985 (CNC) (OHe02); female paratype, E. Transvaal, 15km NW Klaserie, Guernsey Farm, M. FITs, leg. W. Mason, 19–31.12.1985 (CNC) (OHe05); female paratype, Cape Prov. Roaring Sands Resort nr. Witsand, leg. J. Londt, 17–18.08.1982 (CNC) (OHe06); female paratype, E. Transvaal, 15km NW Klaserie, yellow, leg. M. Sandborne, 19–31.12.1985 (CNC) (OHe07); female paratype, Natal. Weenen., H.P. Thomasset, 11.1925–3.1929 (NMP) (OHe12).

Unknown.

Botswana and South Africa.

Named in memory of Heike Werner, the mother of the first author, who sadly passed away during completion of this revision.

FEMALE (N = 2). Exact body length not available (both specimens are fragmented), roughly small-sized. Head and mesosoma blackish with light green, purple and yellow parts. Fore wing hyaline. Body robust (mesonotum 1.16–1.2× as long as wide). Head oval (1.52–1.54× as high as long). Eyes small to large (0.59–0.64× as high as head) (Fig. 9c). Corona thick (4.10–4.75× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 6c). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 12c). Mesoscutellum normal (0.55–0.57× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.28–0.29), lineate in anterior two thirds, rugulose in posterior third (Fig. 15c). Propodeum medium to large (0.14–0.18× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15c). Profemur robust (1.79–1.97× as long as wide). Marginal vein short (0.86–0.88× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma length not available. Ovipositor short (0.14× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3c).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 3c, 6c, 9c, 12c, 15c). Scape and pedicel yellow, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa dark green, profemur dark green and yellow, all other parts of legs yellow, except for tarsi brown. Metasoma dark brown, with lateral green regions on tergites 3 and 4.

Head (Figs 6c, 9c). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.46–1.52× as wide as long. Head width 3.52× eye distance. Malar space 0.35–0.41× head height. Corona 0.63–0.69× as long as eye height. POL 1.20× OOL. Scape 2.73–2.81× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicle length not available. Flagellum length to head width not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 12c, 15c). Pronotum 0.88× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.59× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.40–1.46× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.80–0.86× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.40–0.46× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.23–1.33× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3c). Fore wing 2.83–3.13× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.34–0.36× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.18–0.19× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.82–3.29× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 3.29–3.76× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Algeria: female holotype, Timesdelssine, Hoggar, leg. J. Mateu, 23.05.1962, det. K-J. Hedqvist (1966) (MHNG) (OHo01); female paratype, Qued Teredjine, Hoggar Sahara, leg. J. Mateu, 15.05.1965, det. K-J Hedqvist (1966) (BMNH) (OHo02).

Noyes (2017) lists an association with Acacia sp. This association with Acacia trees is unverified and likely refers to O. hoggarensis hosts reared from Acacia.

Algeria (Hoggar Mountains).

The species description of O. hoggarensis by Hedqvist (1967) includes a detailed characterisation of the colour of the different body parts, but only few measurements, shape or structure information. Accordingly, we provide a redescription and diagnosis with more character ratios that are necessary to differentiate all Oodera species.

BOTH SEXES (N = 4). Small-sized (5.31–6.06 mm). Head and mesosoma dark green to blue-green. Fore wing partly weakly infumate. Body robust to medium (mesonotum 1.34–1.42× as long as wide). Head round (1.29–1.42× as high as long). Eyes large (0.60–0.66× as high as head) (Fig. 9d). Corona structure three- to four-part (Fig. 6d). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 12d). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.69–0.83× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than or exactly 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.26–0.33), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior two thirds, rugose in posterior third (Fig. 15d). Propodeum medium to large (0.14–0.24× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15d). Profemur usually elongated (2.02–2.43× as long as wide, with only 1 of 4 with profemur medium). Marginal vein long (1.21–1.27× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Corona thick (3.64–4.00× as long as wide). Metasoma short (0.45–0.45× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.08–0.10× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3d).

MALE. Corona medium (4.36× as long as wide).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 3d, 6d, 9d, 12d, 15d). Antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur light to dark green, all other parts of legs dark brown, except for yellow last tarsal segments. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 6d, 9d). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.24–1.42× as wide as long. Head width 3.28–3.63× eye distance. Malar space 0.34–0.41× head height. Corona 0.52–0.59× as long as eye height. POL 1.00–1.67× OOL. Scape 2.48–2.63× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.21× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.34× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 12d, 15d). Pronotum 0.99–1.00× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.95–1.11× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.40–1.50× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.91–0.96× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.40–0.50× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.29–1.47× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3d). Fore wing 2.99–3.78× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.37–0.39× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.18–0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.72–3.17× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.24–2.53× as long as stigmal vein.

ASIA. Philippines: female holotype, S.O. Luzon, determined as O. ornata by anonymous (BMNH) (OLe01); Malaysia: female paratype, Perak, leg. K. Staudinger, identified as Oodera by Bouček, later as O. ornata by anonymous (BMNH) (OLe02); Papua New Guinea: male paratype, Bulolo, Manki, leg. H. Roberts, 30.07.1981, identified as O. gracilis by Bouček (1984), crossed out by anonymous (BMNH) (OLe03); male paratype, Bulolo, Manki, leg. H. Roberts, 30.07.1981 (BMNH) (OLe04).

Unknown.

Malaysia, Philippines (both Oriental part of Asia), Papua New Guinea (Australasian part of Asia).

Named in honour of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) on the occasion of his 300^th death day. The Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig in which this study was done is part of the Leibniz Association, named after Leibniz.

The two specimens from Malaysia and the Philippines were originally identified as O. ornata (valid species name O. longicollis), one of the specimens from Papua New Guinea was identified by Bouček as O. gracilis in 1984, later crossed out by an unknown person. The new species is rather easily distinguished from O. longicollis and O. gracilis, as O. longicollis and O. gracilis exhibit exceptionally long ovipositors and bright metallic colours on head and mesosoma while O. leibnizi sp. n. does not.

BOTH SEXES (N = 14). Head and mesosoma bright green to blue and blackish. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust to slender (mesonotum 1.28–1.45× as long as wide). Head oval to elongated (1.57–1.72× as high as long). Eyes large (0.60–0.65× as high as head) (Fig. 9e). Corona medium to slim (5.33–7.38× as long as wide), structure square (Fig. 6e). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 12e). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.68–0.80× as long as wide), anterior margin usually convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.29–0.45, with only 3 of 13 with anterior margin hardly convex), mesoscutellum completely lineate, with median lines converging (Fig. 15e). Profemur usually elongated (2.14–2.58× as long as wide, with only 1 of 14 with profemur medium). Marginal vein medium to long (1.05–1.18× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Medium- to large-sized (8.80–12.60 mm). Propodeum medium to large (0.12–0.22× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15e). Metasoma short to long (0.44–0.54× as long as body). Ovipositor long (0.26–035× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3e).

MALE. Small- to medium-sized (5.38–9.6 mm). Propodeum very large (0.26 to 0.34× as long as mesoscutum).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 3e, 6e, 9e, 12e, 15e). Scape green, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa yellow, profemur yellow and green, all other parts of legs irregularly dark brown and yellow. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 6e, 9e). Face transversely striate from parascrobal area at lower third of eye height to clypeus margin. Head 1.59–1.79× as wide as long. Head width 4.00–5.19× eye distance. Malar space 0.34–0.40× head height. Corona 0.52–0.59× as long as eye height. POL 1.0–1.67× OOL. Scape 1.69–2.78× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.10–0.25× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.31–1.85× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 12e, 15e). Pronotum 0.95–1.11× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.52–0.69× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.36–1.47× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.92–1.05× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.36–0.48× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.25–1.50× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3e). Fore wing 2.85–3.78× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.33–0.38× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.19–0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.98–4.19× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.60–3.70× as long as stigmal vein.

ASIA. China: female, Matang Rd, 18.05.1920, det. C. R. Vardy (1962) (BMNH) (OLo10); Malaysia: female, Sandakan, det. Z. Bouček (1980) (BMNH) (OLo01); female, Quop, Sarawak, leg. G.E. Bryant, 06.03.1914, det. Z. Bouček (1976) (BMNH) (OLo04); female, Perak, leg. K. Staudinger, det. Z. Bouček (1976) (BMNH) (OLo05); female, Bettotan near Sandakan, 20.08.1927, det. Z. Bouček (1976) (BMNH) (OLo09); female, Perak, det. Z. Bouček (1960) as Oodera sp., later as O. ornata by anonymous (BMNH) (OLo13); male, Negeri, Sembilan Pasoh Forest, leg. E. Jendek & O. Sausa, 10–21.06.2013 (CNC) (OLo02); Myanmar: ? sex, Burma, Bilumyo Res., Mytikyina, leg. D.J. Atkinson, 31.05.1928, det. Z. Bouček (1976) (BMNH) (OLo06); male, Manymar, Yeni Res. Pyinmana, leg. D.H. Desai, 29.06.1934, det. Z. Bouček (1980) (BMNH) (OLo07); Philippines: female holotype O. ornata, Davao on Island Mindanao, leg. Baker (examined from images provided by the USNM, http://usnmhymtypes.com/default.asp?Action=Show_Types&Single_Type=True&TypeID=7233, accessed 20/01/2017); female, Davao in Island Mindanao, leg. Baker, det. Ch. Ferriere as O. ornata (BMNH) (OLo03); female, Surigao, Mindanao, det. as O. ornata by anonymous (BMNH) (OLo11); male, Island of Basilan, det. as O. ornata by anonymous (BMNH) (OLo12); Vietnam: male, Tonkin, Hoabinh, leg. R.V.de Salvaza, 8.1918, det. Ch. Ferriere as Heydenia longicollis, second location label says “Indo China” (BMNH) (OLo08).

Associated with teak (Tectona grandis) (Verbenaceae), presumably as habitat for the parasitoids’ host (unverified record taken from Noyes (2017)).

China (Oriental part), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam.

Oodera ornata was synonymised with O. longicollis by Bouček et al. (1978); this was confirmed by us after examining the images of O. ornata available online (for exact reference see examined material).

Gahan (1925) compared O. ornata and O. gracilis and declared them similar, except for the different ovipositor lengths and some colour differences (O. ornata “can be distinguished from that species [Oodera gracilis] at once by the much shorter ovipositor and the differently coloured legs“). After examining material of both species we found many more distinguishing characters (see diagnoses and key).

The species description of O. ornata by Gahan (1925: 97) points out that O. ornata (= O. longicollis) is a species of “rather variable size“. He characterised a specimen from Borneo as the smallest (body length: 7 mm) and a specimen from Mindanao (Phillipines) as the largest specimen (body length: 12 mm). We confirm the large size differences after examining the available material from various countries (smallest: 5.38 mm, largest: 12.6 mm). We see these large intraspecific size differences in both Oodera species for which we were able to examine a considerable number of specimens not originating from the same series and with both sexes available (i.e., O. formosa and O. longicollis). Comparable differences might also be found for other species of Oodera if more specimens are examined. Because of this we use body length in the diagnoses and key but avoid using it as an exclusive character. This still holds a certain risk that users of the key will have difficulties to identify specimens of extreme body length. However, we think that body length is such an obvious character that it should be mentioned in identification keys. If the key might fail in rare cases, all specimens should be assignable to a certain species with the diagnoses provided.

Note that we located one additional specimen in the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra (ANIC). It originated from the same series as specimens already included here (from Philippines, Davao/Mindanao). O. longicollis is a well-defined species and we did not borrow and include this additional specimen.

FEMALE (N = 1). Large-sized (10.30 mm). Head and mesosoma dark blue to blackish. Fore wing partly infumate. Body slender (mesonotum 1.52× as long as wide). Head elongated (1.77× as high as long). Eyes large (0.63× as high as head) (Fig. 9f). Eye distance very short, head width 7.09× eye distance. Corona slim (7.13× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 6f). Pronotum oval and wider than long, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 12f). Mesoscutellum slender (0.85× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.44), mesoscutellum almost lineate in anterior third, longitudinally rugose in posterior two thirds (Fig. 15f). Propodeum large (0.20× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 15f). Profemur elongated (2.38× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.19× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.48× as long as body). Ovipositor rather long (0.17× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 3f).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 3f, 6f, 9f, 12f, 15f). Scape brown, slightly brightening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa dark blue to blackish, profemur dark brown, all other parts of legs brown. Metasoma black, with greenish spots laterally on tergites 2 to 5.

Head (Figs 6f, 9f). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.86× as wide as long. Head width 7.09× eye distance. Malar space 0.38× head height. Corona 0.61× as long as eye height. POL 2× OOL. Scape length not available. Clava 0.10× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.53× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 12f, 15f). Pronotum 0.95× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.51× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.43× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.06× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.43× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.33× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 3f). Fore wing 3.40× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.35× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.22× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 4.41× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 3.70× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Madagascar: female holotype, Haute-Vallée de Sambirano, det. Z. Bouček (1958) (NMP) (OMad01).

Unknown.

Madagascar.

FEMALE (N = 1). Small-sized (5.75 mm). Head and mesosoma blackish, coppery and reddish. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust (mesonotum 1.25× as long as wide). Head oval (1.51× as high as long). Eyes large (0.65× as high as head) (Fig. 10a). Corona medium (5.50× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 7a). Pronotum shape not available (pronotum is partly covered by the legs) (Fig. 13a). Mesoscutellum normal (0.66× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.29), mesoscutellum completely rippledly lineate (Fig. 16a). Propodeum medium (0.15× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16a). Profemur robust (1.90× as long as wide). Marginal vein medium (1.0× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.47× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.14× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4a).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4a, 7a, 10a, 13a, 16a). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna brown. Procoxa and profemur dark brown, all other parts of legs yellow. Metasoma brown.

Figure 4. 

Habitus (dorsal) III a O. magnifica (Risbec) (imaged specimen: OMag01, holotype) b O. mkomaziensis sp. n. (OMk01, holotype) c O. monstrum syn. n. (OFo12, paratype) d O. namibiensis sp. n. (ONa01, holotype) e O. niehuisorum sp. n. (ONi01, holotype) f O. pumilae Yang (OPu01, paratype) g O. regiae Yang (ORe01, paratype) h O. srilankiensis sp. n. (OSr01, holotype) i O. tenuicollis (Walker) (OTe01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5. 

Head (frontal) I a O. ahoma (Mani & Kaul) (imaged specimen: OAh01, holotype) b O. circularicollis sp. n. (OCi01, holotype) c O. felix sp. n. (OFe01, holotype) d O. fidelis sp. n. (OFi01, holotype) e O. florea sp. n. (OFl01, holotype) f O. formosa (Giraud) (OFo03). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 6. 

Head (frontal) II a O. gracilis Westwood (imaged specimen: OGr01) b O. heikewernerae sp. n. (OHe01, holotype) c O. hoggarensis Hedqvist (OHo02, paratype) d O. leibnizi sp. n. (OLe03, paratype) e O. longicollis (Cameron) (OLo01) f O. madegassa Bouček (OMad01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 7. 

Head (frontal) III a O. magnifica (Risbec) (imaged specimen: OMag01, holotype) b O. mkomaziensis sp. n. (OMk01, holotype) c O. monstrum syn. n. (OFo12, paratype) d O. namibiensis sp. n. (ONa01, holotype) e O. niehuisorum sp. n. (ONi01, holotype) f O. pumilae Yang (OPu01, paratype) g O. regiae Yang (ORe01, paratype) h O. srilankiensis sp. n. (OSr01, holotype) i O. tenuicollis (Walker) (OTe01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 8. 

Head (lateral) I a O. ahoma (Mani & Kaul) (imaged specimen: OAh01, holotype) b O. circularicollis sp. n. (OCi01, holotype) c O. felix sp. n. (OFe01, holotype) d O. fidelis sp. n. (OFi01, holotype) e O. florea sp. n. (OFl01, holotype) f O. formosa (Giraud) (OFo06). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 9. 

Head (lateral) II a O. gracilis Westwood (imaged specimen: OGr01) b O. heikewernerae sp. n. (OHe01, holotype) c O. hoggarensis Hedqvist (OHo02, paratype) d O. leibnizi sp. n. (OLe03, paratype) e O. longicollis (Cameron) (OLo01) f O. madegassa Bouček (OMad01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10. 

Head (lateral) III a O. magnifica (Risbec) (imaged specimen: OMag01, holotype) b O. mkomaziensis sp. n. (OMk01, holotype) c O. monstrum syn. n. (OFo12, paratype) d O. namibiensis sp. n. (ONa01, holotype) e O. niehuisorum sp. n. (ONi01, holotype) f O. pumilae Yang (OPu01, paratype) g O. regiae Yang (ORe01, paratype) h O. srilankiensis sp. n. (OSr01, holotype) i O. tenuicollis (Walker) (OTe01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 11. 

Mesosoma (dorsal) I a O. ahoma (Mani & Kaul) (imaged specimen: OAh01, holotype) b O. circularicollis sp. n. (OCi01, holotype), c O. felix sp. n. (OFe01, holotype) d O. fidelis sp. n. (OFi01, holotype) e O. florea sp. n. (OFl01, holotype) f O. formosa (Giraud) (OFo03). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 12. 

Mesosoma (dorsal) II a O. gracilis Westwood (imaged specimen: OGr01) b O. heikewernerae sp. n. (OHe01, holotype) c O. hoggarensis Hedqvist (OHo02, paratype) d O. leibnizi sp. n. (OLe01, holotype) e O. longicollis (Cameron) (OLo01) f O. madegassa Bouček (OMad01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 13. 

Mesosoma (dorsal) III a O. magnifica (Risbec) (imaged specimen: OMag01, holotype) b O. mkomaziensis sp. n. (OMk01, holotype) c O. monstrum syn. n. (OFo12, paratype) d O. namibiensis sp. n. (ONa01, holotype) e O. niehuisorum sp. n. (ONi01, holotype) f O. pumilae Yang (OPu01, paratype) g O. regiae Yang (ORe01, paratype) h O. srilankiensis sp. n. (OSr01, holotype) i O. tenuicollis (Walker) (OTe01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 14. 

Mesoscutellum and propodeum (dorsal) I a O. ahoma (Mani & Kaul) (imaged specimen: OAh01, holotype) b O. circularicollis sp. n. (OCi01, holotype) c O. felix sp. n. (OFe01, holotype) d O. fidelis sp. n. (OFi01, holotype) e O. florea sp. n. (OFl01, holotype), f O. formosa (Giraud) (OFo14). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 15. 

Mesoscutellum and propodeum (dorsal) II a O. gracilis Westwood (imaged specimen: OGr01) b O. heikewernerae sp. n. (OHe01, holotype) c O. hoggarensis Hedqvist (OHo02, paratype) d O. leibnizi sp. n. (OLe03, paratype) e O. longicollis (Cameron) (OLo01) f O. madegassa Bouček (OMad01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 16. 

Mesoscutellum and propodeum (dorsal) III a O. magnifica (Risbec) (imaged specimen: OMag01, holotype) b O. mkomaziensis sp. n. (OMk01, holotype) c O. monstrum syn. n. (OFo12, paratype) d O. namibiensis sp. n. (ONa01, holotype) e O. niehuisorum sp. n. (ONi01, holotype) f O. pumilae Yang (OPu01, paratype) g O. regiae Yang (ORe01, paratype) h O. srilankiensis sp. n. (OSr01, holotype) i O. tenuicollis (Walker) (OTe01, holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Head (Figs 7a, 10a). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.54× as wide as long. Head width 3.89× eye distance. Malar space 0.36× head height. Corona 0.66× as long as eye height. POL 1.20× OOL. Scape 2.60× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.16× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.30× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13a, 16a). Pronotum length to width not available. Mesonotum 1.44× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.87× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.44× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.34× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4a). Fore wing 2.59× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.36× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.16× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 3.16× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Senegal: female holotype, M’Bambey, leg. A. Wane, 13.11.1945, det. J.Y. Rasplus (1990) (MNHN) (OMag01).

Unknown.

Senegal.

The description of O. magnifica by Risbec (1951) is very detailed but misses some characters that we found to be of diagnostic value. Therefore, our redescription should be considered an addition to Risbec’s work and not a replacement.

FEMALE (N = 1). Medium-sized (7.20 mm). Head and mesosoma black, with tinges of dark green and purple. Fore wing hyaline. Body slender (mesonotum 1.50× as long as wide). Head oval (1.56× as high as long). Eyes large (0.63× as high as head) (Fig. 10b). Corona thick (3.92× as long as wide), structure interrupted (Fig. 7b). Pronotum oval, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 13b). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.68× as long as wide), anterior margin convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.33), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior two thirds, finely areolate in posterior third (Fig. 16b). Propodeum medium (0.09× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16b). Profemur robust (1.31× as long as wide). Marginal vein short (0.85× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma long (0.52× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.14× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4b).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4b, 7b, 10b, 13b, 16b). Scape and pedicel light brown, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur black, all other parts of legs yellow to brown. Metasoma black.

Head (Figs 7b, 10b). Face completely reticulate. Head 2.21× as wide as long. Head width 4.13× eye distance. Malar space 0.37× head height. Corona 0.73× as long as eye height. POL 1.33× OOL. Scape 3.19× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.11× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.39× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13b, 16b). Pronotum 0.80× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.41× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.50× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.11× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.68× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.21× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4b). Fore wing 2.78× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.36× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.19× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.40 as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 4.00× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Tanzania: female, Mkomazi Game Reserve (now Mkomazi National Park), Ibaya Hill, 3°58.40'S 37°47.13'E, leg. S. van Noort, 15.–30.04.1996 (SAM) (OMk01)

Unknown.

Tanzania.

Named after the type locality, the Mkomazi National Park in northeastern Tanzania.

FEMALE (N = 8). Medium- to large-sized (7.36–9.10 mm). Head and mesosoma dark, mostly blackish and reddish. Fore wing partly infumate. Body robust to medium (mesonotum 1.01–1.40× as long as wide). Head round to oval (1.42–1.59× as high as long). Eyes large (0.6–0.66× as high as head) (Fig. 10d). Corona thick to medium (4.0–6.38× as long as wide), structure interrupted (Fig. 7d). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 13d). Mesoscutellum normal (0.60–0.75× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex to convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than or more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.28–0.35), mesoscutellum completely densely lineate (Fig. 16d). Propodeum small to medium (0.07–0.14× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16d). Profemur medium (2.02–2.15× as long as wide). Marginal vein medium to long (0.9–1.13× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium to long (0.49–0.55× as long as body). Ovipositor rather long (0.16–0.2× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4d).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4d, 7d, 10d, 13d, 16d). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur black, all other parts of legs light dark brown, except for yellow last tarsal segments. Metasoma black.

Head (Figs 7d, 10d). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.51–1.61× as wide as long. Head width 3.71–4.38× eye distance. Malar space 0.34–0.41× head height. Corona 0.57–0.70× as long as eye height. POL 0.75–1.6× OOL. Scape 2.33–3.17× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.18–0.21× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.12–1.34× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13d, 16d). Pronotum 0.87–0.90× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.47–0.64× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.0–1.49× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.69–1.40× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.28–0.49× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.23–1.34× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4d). Fore wing 2.88–3.21× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.32–0.40× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.19–0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.93–3.40× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.67–3.50× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

AFRICA. Namibia: female holotype, ca. 1500 m (above sea level), ca. 140 km N Okanhandja, 20°50.85'S/16°47.77'E, Holzeintrag (= from wood), leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 01.04.1997 (ZFMK) (ONa01); two female paratypes, same data (BNMH) (ONa04), (CNC) (ONa05); ? sex paratype, same data (NMBE) (ONa06); female paratype, 2000 m Khomas, highland, 22°42.26'S/16°31.24'E, Holzeintrag (= from wood), leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 4.4. e.l. M.5 1998 (ZFMK) (ONa02); female paratype, 1000 m NN e.l., 140 km N Okahandja, 20°50.85'S/16°47.77'E, Holzeintrag (= from wood), leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 01.04.1997 (ZFMK) (ONa03); female paratype, Waterberg ca. 1500 m (above sea level), 20°36.58'S/17°10.43'E, Holzeintrag (= from wood), ex larva, leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 01.04.1997 (USNM) (ONa07); female paratype, S. W. Africa, leg. R.E. Turner, 8–30.11.1929, labelled “Oodera obscura cf.” (NMP) (ONa08).

Reared from wood, exact tree species unknown.

Namibia.

Named after the type series’ origin from Namibia.

BOTH SEXES (N = 13). Small-sized (4.50–6.48 mm). Head and mesosoma blackish and coppery, with small dark green parts, never with blue. Fore wing hyaline. Head usually oval (1.42–1.59× as high as long, with only 2 of 13 with head round). Eyes large (0.60–0.74× as high as head) (Fig. 10e). Corona usually medium (3.8–6.0× as long as wide, with only 1 of 10 with corona thick), structure continuous (Fig. 7e). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 13e). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.55–0.85× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex to convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than or more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.3–0.45), mesoscutellum densely lineate in anterior half to anterior two thirds, areolate in posterior half or third (Fig. 16e). Propodeum medium to large (0.12–0.21× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16e). Profemur robust to medium (1.82–2.15× as long as wide). Marginal vein short (0.78–0.89× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Body robust to medium (mesonotum 1.29–1.41× as long as wide). Metasoma short (0.40–0.45× as long as body). Ovipositor short to rather long (0.14–0.18× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4e).

MALE. Body robust to slender (mesonotum 1.27–1.47× as long as wide).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 4e, 7e, 10e, 13e, 16e). Scape yellow, pedicel yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur yellow to coppery, all other parts of legs mid brown with yellow joints, except for darker brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma black.

Head (Figs 7e, 10e). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.42–1.59× as wide as long. Head width 3.13–4.0× eye distance. Malar space 0.26–0.39× head height. Corona 0.53–0.67× as long as eye height. POL 1.0–1.20× OOL. Scape 2.29–2.83× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.14–0.21× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.09–1.31× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13e, 16e). Pronotum 0.88–1.0× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.50–0.59× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.28–1.53× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.84–1.10× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.28–0.53× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.19–1.37× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4e). Fore wing 2.68–3.11× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.28–0.37× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.15–0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 1.90–2.91× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.29–3.43× as long as stigmal vein.

AFRICA. Egypt: female holotype, Sinai, Nuweiba, ex Acacia sp. tree, 29°01.17'N/34°40.52'E, leg. O. Niehuis, 11.03.2001, 10 m amsl (= above sea level) (ZFMK) (ONi01); seven female and four male paratypes, same data (ZFMK) (ONi02-05, ONi06-08, ONi10), (CNC) (ONi05), (BHMN) (ONi09), (NMBE) (ONi11), (USNM) (ONi12). ASIA, MIDDLE EAST. Israel: female paratype, Yeroham 329 m ü. NN (= above sea level), 30°57'9"N/35°4'51"E, e. l. ex Acacia Holzeintrag (= from wood), leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 24.04.2013 (ZFMK) (ONi13).

Reared from Acacia wood, which is likely the habitat of the O. niehuisorum host.

Egypt and Israel.

Named after Manfred and Oliver Niehuis, who collected the specimens of the type series.

FEMALE (N = 1). Small-sized (5.81 mm). Head and mesosoma dark green to blue-green. Fore wing partly weakly infumate. Body robust (mesonotum 1.25× as long as wide). Head oval (1.46× as high as long). Eyes small (0.59× as high as head) (Fig. 10f). Corona medium (4.13× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 7f). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 13f). Mesoscutellum normal (0.71× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.30), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior third, rugulose in posterior two thirds (Fig. 16f). Propodeum large (0.16× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16f). Profemur medium (2.15× as long as wide). Marginal vein medium (1.07× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.46× as long as body). Ovipositor rather long (0.16× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4f).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4f, 7f, 10f, 13f, 16f). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur dark green, all other parts of legs dark brown with yellow joints and tarsi. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 7f, 10f). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.51× as wide as long. Head width 3.28× eye distance. Malar space 0.41× head height. Corona 0.61× as long as eye height. POL equal to OOL. Scape 2.57× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.16× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.25× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13f, 16f). Pronotum 0.93× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.55× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.44× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.87× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.44× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.29× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4f). Fore wing 2.96× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.38× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.37× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 3.16× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

ASIA. China: female paratype, leg. Z.Q. Yang, 02.07.1989, rest of label in Chinese, det. Z.Q. Yang 1995 (CNC) (OPu01).

Probably parasitic on Scolytus spp. on elm (Ulmus) trees (Yang 1996).

China (Province: Heilongjiang; Palaearctic part of China) (Yang 1996).

We were unable to examine the holotype. Given that the paratype we examined is from the same series as the holotype and that it perfectly matches the (short) description, we decided to include the species in our revision, diagnoses and key without examination of the primary type. Yang (1996) gives some characters to differ between O. pumilae and O. regiae in the English summary. Yet, without full translation of the Chinese descriptions these characters cannot be understood and checked. They are not mandatory though as there are several other characters to differentiate the two species (see diagnoses and key).

FEMALE (N = 1). Small-sized (6.25 mm). Head and mesosoma dark green to green. Fore wing hyaline. Body robust (mesonotum 1.25× as long as wide). Head oval (1.58× as high as long). Eyes large (0.69× as high as head) (Fig. 10g). Corona very short (0.45× as long as eye height), thick (4.0× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 7g). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 13g). Mesoscutellum normal (0.63× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.26), mesoscutellum densely lineate in anterior half, rugulose in posterior half (Fig. 16g). Propodeum large (0.18× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16g). Profemur elongated (2.25× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.19× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma medium (0.49× as long as body). Ovipositor rather long (0.16× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4g).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4g, 7g, 10g, 13g, 16g). Scape yellow, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur dark green, all other parts of legs dark brown with yellow joints and tarsi. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 7g, 10g). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.58× as wide as long. Head width 3.55× eye distance. Malar space 0.31× head height. Corona 0.45× as long as eye height. POL 1.20× OOL. Scape 2.41× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.16× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.31× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13g, 16g). Pronotum 0.95× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.54× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.38× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.91× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.38× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.31× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4g). Fore wing 2.65× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.37× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.21× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 3.17× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.67× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

ASIA. China: female paratype Oodera regiae, 12.1994, det. Z.Q. Yang 1995, rest of labels in Chinese (CNC) (ORe01).

Parasitic on the larvae of Xyeloborus sp. (Curculionidae) and Agrilus sp. (Buprestidae) on a walnut (Juglans regiae) tree (Yang, 1996).

China (Province: Shaanxi; Palaearctic part of China) (Yang 1996).

The species is characterised by a very short corona (measured as corona length to eye height). In all other species the corona is distinctly longer, with no diagnostically useful differences among them.

We were unable to examine the holotype. Given that the paratype we examined is from the same series as the holotype and that it perfectly matches the (short) description, we decided to include the species in our revision, diagnoses and key without examination of the primary type.

The description of O. regiae Yang, 1996 lists four characters to distinguish this species from O. formosa. First, O. regiae does not have dense hairs on the basal tergite (interpreted as the first gastral tergite), arranged circularly, while O. formosa does. This was not confirmed. The distribution of gastral hairs is identical between the examined O. regiae and specimens of O. formosa. Second, O. regiae is described to have “eyes having sparse pubescence“ (Yang 1996). However, this character is shared among all examined Oodera species. Third, O. regiae should have “not radiately striated crests on propodeum“ (Yang 1996), implying that O. formosa has radiately striated crests on the propodeum. We found the propodeal structures to be rather variable intraspecifically and decided not to use them as diagnostic characters. Fourth, “notauli not touch each other posteriorly” in O. regiae (Yang, 1996), implying that they do in O. formosa. In fact, the notauli never touch in Oodera species. In summary, the diagnostic characters for O. regiae listed in the description by Yang (1996) are not useful. However, we found other characters to differentiate the two species (see diagnoses and key).

BOTH SEXES (N = 5). Small-sized (4.00–5.75 mm). Head and mesosoma dark blue to blue-green. Fore wing hyaline. Body robust (mesonotum 1.26–1.33× as long as wide). Eyes large (0.60–0.67× as high as head) (Fig. 10h). Corona thick to medium (3.70–4.75× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 7h). Pronotum pentagonal with posterior part distinctly narrowing towards mesoscutum, with broadest part before midlength (Fig. 13h). Mesoscutellum normal to slender (0.64–0.80× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex to convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than or more than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.28–0.39), meoscutellum lineate in anterior third to half, rugulose in posterior half or two thirds (Fig. 16h). Propodeum large (0.18–0.23× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16h). Profemur usually medium to elongated (1.98–2.33× as long as wide, only only 1 of 5 with profemur robust). Marginal vein medium (0.93–1.07× as long as postmarginal vein).

FEMALE. Head round (1.30–1.41× as high as long). Metasoma medium (0.47× as long as body). Ovipositor short (0.13–0.14× as long as metasoma) (Fig. 4h).

MALE. Head oval (1.53–1.54× as high as long).

BOTH SEXES. Colour (Figs 4h, 7h, 10h, 13h, 16h). Scape brown, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa and profemur dark brown, meso- and metafemur dark brown, tibiae light brown, joints and tarsi yellow, except for brown last tarsal segments. Metasoma dark brown.

Head (Figs 7h, 10h). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.28–1.48× as wide as long. Head width 3.44–3.83× eye distance. Malar space 0.33–0.40× head height. Corona 0.59–0.73× as long as eye height. POL 1.00–2.00× OOL. Scape 2.38–3.16× as long as pedicel. Clava 0.15–0.21× as long as funicle. Flagellum 1.23–1.29× as long as head width.

Mesosoma (Figs 13h, 16h). Pronotum 0.90–1.00× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.52–0.55× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.40–1.49× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 0.87–0.92× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.40–0.49× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.25–1.41× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4h). Fore wing 2.69–3.20× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.31–0.39× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.18–0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.50–4.00× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.33–4.25× as long as stigmal vein.

ASIA. Sri Lanka: female holotype, Mate. Dist. Kibissa, 0,5 mi West of Sigiriya, Jungle, leg. K.V. Krombein, 28.06–04.07.1978 (USNM) (OSr01); male paratype, Anu. Dist. Hunuwilagama, near Wilpatta, 200 feet, leg. G.F. Hevel, 28.10–03.11.1976 (USNM) (OSr02); male paratype, Anu. Dist. Hunuwilagama, near Wilpatta, 200 feet, leg. G.F. Hevel, 28.10–03.11.1976 (USNM) (OSr04); female paratype, Tri. Dist. China Bay Ridge Bungalow, 0–50 feet, leg. K.V. Krombein, 24–25.07.1978 (ZFMK) (OSr03); female paratype, Gal. Dist. Udugama, Kanneliya, 400 feet, Jungle, leg. K.V. Krombein, 06–12.10.1973 (1978), det. Oodera ahoma by Z. Bouček 1978 (USNM) (OSr05).

Unknown.

Sri Lanka.

Named after the geographic origin of the type series from Sri Lanka.

Some (or maybe all) specimens described here as O. srilankiensis were probably those examined and mentioned by Bouček et al. (1978) and considered as O. ahoma. After careful examination they can be distinguished from the holotype of O. ahoma by several characters, for example, the very different body length (medium in O. ahoma, small in O. srilankiensis), the body shape (slender in O. ahoma, robust in O. srilankiensis), and the eye size (small in O. ahoma, large in O. srilankiensis). Bouček et al. (1978) also mentioned the close resemblance of some specimens (including one from Pakistan that we were unable to locate) with “a European species”, i.e., O. formosa. In fact, the new species is rather similar to O. formosa but can be distinguished from this by some characters, for example, fore wing hyaline (O. srilankiensis) vs. partly infumate (O. formosa), and propodeum large (O. srilankiensis) vs. propodeum usually medium (O. formosa) (see also diagnoses and key).

FEMALE (N = 1). Exact body length not available (the only specimen available is missing metasoma), if metasoma is not uniquely long, then small-sized. Head and mesosoma dark blue to green-blue. Fore wing partly infumate. Body slender (mesonotum 1.45× as long as wide). Head round (1.40× as high as long). Eyes large (0.67× as high as head) (Fig. 10i). Corona medium (4.40× as long as wide), structure continuous (Fig. 7i). Pronotum oval and longer than wide, with broadest part at midlength (Fig. 13i). Mesoscutellum slender (0.82× as long as wide), anterior margin hardly convex (part anterior to imaginary transverse line connecting posterior margins of axillae less than 1/3 of mesoscutellum length; 0.17), mesoscutellum lineate in anterior two thirds, with median lines converging, rimose in posterior third (Fig. 16i). Propodeum large (0.18× as long as mesoscutum) (Fig. 16i). Profemur elongated (2.34× as long as wide). Marginal vein long (1.13× as long as postmarginal vein). Metasoma length not available. Ovipositor length not available (Fig. 4i).

FEMALE. Colour (Figs 4i, 7i, 10i, 13i, 16i). Scape brown, darkening apically, rest of antenna dark brown. Procoxa dark brown, profemur dark green, all other parts of legs brown with yellow joints, tarsi yellow, except for brown last segments. Metasoma colour unknown.

Head (Figs 7i, 10i). Face completely reticulate. Head 1.37× as wide as long. Head width 4.00× eye distance. Malar space 0.32× head height. Corona 0.65× as long as eye height. POL 1.20× OOL. Scape 2.63× as long as pedicel. Clava length to funicle length not available. Flagellum length to head breadth not available.

Mesosoma (Figs 13i, 16i). Pronotum 1.05× as long as wide. Pronotum 0.52× as long as mesonotum. Mesonotum 1.40× as long as mesoscutum. Mesoscutum 1.04× as long as wide. Mesoscutellum 0.40× as long as mesoscutum. Profemur 1.30× as long as protibia.

Wings (Fig. 4i). Fore wing 3.04× as long as wide. Costal cell 0.35× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 0.20× as long as fore wing. Marginal vein 2.72× as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein 2.40× as long as stigmal vein.

MALE. Unknown.

ASIA. Indonesia: female type (probably holotype), Eupelmus tenuicollis Walker Notes on Chalcidide 5:86.1872, Type female checked RDE 1955 (1955), det. Oodera sp. by R. D. Eady, BMNH(E) #1414764, labelled “Mysol” (?) (might be Misool, an Island in Indonesia, South Moluccas, see also Gibson (2003) who gives the same locality information) (BMNH) (OTe01).

Unknown.

Indonesia.

This species is a bit problematic, because only the single type specimen without metasoma is available. However, the rest of the body provides some good diagnostic characters that allow differentiation from all other species of Oodera.

Maybe Indonesia. This information is given by Gibson (2003) and Noyes (2017), yet the original description does not give information about the type locality.

Gibson (2003) states that the location of the holotype is uncertain. Based on the information in the original description we expected the holotype to be in Oxford as part of the W. W. Saunders collection. However, even after extensive search at Oxford and London (where other parts of the Saunders collection are located) by the respective curators the type could not be located. The species description by Westwood includes only a short description of colouration pattern and body length, both unspecific. The description does not provide sufficient information to clarify the taxonomic status of this species. We therefore consider it as a nomen dubium.

Cambodia.

As for O. obscura (see above), we expected the holotype to be in Oxford as part of the W. W. Saunders collection (both species were described in the same publication). However, even after extensive search at Oxford and London (where other parts of the Saunders collection are located) by the respective curators the type could not be located. The species description is not conclusive and specific. We therefore considered it as a nomen dubium.

This new combination is by authority of G. Delvare (CSIRO, Montpellier), J. Werner and R. S. Peters.

Female holotype, labelled “Eupelmidae?” by Bouček 1958 (examined from two images (head frontal, body lateral), kindly provided by J. Liebherr, DECU).

Parasite of an unknown gall-forming fly on branches of Combretum olivaceum (Crosby, 1909).

The species is listed from South Africa and Zambia in Noyes (2017). The record from Zambia is taken from the description; the record from South Africa is assigned to Bouček (1958). However, Bouček (1958) actually names South-East-Africa (“Südostafrika” in the German orginal) as a geographic region, which includes Zambia, and he does not refer to a record that is different from the original description, i.e., the record from South Africa in Noyes (2017) is not correct.

We only examined images of the holotype. However, the female type is clearly a specimen belonging to the subfamily Eupelminae (Eupelmidae), not an Oodera. The species is therefore removed from Oodera and transferred to Eupelmus. The tentative assignment to Eupelmidae was already done by Bouček (1958) (see also the label of the holotype). The species belongs to the Eupelmus orientalis species group, and might be a senior synonym of E. orientalis (Crawford, 1913) or E. vuilleti (Crawford, 1913) (Delvare pers. comm.) but the decision on the identity of this species should be left for a future Eupelmus-related work. This is the first record of Eupelmus from Zambia (Noyes 2017).

Five specimens could not be assigned to any of the previously or newly described species (specimens OSp01 (ZFMK), OSp02 (BMNH) and OSp03-05 (SAMC)). All do not match the characters used in the key and diagnoses for the species included herein. All are single specimens and all are found in countries from which already one or more species have been described or are described in this study. We deliberately refrain from describing these five single specimens as five additional new species, because they are apparently close to but not identical with other species (for details see below), they show overlap in distribution with other species and we have no information about the variation of the potential new species. Most species of Oodera are fairly similar, and reliable diagnostic characters are hard to find and describe, especially because most type series are small in this rarely collected group. Describing the additional five specimens as five new species would potentially cause significant confusion. We decided to list these specimens in this revision so that they can easily be located for future studies, and include all measurements in Suppl. material 1. We hope for additional material collected in the future, ideally also including ethanol preserved material for an integrative study, to formulate robust species hypotheses. Note that we describe three species from single specimens (i.e., O. felix sp. n., O. florea sp. n., and O. mkomaziensis sp. n.), but these are much more easily separated morphologically and are also geographically isolated from all other species.

AFRICA. Namibia: female, Waterberg ca. 1500 m (above sea level), 20°36.58'S/17°10.43'E, Holzeintrag (= from wood), ex larva, leg. M. & O. Niehuis, 01.04.1997 (ZFMK) (OSp01).

This specimen has the same collecting data as one of the paratypes of O. namibiensis sp. n. and was at first included as paratype of this species. Yet, it does not belong to this species because it is, for example, not uniformly dark-coloured on head and mesosoma but has some distinct dark green parts, and the fore wing is not partly infumate but hyaline.

ASIA. Indonesia: male, Sumatra: Tep. Tingi, standing over: Oodera ornata in Hedqvist coll. BMNH(E) 2011-27 (BMNH) (OSp02).

It is a single male specimen. It was collected in Indonesia, yet very distant from the only other species from Indonesia O. tenuicollis. It was standing as Oodera ornata (now O. longicollis) in the Hedqvist collection at the BMNH but clearly differs from O. longicollis by, for example, the absence of bright colours on the head, a continuous corona (square in O. longicollis), and a different mesoscutellum sculpture (completely lineate in O. longicollis, lineate only in anterior half in this specimen). We first intuitively assigned it to O. tenuicollis but it is also different from this species, not only by geographic distribution, but also by, for example, an elongated head (round in O. tenuicollis), and a pentagonal pronotum (oval in O. tenuicollis).

AFRICA. Republic of South Africa: female, Western Cape, Gamkaberg Nature Reserve, 33°39.941'S/21°53.505'E, 315 m, 21.03.–05.05.2009, leg. S. van Noort (SAMC) (OSp03).

This specimen has very few conspicuous characteristics that might allow placing it close to any other species. It differs from the other South African species O. heikewernerae sp. n. by, for example, a distinctly larger body length (7.7 mm compared to maximum of 6.64 mm in O. heikewernerae), a slightly different corona (no horizontal crests connected by vertical crests vs. some horizontal crests connected by vertical crests in O. heikewernerae), and a different scutellum sculpture (only partially lineate vs. completely lineate in O. heikewernerae). It is tentatively close to O. felix (from Central African Republic), but differs also from this species by, for example, hyaline fore wings (partly infumate in O. felix), small eyes (large in O. felix), and a partly blueish mesosoma (dark green in O. felix).

AFRICA. Tanzania: female. Mkomazi Game Reserve (now Mkomazi National Park), Kisima Plot, 4°06.06'S/38°05.58'E, Acacia/Commiphora bushland, 25.11.–08.12.1995, leg. S. van Noort (SAMC) (OSp04).

The specimen was collected in the same National park in Tanzania as O. mkomaziensis sp. n. but is different from this species by, for example, distinct light green colour on the head (dark in O. mkomaziensis), partly infumate fore wings (hyaline in O. mkomaziensis), and being distinctly smaller (this specimen: 5.56 mm, O. mkomaziensis: 7.20 mm).

AFRICA. Republic of South Africa: female, Merweville, Laingsburg Distr., leg. H. Zinn (SAMC) (OSp05).

The specimen is not too different from the other South African species O. heikewernerae sp. n., yet cannot be assigned to this species because of a few rather subtle differences, for example, the colour of the head and mesosoma (light green on head and reddish parts on mesosoma, both not present in O. heikewernerae), and the head shape (round in this specimen, usually oval in O. heikewernerae).