Thirty-two family-group names and 161 genus-group names are listed for Scoliidae, including two fossil subfamilies and eight fossil genera, together with identification of type species and critiques of publication history. Campsomerinae was first made available in 1912. Contrary to previous usage, Argaman must be recognised as author of Bellimeris, Catharinimeris (not Cathimeris), Colpacampsomeris, Fasciomeris (not Fascimeris), Garantimeris, Lindenimeris, Phaleromeris (not Phalerimeris), Tetrasciton and Tristomeris. Tristomeris takes precedence as correct spelling over Tristimeris. A summary classification to genus level is provided for Scoliidae. Trielidina stat. nov. is recognised as a subtribe of Campsomerini.

Nomenclature, Scolioidea, taxonomy

The Scoliidae, commonly known as hairy flower wasps, are a cosmopolitan family of relatively large, hairy aculeate wasps that develop as external parasitoids of larval scarabaeid beetles (Naumann 1991). Recent phylogenetic analyses support an isolated position for Scoliidae within the stinging wasps (Aculeata), forming a superfamily Scolioidea with the small family Bradynobaenidae (Zhang et al. 2024). Though their dramatic appearance and role as predators of pest species has long made them a subject of interest (Clausen et al. 1927; Inoue and Endo 2006; Abbate et al. 2018), scoliids have also been notorious for their complicated taxonomy. Day et al. (1981) regarded the family as ‘over-burdened nomenclatorially’ whereas Argaman (1996) stated that its nomenclature was ‘at the least, disastrous’. Most of this ire has been directed towards the arrangement of species and genera but confusion has also arisen in the application of higher taxa, particularly regarding the priority of Campsomerinae and Trielidini (Liu et al. 2021a).

The family Scoliidae was first recognised by Latreille (1802, as ‘Scolietae’), including the genera Scolia Fabricius, 1775 and Sapyga Latreille, 1796. During the 1800s and early 1900s, Scoliidae was commonly recognised as including wasps now assigned to separate families such as Tiphiidae, Thynnidae, Mutillidae and Sapygidae (e.g. Westwood 1840; Dalla Torre 1897; Sharp 1899). Scoliids in the modern sense were assigned to a single genus Scolia or divided between a small number of genera. Saussure and Sichel’s (1864) monograph recognised three genera, Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838, Scolia and Elis Fabricius, 1804, with each divided into two subgenera. Scoliidae was restricted to its modern sense by Ashmead (1903) who divided it between two subfamilies, the Scoliinae and the Elidinae. However, the name ‘Elidinae’ may no longer be used for Scoliidae as its type genus belongs to a different family (see comments below). The correct application of Elis and Elididae was recognised by Schrottky (1910) and appears to have been followed by all subsequent authors. Elis in the sense of Saussure and Sichel (1864) was then typically recognised as Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838.

For much of the 20^th Century, scoliid taxonomy was dominated by the work of two authors, Johan George Betrem & J. Chester Bradley. In his revision of the Indo-Australian scoliids, Betrem (1928) assigned most species to just two genera, Scolia and Campsomeris. Each of these genera was divided into a complex system of sub- and infra-generic groups. Many of these subgroups would later be elevated to the status of distinct genera (e.g. Betrem 1941; Bradley 1964a; Bradley and Betrem 1967).

Unfortunately, Betrem and Bradley’s numerous important publications on scoliid taxonomy are marred by a sometimes careless approach to the requirements of priority (Elliott 2011). Successive publications could be inconsistent in matters such as type-species designations and spellings of names (Elliott 2011; Taylor and Barthélémy 2021). During the 1960s and 1970s, Bradley produced a series of publications discussing the type material of historical taxa (Bradley 1964a, c, 1972, 1973, 1974b; Bradley and Betrem 1966, 1967, 1968). Revised taxonomic positions were regularly indicated for species covered by these publications. However, many species were assigned to new genus-group names without descriptions being provided for the latter. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, henceforth referred to as ‘ICZN’ or ‘the Code’) requires that all names published after 1930 must be accompanied by a description or definition of distinguishing characteristics and, for genus-group names, must have a fixed type species (ICZN Art. 13). Merely presenting a genus name in conjunction with a species does not suffice (though it did for names published before 1931). Multiple genus-group names employed by Betrem and Bradley do not meet these requirements, rendering them nomina nuda. Confusion has then arisen from uncritical citation of such names from their first appearance.

Betrem and Bradley (1972) divided the scoliids between the subfamilies Scoliinae and Campsomerinae, the latter corresponding to Ashmead’s (1903) ‘Elidinae’. This system has been followed by most subsequent authors (Osten 2005a), albeit with Rasnitsyn’s (1977) description of the basal Proscoliinae leading to the reduction of Betrem and Bradley’s (1972) subfamilies to tribes Scoliini and Campsomerini within a single subfamily Scoliinae. Rasnitsyn (1993) also established the extinct subfamily Archaeoscoliinae. A second fossil subfamily, Palaeoscoliinae, was established by Antropov et al. (2014).

Argaman (1996), in attempting to correct the ‘disastrous’ state of scoliid taxonomy, managed only to further confuse matters. He introduced numerous new taxa in a key to scoliid genera, dividing the family between no less than four subfamilies, 28 tribes and 143 genera. Many of these taxa were poorly defined and largely indistinguishable (Osten 2005a). For the most part, Argaman did not discuss the position of species not treated as generic types, meaning that the greater number of scoliid species were effectively unplaced in his system. Argaman also took recognition of nomina nuda to the point of absurdity, treating every name as defined by its first appearance and even regarding evident spelling variations as independently available taxa. Subsequent workers have either ignored Argaman’s system (e.g. Gupta and Jonathan 2003) or explicitly rejected it (Osten 2005a). Nevertheless, Argaman (1996) is important in validating many of the taxa incorrectly introduced by Betrem and Bradley, as the first author to provide a description along with a type species fixation. Argaman’s taxa were reviewed by Kimsey and Brothers (2016), though they omitted most of those taxa that Argaman incorrectly attributed to earlier authors. It is worth noting that the 4^th edition of the ICZN (ICZN 1999) introduced the requirement that names published after 1999 must be explicitly introduced as new, making such accidental validation no longer possible.

The following catalogue of family- and genus-group names is presented in an attempt to resolve these confusions. A list of scoliid genera and species was provided by Osten (2005a) but the type species of genera were not indicated and many of the authorities for genera were inaccurate. At the end of the catalogue, a summary classification is provided for the Scoliidae.

Separate listings are provided below for family- and genus-group names (including names proposed for sections within subgenera, as per ICZN Art. 10.4); family-group names are organised by stem. Names historically included within Scoliidae but not relevant to the family in its modern sense are mostly not included. References to International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) articles are to the current edition (ICZN 1999 and emendations), available online at https://www.iczn.org. Names and titles originally in Cyrillic are transliterated using International Standard ISO 9:1995 (Anonymous 2007), with the addition of ě and í for the archaic letters ѣ and і, respectively. For authors and journal titles with more familiar traditional transliterations, citations are given for the latter with the ISO transliteration appended in square brackets.

Agombard- Argaman, 1996

Agombardini Argaman, 1996: 193.

Type genus. Agombarda Argaman, 1996.

Archaeoscoli- Rasnitsyn, 1993

Archaeoscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1993: 85.

Type genus. Archaeoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993.

Comments. Fossil taxon.

Ascoli- Argaman, 1996

Ascoliini Argaman, 1996: 187.

Type genus. Ascolia Argaman, 1996.

Austroscoli- Argaman, 1996

Austroscoliini Argaman, 1996: 191.

Type genus. Austroscolia Betrem, 1927b.

Betremi- Argaman, 1996

Betremiini Argaman, 1996: 197.

Type genus. Betremia Bradley, 1950.

Campsomer- Bartlett, 1912

Campsomerinae Bartlett, 1912: 295, 308.

Campsomerini-Bradley and Betrem 1967: 294.

Campsomeridinae-Arnett 1985: 444.

Campsomeridini-Arnett 1985: 444.

Type genus. Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838.

Comments. The name ‘Campsomerinae’ is commonly attributed to Betrem and Bradley (1972), in which it is described as new. However, it had previously been used by Bartlett (1912), who refers to it on p. 295 (‘[Ashmead] also made two subfamilies the Scoliinae and Elidinae (now Campsomerinae)’) and p. 308 (‘The fact that there is but one recurrent nervure is of subfamily value separating the Scoliinae from the Campsomerinae’). As rudimentary as these statements are, the fact that Campsomerinae can obviously be derived from the available genus name Campsomeris may be taken as establishing this name by indication, a possibility for family-group names published before 1930 (ICZN Art. 12.2.4).

Liu et al. (2021a) suggested that Campsomerini may not have priority over the competing name Trielidini. However, even if Bartlett’s use of Campsomerinae is not taken as establishing priority, Campsomerinae remains the senior name due to its use at a higher taxonomic level than Trielidini in Betrem and Bradley (1972; see comments under Trielid- below).

Arnett (1985) used the forms ‘Campsomeridinae’ and ‘Campsomeridini’, evidently believing the correct root for Campsomeris to be Campsomerid-. However, I have not found any other usages of this form and the root ‘Campsomer-’ should be maintained by prevailing usage (ICZN Art. 29.3.1.1).

Carinoscoli- Argaman, 1996

Carinoscoliini Argaman, 1996: 191.

Type genus. Carinoscolia Betrem, 1927b.

Colp- Argaman, 1996

Colpinae Argaman, 1996: 180.

Colpini-Argaman 1996: 184.

Type genus. Colpa Dufour, 1841.

Comments. See comments under Trielid- below.

Colpacampsomer- Argaman, 1996

Colpacampsomerini Argaman, 1996: 209.

Type genus. Colpacampsomeris Betrem, 1941.

Curtaurg- Argaman, 1996

Curtaurgini Argaman, 1996: 182.

Type genus. Curtaurga Argaman, 1996.

Dasyscoli- Argaman, 1996

Dasyscoliini Argaman, 1996: 181.

Type genus. Dasyscolia Bradley, 1951.

Dielid- Argaman, 1996

Dielidini Argaman, 1996: 212.

Type genus. Dielis Saussure & Sichel, 1864.

Discoli- Argaman, 1996

Discoliini Argaman, 1996: 197.

Type genus. Discolia Saussure, 1863.

Dobrobet- Argaman, 1996

Dobrobetini Argaman, 1996: 205.

Type genus. Dobrobeta Argaman, 1996: 206.

Elid- Ashmead, 1903

Elidinae Ashmead, 1903: 7, 8.

Type genus. Elis Fabricius, 1804.

Current status. Not applicable to Scoliidae.

Comments. Ashmead (1903) used this name for a collection of genera now mostly assigned to Campsomerini based on a misapplication of the type genus (see comments under Elis below).

Hangasorn- Argaman, 1996

Hangasornini Argaman, 1996: 197.

Type genus. Hangasorna Argaman, 1996.

Heterel- Argaman, 1996

Heterelini Argaman, 1996: 183.

Type genus. Heterelis Costa, 1887.

Heterogyna Latreille, 1817

Heterogyna Latreille, 1817: 481.

Heterogynidae-Mocsáry 1881: 5–6.

Type genus. None.

Current status. Not available.

Comments. Latreille (1817) applied the name ‘Heterogyna’ to a family of Hymenoptera including representatives of modern Formicidae and Mutillidae. Mocsáry (1881) later emended the name to ‘Heterogynidae’ and used it to cover modern Mutillidae, Scoliidae, Sapygidae and Bethylidae. This name is unavailable as it was not based on an available genus-group name (ICZN Art. 11.7.1.1). The wasp genus Heterogyna Nagy, 1969 post-dates both Latreille (1817) and Mocsáry (1881), and does not retroactively validate the family name as Nagy (1969) intended.

Lacosi- Argaman, 1996

Lacosiini Argaman, 1996: 197–198.

Type genus. Lacosia Argaman, 1996.

Comments. Argaman (1996) attributed the tribe Lacosiini to ‘Schrottky, 1910’ but no such prior usage exists; it must therefore be attributed to Argaman himself.

Liacos- Schrottky, 1910

Liacosinae Schrottky, 1910: 196.

Liacosini-Argaman 1996: 188.

Type genus. Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838.

Lisoc- Argaman, 1996

Lisocini Argaman, 1996: 199.

Type genus. Lisoca Costa, 1858.

Current status. Junior objective synonym of Scoliini.

Comments. As Lisoca is an objective synonym of Scolia, Lisocini is likewise an objective synonym of Scoliini. Argaman (1996) maintained Lisoca and Scolia as separate genera based on the incorrect designation of S. citreozonata as type species of the former. However, as Lisoca in this sense is likewise currently regarded as a junior synonym of Scolia, no action need be taken to preserve Argaman’s concept.

Megacampsomer- Argaman, 1996

Megacampsomerini Argaman, 1996: 211.

Type genus. Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928.

Megascoli- Argaman, 1996

Megascoliini Argaman, 1996: 199.

Type genus. Megascolia Betrem, 1928.

Palaeoscoli- Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014

Palaeoscoliinae Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014: 399, 401.

Type genus. Palaeoscolia Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014.

Comments. Fossil taxon.

Proscoli- Rasnitsyn, 1977

Proscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1977: 523–524.

Type genus. Proscolia Rasnitsyn, 1977.

Pseudotrielid- Argaman, 1996

Pseudotrielidini Argaman, 1996: 205.

Type genus. Pseudotrielis Betrem, 1928.

Scoli- Latreille, 1802

Scolietae Latreille, 1802: 345.

Scolides—Leach 1815: 737.

Scolida—Leach 1815: 737.

Scoliadae—Samouelle 1819: 273.

Scolioidea-Burmeister 1834: 433.

Scholiites Newman, 1835: 399 (unjustified emendation).

Scoliidae-Newport 1839: 858.

Scoliides—Westwood 1840: 82.

Scolidae-Blanchard 1840: 370.

Scoliites—Blanchard 1840: 370.

Scoliadea—Perty 1841: 907.

Scoliidea-Costa 1858: 1.

Scoliini-Costa 1858: 5.

Scoliinae-Mocsáry 1881: 51.

Type genus. Scolia Fabricius, 1775.

Tetrasciton- Argaman, 1996

Tetrascitonini Argaman, 1996: 201.

Type genus. Tetrasciton Argaman, 1996.

Trielid- Betrem, 1972

Trielini Betrem, 1965: 120 (nomen nudum).

Trielidini Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 26.

Type genus. Trielis Saussure, 1863.

Comments. Liu et al. (2021a) suggested that this name may have priority over Campsomerini, hitherto regarded as its senior synonym by most authors. However, Liu et al.’s (2021a) attribution of Trielidini to ‘Betrem, 1962’ is in error. Betrem (1962a) is a brief note on the type status of Trielis Saussure, 1863 that makes no reference to its higher classification. Subsequent usages of ‘Trielini’ by Betrem (1965) and Bradley and Betrem (1967) represent nomina nuda due to their lack of an associated description, an absolute requirement for family-group names published after 1960 (ICZN Art. 13.2). The earliest available usage of Trielidini is that in Betrem and Bradley (1972), in which it is placed as a tribe of Campsomerinae.

Trielis Saussure, 1863 is currently placed as a junior synonym of Colpa Dufour, 1841. A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of Scoliidae (Khouri et al. 2022) suggested that Colpa is more closely related to Scoliini than to other genera currently included in Campsomerini. If Colpa is raised to the status of its own tribe, the name Trielidini takes priority over Colpinae Argaman, 1996.

Triscilo- Argaman, 1996

Trisciloini Argaman, 1996: 201.

Type genus. Trisciloa Gribodo, 1893.

Triscoli- Argaman, 1996

Triscoliini Argaman, 1996: 193.

Type genus. Triscolia Saussure, 1863.

Ycasbra- Argaman, 1996

Ycasbraini Argaman, 1996: 191.

Type genus. Ycasbraia Argaman, 1996.

Unless otherwise indicated, all scoliid genus-group names are feminine in gender.

Aelocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Aelocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b: 74.

Campsomeris subgenus Aeolocampsomeris—Bradley 1957b: 68 (incorrect original spelling).

Type species. Campsomeris costalis Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. This name appears as both ‘Aelocampsomeris’ and ‘Aeolocampsomeris’ in Bradley (1957b). Bradley’s (1964b) subsequent usage of ‘Aelocampsomeris’ sets that as the correct spelling (ICZN Art. 24.2.4). Bradley (1957b) listed Scolia variegata Fabricius, 1793 as a synonym of Campsomeris costalis; S. variegata obviously takes priority and this species is currently known as Aelocampsomeris variegata.

Agombarda Argaman, 1996

Agombarda Argaman, 1996: 194.

Type species. Scolia atra Illiger, 1802, by original designation.

Annulimeris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeriella subgenus Annulimeris Betrem, 1967: 26, 28–29.

Type species. Tiphia annulata Fabricius, 1793, by original designation.

Araripescolia Nel, Escuillie & Garrouste, 2013

Araripescolia Nel, Escuillie & Garrouste, 2013: 396.

Type species. Araripescolia magnifica Nel, Escuillie & Garrouste, 2013, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Early Cretaceous).

Archaeoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

Archaeoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993: 86.

Type species. Archaeoscolia senilis Rasnitsyn, 1993, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Early Cretaceous).

Ascoli Saussure, 1855

Scolia subgenus Ascoli Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 247 (not available).

Ascoli Saussure, 1855: 33, 35, 36.

Type species. Either Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent monotypy (Bartlett 1912), or Scolia haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1787, by subsequent designation (Betrem and Bradley 1964) (see below).

Comments. Unused senior synonym of Megascolia Betrem, 1928 and Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964, proposed for suppression. Gender masculine (ICZN Art. 30.2.4; D. Yanega, pers. comm.).

The name Ascoli has lurked in the corners of scoliid nomenclature for almost two hundred years as a vexatious boojum that has never been effectively exorcised. Guérin-Méneville (1838) published Ascoli as a hypothetical taxon (stating, “Nous n’en connaisson pas encore” [‘We don’t know any yet’]), excluded from availability under the Code (ICZN Art. 1.3.1). Nevertheless, Saussure (1855) formally synonymised Ascoli with Scolia, stating that the two genera were separated by characters potentially subject to individual variation, and implying the existence of specimens that might otherwise have been assigned to ‘Ascoli’. Saussure and Sichel (1864) cited Ascoli as an apparent synonym of their subgenus Triscolia. Names published in synonymy are not thereby made available (ICZN Art. 11.6) unless they were subsequently treated as valid prior to 1961 (ICZN Art. 11.6.1). Schrottky (1910) fulfilled this requirement by including Ascoli in a key to scoliid genera, preceded by the comment “Anstelle der bisherigen Triscolia Sauss. und Discolia Sauss. müssen die älteren Namen Guérins Ascoli und Lacosi gebraucht werden” [‘instead of the previous Triscolia Sauss. and Discolia Sauss., Guérin’s older names Ascoli and Lacosi must be used’]. Though Schrottky (1910) did not explicitly name any species in combination with Ascoli, it may safely be presumed that he intended it to cover all species included in Triscolia by Saussure and Sichel (1864).

For the most part, subsequent authors did not follow Schrottky’s (1910) usage of Ascoli. Bartlett (1912) recognised Guérin-Méneville’s (1838) original usage as hypothetical and maintained recognition of Triscolia, with Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775 designated as its type species. Nevertheless, Bartlett also noted that, “If [Ascoli] should ever be adopted the writer sees no reason why Scolia flavifrons Fab. could not still remain the type under this older name”. Scolia flavifrons might be considered the first species name associated with Ascoli as a generic name published in synonymy, and therefore its type species by monotypy (ICZN Art. 67.12), but see below.

Betrem (1926), in a brief discussion of the generic arrangement of scoliids, noted that previous authors had divided Scolia into the subgenera Scolia and “Ascoli Guér. (=Triscolia S. et S.)”, and opined that, “De Indische vertegenwoordigers van het oude subgenus Ascoli Guér (=Triscolia S. et S.) blijken tot een 4-tal natuurlijke subgenera te behooren” [’The Indian representatives of the old subgenus Ascoli… appear to belong to four natural subgenera’]. He cited four examples of such species: Scolia haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1787, S. procer Illiger, 1802, S. rubiginosa Fabricius, 1793 and S. kollari Saussure, 1859. It is ambiguous whether Betrem (1926) intended to use Ascoli as a valid taxon or not Krombein (1951) listed Ascoli “Saussure and Sichel, 1864” as a synonym of Triscolia and designated Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775 as type species, following Bartlett (1912). Both Bartlett (1912) and Krombein (1951) intended to fix Ascoli as an objective synonym of Triscolia. Unfortunately, neither author was aware that Triscolia was first published by Saussure (1863), not Saussure and Sichel (1864), and its correct type species was S. badia Saussure, 1863 (see below). Also, though Krombein attributed Ascoli to Saussure and Sichel (1864), its initial publication in synonymy had been by Saussure (1855), so it would retain priority over Triscolia even if the two were synonymous.

Jacot-Guillarmod et al. (1963) petitioned the ICZN to reject both Ascoli Guérin-Méneville, 1838 and Ascoli Betrem, 1926 as unavailable, essentially arguing that Betrem had validated Ascoli throught the inclusion of named species but that this had been unintentional. Schrottky (1910) was thought to have continued to treat Ascoli as hypothetical, overlooking his synonymisation of Ascoli and Triscolia. Nevertheless, “just in case the Commission should rule that Ascoli Betrem is available”, Betrem and Bradley (1964) designated Scolia haemorrhoidalis as type species of Ascoli from among those mentioned by Betrem (1926). Jacot-Guillarmod et al. (1965) then modified their proposal, arguing that Saussure and Sichel’s (1864) publication of Ascoli as a synonym of Triscolia automatically made the two names objective synonyms, with S. badia the correct type species for both. Unfortunately, no official decision by the ICZN on this matter was ever published.

The proper status of Ascoli remains open to debate. Unfortunately, Schrottky’s (1910) usage of this name as valid means that it cannot simply be dismissed as having never been made available. Instead, it may be considered as published in synonymy by Saussure (1855). However, Jacot-Guillarmod et al.’s (1965) opinion that Ascoli was automatically an objective synonym of Triscolia is incorrect. ICZN Art. 67.12 states that the type species of a genus-group name first published in synonymy is that species (or one of those species) first directly associated with it by name. This would suggest that the type species of Ascoli should be Scolia flavifrons, as cited by Bartlett (1912). However, this designation might be considered invalid according to ICZN Art. 67.2.5, which excludes doubtfully or conditionally included species from consideration as types. Similar questions affect Betrem (1926). If neither Bartlett (1912) nor Betrem (1926) is considered to have validly associated species with Ascoli, then its type species becomes S. flavifrons as designated by Krombein (1951). If Bartlett’s (1912) inclusion is not considered valid but Betrem’s (1926) inclusion is, then the type species must be selected from those cited by the latter publication, making Betrem and Bradley’s (1964) designation of Scolia haemorrhoidalis valid. The question seems all but impossible to decide.

As it happens, both S. haemorrhoidalis and S. flavifrons are currently regarded as conspecific with Megascolia (Regiscolia) maculata (Drury, 1773) (Hamon and Osten 1994). Ascoli is therefore a senior synonym of both Megascolia Betrem, 1928 and Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964, whichever its correct type species. Considering that Ascoli has almost universally been rejected since its original publication, it seems inappropriate to displace these established names in its favour. Until such a time as it is formally suppressed by the ICZN, Ascoli is provisionally maintained as invalid.

Ascolia Argaman, 1996

Ascolia Argaman, 1996: 188.

Type species. Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Comments. Argaman (1996) introduced Ascolia as an intended emendation of Ascoli Guérin-Méneville, 1838, an unavailable name (see above). Ascolia should therefore be treated as newly introduced by Argaman (1996), as noted by Kimsey and Brothers (2016), and is an objective junior synonym of Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964.

Aureimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Aureimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 244.

Type species. Elis africana Saussure, 1859, by original designation.

Australelis Betrem, 1962a

Trielis subgenus Australelis Betrem, 1962a: 146.

Austromeris—Betrem and Bradley 1972: 33 (misspelling).

Type species. Elis consanguinea Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Comments. Elis consanguinea was reduced to a variety of Scolia anthracina Burmeister, 1854 (now Australelis anthracina) by Turner (1909). Argaman (1996) lists ‘Campsomeria Bradley, 1966’ as a synonym of Australelis; this name appears in Bradley and Betrem (1966) as a clear misprint for Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838 and nothing more.

Austroscolia Betrem, 1927b

Scolia subgenus Austroscolia Betrem, 1927b: xcviii.

Type species. Scolia ruficeps Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Comments. Betrem (1928) mistakenly stated the type species to be Scolia nitida Smith, 1858.

Bagonasuna Argaman, 1996

Bagonasuna Argaman, 1996: 186.

Type species. Trielis tartara Saussure, 1880, by original designation.

Comments. Type species misattributed by Argaman (1996) to Morawitz (1897) who merely redescribed Saussure’s (1880) species.

Batalanga Argaman, 1996

Batalanga Argaman, 1996: 205.

Type species. Elis phalerata Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Comments. Argaman (1996) proposed Batalanga as a replacement name for Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967, under the belief that the latter was preoccupied by Bradley and Betrem (1966). However, the usage of Phalerimeris in the 1966 paper was as a nomen nudum only, and thus unavailable. As such, Batalanga stands as a junior objective synonym of Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967.

Bellimeris Argaman, 1996

Megacampsomeris subgenus Bellimeris Bradley, 1972: 6 (nomen nudum).

Bellimeris Argaman, 1996: 213.

Type species. Elis bella Bingham, 1897, by original designation.

Comments. Bellimeris appeared as a nomen nudum in Bradley (1972), in the combination ‘Megacampsomeris (Bellimeris) bella’ attributed to Betrem. The first author to provide a description for Bellimeris was Argaman (1996) to whom it must be attributed despite his own citation of ‘Betrem, 1972’.

Bellimeris has subsequently been accepted as a valid genus (Schulten et al. 2011; Kim 2021), synonymised with Sericocampsomeris (Gupta and Jonathan 2003), or effectively synonymised with Megacampsomeris (Osten 2005a; Liu et al. 2021a). Until its position is better established, it is provisionally listed herein as a distinct genus.

Betremia Bradley, 1950

Betremia Bradley, 1950: 358.

Type species. Scolia apicipennis Turner, 1911, by original designation.

Borongorba Argaman, 1996

Borongorba Argaman, 1996: 213.

Type species. Scolia habrocoma Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Bradleyella Krombein, 1963

Scolia subgenus Bradleyella Krombein, 1963: 629.

Type species. Scolia vulsa Krombein, 1963, by original designation.

Burgamurga Argaman, 1996

Burgamurga Argaman, 1996: 194.

Type species. Scolia cyanipennis Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Buzatlana Argaman, 1996

Buzatlana Argaman, 1996: 199–200.

Type species. Sphex fuciformis Scopoli, 1786, by original designation.

Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941

Campsomeris subgenus Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941: 86–87.

Type species. Scolia thoracica Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838

Scolia subgenus Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 247.

Compsomeris—Ashmead 1903: 8 (misspelling)

Campsomeria—Uchida 1933: 233 (misspelling).

Type species. Scolia atrata Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation (Bequaert 1926).

Comments. Guérin-Méneville (1838) attributed this name to a manuscript by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, who would not use it in print until 1845. Betrem (1927a) designated Campsomeris aureicollis Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845 as type species, in the mistaken belief that the genus was first published by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau (1845). After recognising Guérin-Méneville’s (1838) earlier publication, Betrem (1927b) replaced this designation with Scolia thoracica Fabricius, 1787. Both designations were preoccupied by Bequaert (1926).

Campsoscolia Betrem, 1933

Campsoscolia Betrem, 1933: 259–260.

Type species. Scolia sexmaculata Fabricius, 1782, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia sexmaculata Fabricius, 1782 is a distinct species from Vespa sexmaculata Müller in Allionius, 1766, itself now included in Scolia, but the two species are not currently considered congeneric. Costa (1858) synonymised S. sexmaculata Fabricius with the simultaneously published S. interrupta Fabricius, 1782, now Colpa interrupta, and awarded priority to the latter. Osten’s (2005a) listing of S. sexmaculata as having priority over S. interrupta is in error.

Canimeris Betrem, 1972

Megameris subgenus Megameris section Canimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 174.

Type species. Megameris canens Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Carbonelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Trielis subgenus Carbonelis Bradley & Betrem, 1968: 325 (nomen nudum).

Trielis subgenus Carbonelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 59.

Type species. Scolia carbonaria Klug, 1832, by original designation.

Carinoscolia Betrem, 1927

Scolia subgenus Carinoscolia Betrem, 1927b: xcvii.

Type species. Scolia opalina Smith, 1857, by original designation.

Catharinimeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeris subgenus Catharinimeris Bradley, 1964a: 18 (nomen nudum).

Catharinimeris Argaman, 1996: 207.

Type species. Scolia deserta Tullgren, 1904, by original designation.

Comments. This name appears as a nomen nudum in Bradley (1964a) in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Catharinimeris) lundi’. It presumably represents a variant spelling of the genus later described as Cathimeris in Betrem and Bradley (1972), in which C. lundi is synonymised with Cathimeris deserta (Tullgren 1904). Nevertheless, Argaman (1996) treated Catharinimeris and Cathimeris as distinct taxa, though the former must be attributed to Argaman himself as the first author to provide a description. Argaman (1996) cited the type species of Catharinimeris as ‘(Campsomeris lundi Betrem, 1964) = Scolia deserta Tullgren, 1904’; this is here accepted as a designation of Scolia deserta as type species.

Cathimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Cathimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 199–202.

Type species. Elis hymenaea Gerstaecker, 1871, by original designation.

Charimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Charimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 192–193.

Type species. Charimeris jacoti Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Cillimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Megameris subgenus Cillimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 179–180.

Type species. Megameris penicillifera Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Citberaysa Argaman, 1996

Citberaysa Argaman, 1996: 192.

Type species. Scolia ebenina Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Clypeiscolia Bradley, 1974a

Scolia subgenus Clypeiscolia Bradley 1974a: 186.

Type species. Scolia clypealis Bradley, 1974a, by original designation.

Comments. Clypeiscolia and its type species were omitted from Osten’s (2005a) listing. It is retained as a subgenus of Scolia pending future revision.

Colpa Dufour, 1841

Colpa Dufour, 1841: 378, 413, 486.

Type species. Scolia interrupta Fabricius, 1782, by monotypy.

Comments. Dufour (1841) cited this name as used for a new unpublished genus by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, who would not use it in print until 1845. Betrem (1928) designated Colpa peregrina Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845 as type species, under the mistaken belief that this represented the genus’ earliest publication.

Colpacampsomeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeris subgenus Colpacampsomeris Betrem, 1941: 101–102 (nomen nudum).

Colpacampsomeris Argaman, 1996: 209.

Type species. Scolia indica Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Comments. Colpacampsomeris provides a prime example of the confusion arising from J. G. Betrem’s often indirect manner of presenting taxonomic changes. The name was first used by Betrem (1941) with the statement on p. 96, “J’en ai déjà détaché [from Dielis] les sous-genres… Sericocampsomeris et Colpacampsomeris, qui comprennent mon groupe VI” [‘I have already separated the subgenera Sericocampsomeris and Colpacampsomeris, which represents my group VI’], and later on pp. 101–102, “J’ai divisé le groupe VI de mon ancien sous-genre Dielis en deux groups que j’ai elevés à la valeur de sous-genre. Le premier de ces sous-genres est le nouveau sous-genre Colpacampsomeris. La forme typique est la C. indica” [‘I have divided group VI of my old subgenus Dielis into two groups that I have elevated to the value of subgenus. The first of these subgenera is the new subgenus Colpacampsomeris. The typical form is C. indica’]. However, no direct description was provided for the new subgenus, making it potentially a nomen nudum. The Code does allow a bibliographic reference to a pre-existing description to stand in place of a direct description (ICZN Art. 13.1) but this allowance cannot be applied here. Even if one is charitable enough to accept the reference to ‘mon groupe VI’ as an inferred reference to Betrem’s (1928) description of such a group, it seems clear that Betrem intended Colpacampsomeris to encompass only part of Dielis Group VI, not its entirety, and the original description of the latter cannot be directly applied to the former.

Despite multiple subsequent usages of Colpacampsomeris to refer to the large southern Asian species C. indica (e.g. Bradley and Betrem 1967; Krombein 1978), no actual description of the genus with an associated type species designation appeared until Argaman (1996). Though still attributed therein to ‘Betrem, 1941’, Colpacampsomeris must be attributed to Argaman himself.

Cretaproscolia Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999

Cretaproscolia Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999: 771.

Type species. Cretaproscolia josai Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Lower Cretaceous).

Cretoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

Cretoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993: 88.

Type species. Cretoscolia promissiva Rasnitsyn, 1993, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Late Cretaceous).

Crioscolia Bradley, 1951

Campsoscolia subgenus Crioscolia Bradley, 1951: 431–432.

Type species. Campsomeris flammicoma Bradley, 1928, by original designation.

Comments. Betrem and Bradley (1972) raised Crioscolia to the status of a distinct genus. For unspecified reasons, this action was not followed by Osten (2005a), but it is maintained herein.

Curtaurga Argaman, 1996

Curtaurga Argaman, 1996: 183.

Type species. Scolia aliena Klug, 1832, by original designation.

Comments. Unnecessarily proposed by Argaman (1996) as a replacement name for Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967, under the mistaken belief that the latter was preoccupied by the use of Guigliana as a nomen nudum in Bradley (1964c).

Dasyscolia Bradley, 1951

Campsoscolia subgenus Dasyscolia Bradley, 1951: 432, 437.

Type species. Tiphia ciliata Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Dielis Saussure & Sichel, 1864

Elis subgenus Dielis Saussure & Sichel, 1864: 161.

Type species. Scolia radula Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation (Betrem 1928).

Comments. The type status of this genus was discussed by Betrem (1962b) who confirmed Scolia radula as type. Krombein (1951) miscited Tiphia radula Fabricius, 1775, which Betrem (1962b) made type of Radumeris Betrem, 1962b. Scolia radula was synonymised with Sphex plumipes Drury, 1770 (now Dielis plumipes) by Saussure and Sichel (1864).

Diliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864

Diliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864: 36.

Type species. Campsomeris violacea Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by subsequent designation (Ashmead 1903).

Comments. Bradley (1957c) renamed the type species Scolia (Diliacos) praslini Bradley, 1957, due to its preoccupation in the genus Scolia by S. violacea Panzer, 1799. As this replacement occurred prior to 1961, it remains valid whether S. praslini is included in Scolia or not (ICZN Art. 59.3).

Discolia Saussure, 1863

Scolia subgenus Discolia Saussure, 1863: 18.

Type species. Scolia nobilitata Fabricius, 1804, by subsequent designation (Betrem and Bradley 1964).

Comments. Ashmead (1903) designated Scolia apicicornis Guérin-Méneville, 1838 as type species, under the belief that Discolia was first published by Saussure and Sichel (1864). As the name had previously been used by Saussure (1863), S. apicicornis is not among the eligible originally included species.

Dobrobeta Argaman, 1996

Dobrobeta Argaman, 1996: 206.

Type species. Campsomeris socotrana Kirby, 1900, by original designation.

Elis Fabricius, 1804

Elis Fabricius, 1804: 248.

Type species. Scolia sexcincta Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation (Bingham 1897).

Comments. Elis was originally established for an assemblage of species now divided between the families Scoliidae and Thynnidae. The type species is now regarded as a synonym of Myzinum quinquecinctum (Fabricius, 1775), a species of Thynnidae (Krombein 1938; Bartalucci 2004). Ashmead’s (1903) later type designation of Scolia septemcincta Fabricius, 1775, a synonym of the scoliid Radumeris radula (Fabricius, 1775) (Elliott 2011), is not valid.

Elpaholta Argaman, 1996

Elpaholta Argaman, 1996: 194.

Type species. Scolia fulvifrons Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Enigmatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Aureimeris subgenus Enigmatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 256.

Type species. Scolia fasciatella Klug, 1832, by original designation.

Extrameris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Extrameris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 158–159.

Type species. Extrameris mansuefactoides Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Fascimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Megameris subgenus Fascimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 175–176.

Type species. Megameris calcigera Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Fasciomeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeris subgenus Fasciomeris Bradley, 1964a: 23 (nomen nudum).

Fasciomeris Argaman, 1996: 211.

Type species. Scolia quinquefasciata Fabricius, 1782, by original designation.

Comments. This name was used as a nomen nudum by Bradley (1964a) in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Fasciomeris) quinquefasciata’. It presumably represents a variant spelling of the taxon later described as Fascimeris by Betrem in Betrem and Bradley (1972). Nevertheless, Argaman (1996) treated Fascimeris and Fasciomeris as distinct taxa. Because Fascimeris and Fasciomeris differ in spelling, they must both be accepted as available names (ICZN Art. 56.2), with the latter attributed to Argaman himself as the first author to provide a description.

Fiharbuxa Argaman, 1996

Fiharbuxa Argaman, 1996: 212.

Type species. Scolia prismatica Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Floriscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

Floriscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993: 93.

Type species. Floriscolia relicta Rasnitsyn, 1993, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Oligocene).

Garantimeris Argaman, 1996

Cathimeris subgenus Garantimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 242 (nomen nudum).

Garantimeris Argaman, 1996: 207.

Type species. Elis auraria Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Comments. When this name was first used by Betrem and Bradley (1972), it was described in full but remained unavailable as no type species was fixed (ICZN Art. 13.3). The criteria for availability were not met until Argaman (1996) who must therefore be regarded as this taxon’s author.

Gondiconda Argaman, 1996

Gondiconda Argaman, 1996: 210.

Type species. Elis vittata Sichel in Saussure & Sichel, 1864, by original designation.

Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

Guigliana Betrem, 1965: 120 (nomen nudum).

Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967: 293–294.

Type species. Scolia aliena Klug, 1832, by original designation.

Comments. See below for comments on Guigliana Argaman, 1996.

Guigliana Argaman, 1996

Scolia subgenus Guigliana Bradley, 1964c: 192 (nomen nudum).

Guigliana Argaman, 1996: 196.

Type species. Sphex azurea Christ, 1791, by original designation.

Comments. It is debatable whether this should be treated as a separately available name from Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967, or simply a variant application. However, the type species nominated in both cases are widely divergent, belonging to separate tribes of the Scoliinae, and it seems unlikely that Bradley and Betrem would have ever considered them congeneric. Guigliana was used by Bradley (1964c) as a nomen nudum, in the combination ‘Scolia (Guigliana) azurea azurea’. Argaman (1996) misinterpreted this usage as available, preoccupying Bradley and Betrem (1967), and unnecessarily coined Curtaurga Argaman, 1996 as a replacement name for the latter. Argaman would then be the correct author of Guigliana as typified by Sphex azurea, as the first author to provide a description, despite attributing it to ‘Bradley (1964)’. If accepted as a validly available name, Guigliana Argaman is a junior homonym of Guigliana Betrem.

Hangasorna Argaman, 1996

Hangasorna Argaman, 1996: 197.

Type species. Scolia quadripustulata Fabricius, 1782, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia quadripustulata has a long history of confusion with S. binotata Fabricius, 1804 (Gupta and Jonathan 2003; Taylor and Barthélémy 2021). It is uncertain which of these species Argaman (1996) had before him when describing Hangasorna. Some of the features described are equally applicable to both but the description of the male flagellum as strongly clavate suggests S. binotata rather than S. quadripustulata (Gupta and Jonathan 2003). Nevertheless, as Hangasorna is likely to remain a synonym of Scolia subgenus Discolia whichever species is accepted as type, Argaman (1996) is here accepted as having correctly designated S. quadripustulata, in accordance with ICZN Art. 70.3.1.

Haralambia Argaman, 1996

Haralambia Argaman, 1996: 215.

Type species. Tiphia dorsata Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Hayderiba Argaman, 1996

Hayderiba Argaman, 1996: 209.

Type species. Colpa peregrina Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. Proposed by Argaman (1996) to refer to Colpa in the sense of Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau (1845), not Dufour (1841).

Hesperoscolia Bradley, 1974b

Scolia subgenus Hesperoscolia Bradley, 1974b: 419.

Type species. Scolia rufiventris Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Comments. Osten (2005a) listed Hesperoscolia as a subgenus on p. 26 but treated it as a distinct genus in the following list of species names. It has been retained as a subgenus of Scolia by subsequent authors (Santos et al. 2015; Añino et al. 2020).

Heterelis Costa, 1887

Heterelis Costa, 1887: 104.

Hetrelis—Osten 2005b: 1454 (misspelling).

Type species. Scolia quinquecincta Fabricius, 1793, by subsequent designation (ICZN 1985).

Comments. Heterelis was established by Costa (1887) with only a single included species, ‘Elis villosa Fab.’ However, as explained by Betrem et al. (1963), this was based on a misidentification of Tiphia villosa Fabricius, 1793 which is not a scoliid. Betrem et al. (1963) argued that the species actually described by Costa (1887) was Scolia quinquecincta Fabricius, 1793, whose status as type species was confirmed by the ICZN (1985).

Hexelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Guigliana subgenus Hexelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 73.

Type species. Guigliana hexensis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Hirtimeris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeriella subgenus Campsomeriella section Hirtimeris Betrem, 1967: 27, 29.

Type species. Scolia hirticollis Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Comments. Originally published as an infrageneric section, Hirtimeris was later used as a full subgenus by Bradley (1973, 1974b). It was not listed by Osten (2005a) who included S. hirticollis in Campsomeriella without a subgenus placement.

Hitfoidra Argaman, 1996

Hitfoidra Argaman, 1996: 192.

Type species. Scolia carnifex Coquerel, 1855, by original designation.

Iforborha Argaman, 1996

Iforborha Argaman, 1996: 203.

Type species. Tiphia collaris Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Iksalonca Argaman, 1996

Iksalonca Argaman, 1996: 198–199.

Type species. Scolia jurinei Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia jurinei was synonymised with S. affinis Guérin-Méneville, 1838 by Bradley (1974b).

Ilkamilka Argaman, 1996

Ilkamilka Argaman, 1996: 212.

Type species. Scolia luzonensis Rohwer, 1921, by original designation.

Comments. Ilkamilka was synonymised with Laevicampsomeris by Castagnet (2021).

Immanimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Megameris subgenus Immanimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 189.

Type species. Megameris immanis Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Junodelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Trielis subgenus Junodelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 56–57.

Type species. Trielis junodi Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Jupadora Argaman, 1996

Jupadora Argaman, 1996: 193.

Type species. Scolia cereberia Bradley, 1959, by original designation (misspelled as ‘cerberia’).

Katapolda Argaman, 1996

Katapolda Argaman, 1996: 198.

Type species. Scolia desidiosa Bingham, 1896, by original designation.

Kokarevta Argaman, 1996

Kokarevta Argaman, 1996: 200.

Type species. Tiphia histrionica Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Kukkiya Argaman, 1996

Kukkiya Argaman, 1996: 187.

Type species. Scolia moricei Saunders, 1901, by original designation.

Lacosi Guérin-Méneville, 1838

Scolia subgenus Lacosi Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 247.

Type species. Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation by Bequaert (1926).

Comments. Junior objective synonym of Scolia Fabricius, 1775. Gender masculine (ICZN Art. 30.2.4; D. Yanega, pers. comm.). Betrem (1928) erroneously designated S. quadripustulata Fabricius, 1782 as type species; not only is this designation preoccupied by Bequaert (1926) but S. quadripustulata was not among the originally included species.

Lacosia Argaman, 1996

Lacosia Argaman, 1996: 199.

Type species. Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775, by objective synonymy with Lacosi Guérin-Méneville, 1838 (ICZN Art. 67.8).

Comments. Lacosia was ostensibly introduced as an emendation of Lacosi Guérin-Méneville, 1838, but Argaman’s (1996) treatment of this name can only be described as baffling. Argaman emended the names Ascoli and Lacosi to Ascolia and Lacosia on the basis of their being “grammatically invalid arbitrary combination[s] of letters”. Under the current version of the Code, such an emendation is not justified as arbitrary names are explicitly permitted (ICZN Art. 11.3), and Lacosia has not been validated by prevailing usage (see ICZN Art. 33.2.3.1). Argaman (1996) stated that Scolia pygmaea Saussure, 1858 was the type species of Lacosia “through the inclusion by Saussure (1858)”. However, S. pygmaea was only one of numerous species included in Lacosi by Saussure (1858), and was certainly not one of the species originally included by Guérin-Méneville (1838). Earlier designations of a type species by Bequaert (1926) and Betrem (1928) were rejected on the basis that they were “selected as type of Lacosi, a generic group name without status in nomenclature”, but that supposed lack of status was apparently no barrier to Argaman continuing to attribute his own concept to Guérin-Méneville!

As noted by Kimsey and Brothers (2016), Lacosia must be attributed to Argaman himself (ICZN Art. 33.2.3). However, ICZN Arts 33.2.3 and 67.8 state that any genus name introduced as an unjustified emendation is an objective synonym of the original name emended. The type species of Lacosia is therefore Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775, despite Argaman’s (1996) indication to the contrary, and Lacosia is also an objective synonym of Scolia Fabricius, 1775.

The status of Scolia pygmaea is uncertain. Petersen (1970) synonymised it with Scolia hottentotta Saussure, 1858, a species of subgenus Scolia (contra its listing in subgenus Discolia by Osten 2005a). This synonymy was disputed by Argaman (1996) who designated a neotype for S. pygmaea. Argaman’s neotype designation does not meet the requirements of ICZN Art. 75.3; most notably, Argaman does not attribute the neotype to a recognised scientific collection (the description of Argaman’s habits by Kimsey and Brothers 2016 suggests that it may have been in Argaman’s personal collection and may no longer be identifiable). Final resolution of this question is beyond the scope of the current publication.

Laevicampsomeris Betrem, 1933

Campsomeris subgenus Laevicampsomeris Betrem, 1933: 238.

Type species. Scolia nigerrima Smith, 1861, by original designation.

Laeviscolia Betrem, 1928

Scolia subgenus Laeviscolia Betrem, 1928: 222.

Type species. Scolia frontalis Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Laskariska Argaman, 1996

Laskariska Argaman, 1996: 188.

Type species. Scolia haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Leomeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Leomeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 110.

Type species. Scolia leonina Dalman, 1823, by original designation.

Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838

Scolia subgenus Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 246.

Type species. Scolia dimidiata Guérin-Méneville, 1838, by monotypy.

Comments. Despite being generally assumed to be feminine, the name Liacos is masculine in gender (ICZN Art 30.2.4; D. Yanega, pers. comm.) Scolia dimidiata was synonymised with S. analis Fabricius, 1804, now Liacos analis, by Saussure and Sichel (1864). Bingham’s (1897) incorrect listing of L. analis as type species was presumably informed by this synonymy.

Lindenimeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeris subgenus Lindenimeris Bradley, 1964c: 191 (nomen nudum).

Lindenimeris Argaman, 1996: 212.

Type species. Campsomeris lindenii Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. Lindenimeris was first used by Bradley (1964c) as a nomen nudum only, in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Lindenimeris) lindenii’, with the claim that “Dr. Betrem plans soon to describe [it]”. No such description by Betrem appears to have ever been published and the name would not be validated until its description by Argaman (1996). Despite Argaman’s continued attribution to ‘Bradley, 1964’, the name must be attributed to Argaman himself.

Lindenimeris was listed as a subgenus of Megacampsomeris including M. lindenii by Osten (2005a). However, other species of Megacampsomeris were not assigned to subgenus. Until relationships in this genus are better established, Lindenimeris is treated here as a junior synonym of Megacampsomeris.

Lisoca Costa, 1858

Lisoca Costa, 1858: 8–9.

Type species. Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation (Krombein 1951).

Comments. The publication dates of Costa’s ‘Fauna del Regno di Napoli’ have long been difficult to establish; those for the sections covering Hymenoptera are provided by Baker (1994). Betrem (1928) designated Scolia citreozonata Costa, 1861 as type species of Lisoca but that species did not appear in print until three years after the folio in which the genus name first appeared. Krombein’s (1951) designation of S. quadripunctata was therefore the first to select from among the eligible originally included species. This designation makes Lisoca a junior objective synonym of Scolia Fabricius, 1775.

Lissocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Lissocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b: 75.

Type species. Colpa wesmaeli Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Lobhargita Argaman, 1996

Lobhargita Argaman, 1996: 208.

Type species. Scolia aureola Klug, 1832, by original designation.

Madonimeris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeriella subgenus Annulimeris section Madonimeris Betrem, 1967: 28–29.

Type species. Dielis madonensis Buysson, 1910, by original designation.

Malagaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Guigliana subgenus Malagaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 74.

Type species. Elis elliotiana Saussure, 1891, by original designation.

Mansuetimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Aureimeris subgenus Mansuetimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 250.

Type species. Scolia mansueta Gerstäcker in Peters, 1858, by original designation.

Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928

Campsomeris subgenus Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928: 138.

Type species. Tiphia grossa Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Megameris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeris subgenus Megameris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967: 294.

Magameris—Osten 2005a: 18 (misspelling).

Type species. Elis soleata Gerstaecker, 1871, by original designation.

Megascolia Betrem, 1928

Scolia subgenus Triscolia section Megascolia Betrem, 1928: 239.

Type species. Scolia procer Illiger, 1802, by original designation.

Micromeriella Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Micromeriella Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 116–117.

Type species. Scolia marginella Klug, 1810, by original designation.

Comments. Replacement name for Micromeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967 non Conrad, 1866.

Micromeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

Campsomeris subgenus Micromeris Bradley, 1964c: 188, 189 (nomen nudum).

Campsomeris subgenus Micromeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967: 294.

Type species. Scolia marginella Klug, 1810, by original designation.

Comments. Preoccupied by Micromeris Conrad, 1866 (Bivalvia), subsequently replaced by Micromeriella Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972.

Microscolia Betrem, 1927b

Scolia subgenus Microscolia Betrem, 1927b: xcvi–xcvii.

Type species. Scolia cephalotes Burmeister, 1854, by original designation.

Molzinarda Argaman, 1996

Molzinarda Argaman, 1996: 192.

Type species. Scolia nitida Smith, 1858, by original designation.

Mookitena Argaman, 1996

Mookitena Argaman, 1996: 214–215.

Type species. Campsomeris hesterae Rohwer, 1927, by original designation.

Murahutka Argaman, 1996

Murahutka Argaman, 1996: 190.

Type species. Scolia quadriceps Smith, 1858, by original designation.

Mutilloscolia Bradley, 1959

Scolia subgenus Mutilloscolia Bradley, 1959: 361.

Type species. Scolia campanulata Bradley, 1959, by original designation.

Naysebwa Argaman, 1996

Naysebwa Argaman, 1996: 200.

Type species. Scolia fulvofimbriata Burmeister, 1854, by original designation.

Niyaranta Argaman, 1996

Niyaranta Argaman, 1996: 213.

Type species. Scolia aurulenta Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Nokbibula Argaman, 1996

Nokbibula Argaman, 1996: 191.

Type species. Scolia vittifrons Sichel in Saussure & Sichel, 1864, by original designation.

Noybarilta Argaman, 1996

Noybarilta Argaman, 1996: 211.

Type species. Scolia hoffmannseggii Klug, 1805, by original designation.

Nyaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Trielis subgenus Nyaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 61–62.

Type species. Trielis nyasensis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Onkoknoa Argaman, 1996

Onkoknoa Argaman, 1996: 195.

Type species. Scolia bilunata Saussure, 1858, by original designation (misspelled ‘bilunulata’).

Ordatirga Argaman, 1996

Ordatirga Argaman, 1996: 185.

Type species. Dielis mima Buysson, 1897, by original designation.

Orlovinga Argaman, 1996

Orlovinga Argaman, 1996: 199.

Type species. Scolia gussakovskii Steinberg, 1953, by original designation.

Oscalosca Argaman, 1996

Oscalosca Argaman, 1996: 214.

Type species. Elis pilipes Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Paconzitva Argaman, 1996

Paconzitva Argaman, 1996: 196.

Type species. Scolia alecto Smith, 1858, by original designation.

Palaeoscolia Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014

Palaeoscolia Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014: 401.

Type species. Palaeoscolia relicta Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Late Eocene).

Pardesiya Argaman, 1996

Pardesiya Argaman, 1996: 200.

Type species. Scolia neglecta Cyrillo, 1787, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia neglecta was synonymised with S. carbonaria (Linné, 1767) by Hamon (1994).

Peltatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Peltatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 311.

Type species. Peltatimeris peltata Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Penimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Megameris subgenus Penimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 181.

Type species. Megameris pseudofasciatipennis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

Campsomeris subgenus Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967: 294–295.

Type species. Elis phalerata Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Phaleromeris Argaman, 1996

Phaleromeris Bradley, 1964c: 193 (nomen nudum).

Phaleromeris Argaman, 1996: 205.

Type species. Tiphia annulata Fabricius, 1793, by original designation.

Comments. Phaleromeris was first used by Bradley (1964c) as a nomen nudum, in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Phaleromeris) annulata’. This name presumably represents a variant spelling of what would eventually be established as Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967, though Tiphia annulata would not be included in the final concept. Nevertheless, Argaman (1996) adopted Bradley’s (1964c) usage as valid. Because Phalerimeris and Phaleromeris differ in spelling, they must both be accepted as available names (ICZN Art. 56.2), with the latter attributed to Argaman (1996) as the first author to provide a description. Phaleromeris is a junior objective synonym of Annulimeris Betrem, 1967.

Proscolia Rasnitsyn, 1977

Proscolia Rasnitsyn, 1977: 524–525.

Type species. Proscolia archaica Rasnitsyn, 1977, by monotypy.

Protoscolia Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2002

Protoscolia Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2002: 80.

Type species. Protoscolia sinensis Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2002, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (latest Jurassic or Early Cretaceous).

Pseudotrielis Betrem, 1928

Campsomeris subgenus Pseudotrielis Betrem, 1928: 83.

Type species. Scolia zonata Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Punctelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Crioscolia subgenus Punctelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 66.

Type species. Elis punctum Saussure, 1891, by original designation.

Comments. Listed by Osten (2005a) as a section of Colpa subgenus Crioscolia. Betrem and Bradley’s (1972) original status as a subgenus of a distinct genus Crioscolia is maintained herein.

Pupunhuga Argaman, 1996

Pupunhuga Argaman, 1996: 203.

Type species. Campsomeris sauteri Betrem, 1928, by original designation.

Pygodasis Bradley, 1957b

Pygodasis Bradley, 1957b: 72.

Type species. Scolia quadrinotata Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia quadrinotata was synonymised with Scolia quadrimaculata Fabricius, 1775, now Pygodasis quadrimaculata, by Bradley (1964b).

Pyrrhoscolia Bradley, 1959

Scolia subgenus Pyrrhoscolia Bradley, 1959: 347.

Type species. Scolia fax Bradley, 1959, by original designation.

Radumeris Betrem, 1962b

Campsomeris subgenus Radumeris Betrem, 1962b: 206–207.

Type species. Tiphia radula Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Rahosmula Argaman, 1996

Rahosmula Argaman, 1996: 190.

Type species. Liacos sicheli Saussure, 1859, by original designation of misidentified type species (see below).

Comments. Argaman (1996) originally designated the type species of this genus as Scolia sicheli Saussure, 1859. However, it is evident that the intended species was Liacos sicheli Saussure, 1859, described in the same paper and included in Scolia by Betrem (1928). The provided description matches Liacos sicheli, not Scolia sicheli, and Rahosmula is stated to be Oriental in distribution as for Liacos sicheli, whereas Scolia sicheli is southern African. Identification of the correct type species is significant in this case as Liacos sicheli is currently included in Diliacos whereas Scolia sicheli belongs to Scolia subgenus Discolia (Osten 2005a). Therefore, in accordance with ICZN Art. 70.3, Liacos sicheli Saussure, 1859 is officially designated herein as the type species of Rahosmula Argaman, 1996.

Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964

Megascolia subgenus Regiscolia Bradley, 1964a: 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 33 (nomen nudum).

Megascolia subgenus Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964: 441.

Type species. Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Comments. Betrem and Bradley (1964) introduced Regiscolia for Scolia subgenus Triscolia section Triscolia as used in Betrem (1928), based on his mistaken identification of the type species for Triscolia Saussure, 1863 (see below). Their treatment satisfies the requirements of ICZN Art. 13.1.2, though they also included a comparison of the type species with Triscolia proper.

Argaman (1996) attributed Regiscolia to Bradley (1964a), in which it was used as a nomen nudum only, and incorrectly identified Sphex bidens Linné, 1767 as type species; he assigned the actual type species Scolia flavifrons to Ascolia Argaman, 1996.

Rhabdotomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Rhabdotomeris Bradley, 1957b: 72.

Rhabdotimeris—Osten 2005a: 3 (misspelling).

Type species. Scolia rokitanskyi Dalla Torre, 1897, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia rokitanskyi was introduced by Dalla Torre (1897) as a replacement name for Elis mexicana Cameron, 1893, preoccupied in Scolia by Saussure (1858). The type species of Rhabdotomeris was cited by Bradley (1957b) as ‘[Elis Mexicana Cameron, 1893] = Campsomeris (Rhabdotomeris) rokitanskyi (D.T.)’, accepted herein as a valid designation of S. rokitanskyi.

Rihamlika Argaman, 1996

Rihamlika Argaman, 1996: 195.

Type species. Scolia venusta Smith, 1855, by original designation.

Rodriguimeris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeriella subgenus Rodriguimeris Betrem, 1967: 27, 29.

Type species. Campsomeris fax Bradley, 1936, by original designation.

Rostopasca Argaman, 1996

Rostopasca Argaman, 1996: 187.

Type species. Scolia erivanensis Radoszkovsky, 1879, by original designation.

Comments. The status of Scolia erivanensis remains uncertain. Osten (2005a) listed it in Scolia with a query, without assigning it to subgenus, but Argaman (1996) included it in his tribe Ascoliini with taxa here assigned to Megascolia subgenus Regiscolia. Until its position can be better determined, Rostopasca is provisionally accepted as a valid genus.

Rucarcana Argaman, 1996

Rucarcana Argaman, 1996: 205–206.

Type species. Campsomeris flavidula st. congener Turner, 1909, by original designation.

Comments. Turner (1909) used the abbreviation ‘st.’ (possibly standing for ‘strain’) to denote variants within species. It is unclear whether such taxa were intended at subspecific or infra-subspecific rank. Infra-subspecific taxa published before 1961 are unavailable under the Code unless used for a valid species or subspecies prior to 1985 (ICZN. Art. 45.6.4.1). Campsomeris congener Turner, 1909 was recognised as a distinct species by Betrem (1928), thus confirming its availability whatever its prior status.

Scolia Fabricius, 1775

Scolia Fabricius, 1775: 355.

Scholia Newman, 1835: 399 (unjustified emendation).

Scobia—Agassiz 1846: 6 (misspelling).

Solia—Dalla Torre 1897: 144 (misspelling).

Type species. Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation (Latreille 1810).

Comments. As indicated by Betrem (1928), subsequent designations of type species for Scolia (Bingham 1897: S. flavifrons Fabricius, 1775; Schrottky 1910: S. atrata Fabricius, 1775) are preoccupied by Latreille (1810). Scolia quadripunctata was synonymised with S. sexmaculata (Müller in Allionius, 1766) by Betrem (1936).

Scolioides Guiglia & Capra, 1934

Scolia subgenus Scolia section Scolioides Guiglia & Capra, 1934: 115.

Type species. Apis hirta Schrank, 1781, by original designation.

Sericocampsomeris Betrem, 1941

Campsomeris subgenus Sericocampsomeris Betrem, 1941: 91–92.

Type species. Scolia quadriguttulata Burmeister, 1854, by original designation.

Comments. Scolia quadriguttulata was synonymised with Scolia stygia Illiger, 1802, now Sericocampsomeris stygia, by Betrem and Bradley (1972).

Sinoproscolia Zhang, Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2015

Sinoproscolia Zhang, Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2015: 580–581.

Type species. Sinoproscolia yangshuwanziensis Zhang, Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2015, by original designation.

Comments. Fossil taxon (Lower Cretaceous).

Sisakrosa Argaman, 1996

Sisakrosa Argaman, 1996: 204.

Type species. Dielis angulata Morawitz, 1888, by original designation.

Comments. Dielis angulata was treated as a subspecies of Micromeriella hyalina (Klug, 1832) by Betrem and Bradley (1972).

Sobolpiha Argaman, 1996

Sobolpiha Argaman, 1996: 190.

Type species. Scolia ribbei Betrem, 1928, by original designation.

Sphenocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Sphenocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b: 76–77.

Type species. Dielis obesa Saussure, 1869, by original designation.

Stiboranna Argaman, 1996

Stiboranna Argaman, 1996: 198.

Type species. Scolia hova Saussure, 1891, by original designation.

Stigmatelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Trielis subgenus Heterelis section Stigmatelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 47.

Type species. Elis stigma Saussure, 1859, by original designation.

Comments. In order to simplify Betrem and Bradley’s (1972) complex system of infra-generic divisions, Stigmatelis is here raised to a distinct subgenus of Colpa from Heterelis.

Stygocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Campsomeris section Stygocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b: 75.

Type species. Scolia servillei Guérin-Méneville, 1838, by original designation.

Sugorpilfa Argaman, 1996

Sugorpilfa Argaman, 1996: 196.

Type species. Scolia philippinensis Rohwer, 1921, by original designation.

Susaynata Argaman, 1996

Susaynata Argaman, 1996: 212.

Type species. Campsomeris cochinensis Betrem, 1928, by original designation.

Tatusdayca Argaman, 1996

Tatusdayca Argaman, 1996: 208.

Type species. Scolia ephippium Say, 1837, by original designation.

Tenebromeris Betrem, 1963

Campsomeris subgenus Tenebromeris Betrem, 1963: 71–72.

Type species. Campsomeris tenebrica Bradley, 1957a, by original designation.

Tetrasciton Argaman, 1996

Tetrasciton Betrem, 1927a: 289 (nomen nudum).

Tetrasciton Argaman, 1996: 204.

Type species. Campsomeris aureicollis Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. Argaman (1996) attributed Tetrasciton to Betrem (1927a), in which it appears as a nomen nudum only, possibly as an error for Trisciloa. As such, Tetrasciton as an available genus name must be attributed to Argaman himself. Campsomeris aureicollis was regarded as conspecific with Campsomeriella collaris (Fabricius, 1775) by Bradley (1964c).

Tetrascolia Ashmead, 1903

Tetrascolia Ashmead, 1903: 8.

Type species. Campsomeris urvillii Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. Campsomeris urvillii was synonymised with Scolia dimidiata Guérin-Méneville, 1838, itself now a synonym of Liacos analis (Fabricius, 1804), by Betrem (1928).

Titbisayda Argaman, 1996

Titbisayda Argaman, 1996: 213.

Type species. Campsomeris binghami Betrem, 1928, by original designation.

Tonsoygata Argaman, 1996

Tonsoygata Argaman, 1996: 192.

Type species. Scolia verticalis Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Torbesula Argaman, 1996

Torbesula Argaman, 1996: 211.

Type species. Elis columba Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Trielis Saussure, 1863

Trielis Saussure, 1863: 18.

Triselis—Schulz 1908: 464 (misspelling).

Triolis—Micha 1927: 142 (misspelling).

Type species. Elis xantiana Saussure, 1863, by monotypy.

Comments. Ashmead (1903) designated Elis consanguinea Saussure, 1855 as type species under the belief that Trielis had first been published by Saussure and Sichel (1864). The type status of Trielis was clarified by Betrem (1962a).

Triliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864

Liacos subgenus Triliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864: 33.

Type species. Scolia dimidiata Guérin-Méneville, 1838, by subsequent designation (Betrem 1928).

Comments. Scolia dimidiata was included in Triliacos by Saussure and Sichel (1864) as a synonym of Liacos analis (Fabricius, 1804), but is still eligible to be selected as type as an originally included nominal species, having been cited by an available name (ICZN Art. 67.2.1). Triliacos is therefore a junior objective synonym of Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838. Argaman (1996), under the misapprehension that S. dimidiata was not eligible for selection, erroneously designated Scolia erythrosoma Burmeister, 1854 as type species.

Trisciloa Gribodo, 1893

Trisciloa Gribodo, 1893: 146–147.

Tetrasciloa—Betrem 1927b: xcv (misspelling).

Type species. Trisciloa saussurei Gribodo, 1893, by monotypy.

Triscolia Saussure, 1863

Scolia subgenus Triscolia Saussure, 1863: 17.

Type species. Scolia badia Saussure, 1863, by monotypy.

Comments. Bartlett (1912) nominated Scolia flavifrons Fabricius, 1775 as type species of Triscolia, believing the latter to have first been published by Saussure and Sichel (1864). However, Triscolia had earlier been used by Saussure (1863), in which S. badia is the only species included (Betrem and Bradley 1964).

Tristomeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeris subgenus Tristomeris Bradley & Betrem, 1966: 81 (nomen nudum).

Campsomeris subgenus Tristimeris Bradley & Betrem, 1967: 315 (nomen nudum).

Tristimeris Betrem in Bradley, 1974b: 457 (nomen nudum).

Tristomeris Argaman, 1996: 203.

Type species. Campsomeris javana Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845, by original designation.

Comments. Bradley & Betrem used Tristomeris as a nomen nudum in 1966, in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Tristomeris) javana’, and then with the spelling ‘Tristimeris’ in 1967, in the combination ‘Campsomeris (Tristimeris) bradleyi’. Bradley (1974b) later used the Tristimeris spelling with the statement, “Tristimeris is here introduced by Betrem as a new genus with the type-species Campsomeris javana Lepeletier”. Unfortunately, no description was provided for this new genus, meaning it remained a nomen nudum. The first author to provide a description and establish a type species was Argaman (1996) to whom the genus must be attributed. However, Argaman used ‘Tristomeris’ in place of ‘Tristimeris’, so the former must be the spelling used.

Turbatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Turbatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 113–114.

Type species. Turbatimeris turbata Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972, by original designation.

Turturayca Argaman, 1996

Turturayca Argaman, 1996: 190.

Type species. Scolia fulgidipennis Smith, 1858, by original designation.

Ululanca Argaman, 1996

Ululanca Argaman, 1996: 189.

Type species. Scolia nigrita Fabricius, 1782, by original designation.

Uthakkara Argaman, 1996

Uthakkara Argaman, 1996: 202.

Type species. Campsomeris celebensis Betrem, 1928, by original designation.

Vardombra Argaman, 1996

Vardombra Argaman, 1996: 198.

Type species. Scolia picteti Saussure, 1855, by original designation.

Vobalayca Argaman, 1996

Vobalayca Argaman, 1996: 201.

Type species. Scolia hortorum Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.

Wogungela Argaman, 1996

Wogungela Argaman, 1996: 198.

Type species. Scolia micromelas Sichel in Saussure & Sichel, 1864, by original designation.

Xanthocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Campsomeris subgenus Xanthocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b: 70.

Type species. Tiphia tricincta Fabricius, 1775, by original designation.

Xanthimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Aureimeris subgenus Xanthimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972: 262–263.

Xantimeris—Osten 2005a: 3 (misspelling).

Type species. Elis xanthura Saussure, 1858, by original designation.

Xirgoniqua Argaman, 1996

Xirgoniqua Argaman, 1996: 196.

Type species. Scolia capitata Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Ycasbraia Argaman, 1996

Ycasbraia Argaman, 1996: 192–193.

Type species. Scolia rufiventris Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Comments. Junior objective synonym of Hesperoscolia Bradley, 1974b.

Yohaida Argaman, 1996

Yohaida Argaman, 1996: 186.

Type species. Scolia klugii Linden, 1827, by original designation.

Zazilayza Argaman, 1996

Zazilayza Argaman, 1996: 188.

Type species. Triscolia haemorroidalis [sic] var. rubida Gribodo, 1893, by original designation.

The current classification of Scoliidae is presented below as an aid to future research. For the most part, it corresponds to the classification used by Osten (2005a); where it differs, the reasons are discussed in the relevant catalogue entries above. Fossil taxa are marked with a dagger (†). Subgenera are indicated by the abbreviation ‘subg.’

A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of Scoliidae (Khouri et al. 2022) supported division of the family between Proscoliinae and Scoliinae, and mostly supported division of Scoliinae into Scoliini and Campsomerini. However, Colpa was placed sister to Scoliini rather than the remaining Campsomerini, raising the possibility of its reclassification. To reflect this possible distinction, Betrem and Bradley’s (1972) ‘Trielidini’ (including Colpa) is recognised below as a subtribe Trielidina within Campsomerini. Crioscolia and Guigliana were not included in Khouri et al.’s (2022) analysis but are included in Trielidina following Betrem and Bradley (1972).

†Archaeoscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1993

†Archaeoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

†Cretoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

†Floriscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993

†Protoscolia Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2002

†Palaeoscoliinae Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014

†Palaeoscolia Antropov in Antropov et al., 2014

Proscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1977

†Cretaproscolia Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999

Proscolia Rasnitsyn, 1977

†Sinoproscolia Zhang, Zhang, Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2015

Scoliinae Latreille, 1802

Campsomerini Bartlett, 1912

Campsomerina Bartlett, 1912

(= Colpacampsomerini Argaman, 1996)

(= Dasyscoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Dielidini Argaman, 1996)

(= Dobrobetini Argaman, 1996)

(= Megacampsomerini Argaman, 1996)

(= Pseudotrielidini Argaman, 1996)

(= Tetrascitonini Argaman, 1996)

(= Trisciloini Argaman, 1996)

Aelocampsomeris Bradley, 1957

Aureimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Aureimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Enigmatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Mansuetimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Xanthimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Australelis Betrem, 1962a

Bellimeris Argaman, 1996

Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941

subg. Annulimeris Betrem, 1967

(= Phaleromeris Argaman, 1996)

subg. Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941

(= Iforborha Argaman, 1996)

(= Pupunhuga Argaman, 1996)

(= Tetrasciton Argaman, 1996)

subg. Hirtimeris Betrem, 1967

subg. Madonimeris Betrem, 1967

subg. Rodriguimeris Betrem, 1967

Campsomeris Guérin-Méneville, 1838

(= Hayderiba Argaman, 1996)

Cathimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Cathimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

(= Catharinimeris Argaman, 1996)

(= Dobrobeta Argaman, 1996)

subg. Garantimeris Betrem in Argaman, 1996

Charimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Colpacampsomeris Argaman, 1996

Dasyscolia Bradley, 1951

Dielis Saussure & Sichel, 1864

(= Haralambia Argaman, 1996)

(= Oscalosca Argaman, 1996)

Extrameris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Laevicampsomeris Betrem, 1933

(= Ilkamilka Argaman, 1996)

Leomeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Lissocampsomeris Bradley, 1957

(= Noybarilta Argaman, 1996)

(= Torbesula Argaman, 1996)

Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928

(= Borongorba Argaman, 1996)

(= Fiharbuxa Argaman, 1996)

(= Lindenimeris Argaman, 1996)

(= Susaynata Argaman, 1996)

(= Titbisayda Argaman, 1996)

(= Uthakkara Argaman, 1996)

Megameris Betrem, 1967

subg. Canimeris Betrem, 1972

subg. Cillimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Fascimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

(= Fasciomeris Argaman, 1996)

subg. Immanimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Megameris Betrem, 1967

subg. Penimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Micromeriella Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

(= Lobhargita Argaman, 1996)

(= Micromeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967 non Conrad, 1866)

(= Sisakrosa Argaman, 1996)

Peltatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Phalerimeris Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

(= Batalanga Argaman, 1996)

(= Niyaranta Argaman, 1996)

Pseudotrielis Betrem, 1928

(= Rucarcana Argaman, 1996)

Pygodasis Bradley, 1957b

(= Gondiconda Argaman, 1996)

(= Tatusdayca Argaman, 1996)

Radumeris Betrem, 1962b

Rhabdotomeris Bradley, 1957b

Sericocampsomeris Betrem, 1941

Sphenocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Stygocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

Tenebromeris Betrem, 1963

Trisciloa Saussure, 1863

Tristomeris Argaman, 1996

Turbatimeris Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Xanthocampsomeris Bradley, 1957b

(= Mookitena Argaman, 1996)

Trielidina Betrem, 1972

(= Colpinae Argaman, 1996)

(= Curtaurgini Argaman, 1996)

(= Heterelini Argaman, 1996)

Colpa Dufour, 1841

subg. Carbonelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Colpa Dufour, 1841

(= Campsoscolia Betrem, 1933)

(= Trielis Saussure, 1863)

(=Yohaida Argaman, 1996)

subg. Heterelis Costa, 1887

(= Ordatirga Argaman, 1996)

subg. Junodelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Nyaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Stigmatelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Crioscolia Bradley, 1951

subg. Crioscolia Bradley, 1951

(= Bagonasuna Argaman, 1996)

(= Kukkiya Argaman, 1996)

subg. Punctelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

subg. Guigliana Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967

(= Curtaurga Argaman, 1996)

subg. Hexelis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

subg. Malagaselis Betrem in Betrem & Bradley, 1972

Scoliini Latreille, 1802

(= Agombardini Argaman, 1996)

(= Ascoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Austroscoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Betremiini Argaman, 1996)

(= Carinoscoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Discoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Hangasornini Argaman, 1996)

(= Lacosiini Argaman, 1996)

(= Liacosinae Schrottky, 1910)

(= Lisocini Argaman, 1996)

(= Megascoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Triscoliini Argaman, 1996)

(= Ycasbraini Argaman, 1996)

Austroscolia Betrem, 1927b

(= Citberaysa Argaman, 1996)

(= Hitfoidra Argaman, 1996)

(= Molzinarda Argaman, 1996)

Betremia Bradley, 1950

Bradleyella Krombein, 1963

Carinoscolia Betrem, 1927

(= Nokbibula Argaman, 1996)

Diliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864

(= Murahutka Argaman, 1996)

(= Rahosmula Argaman, 1996)

(= Sobolpiha Argaman, 1996)

Laeviscolia Betrem, 1928

Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838

(= Tetrascolia Ashmead, 1903)

(= Triliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864)

(= Turturayca Argaman, 1996)

(= Ululanca Argaman, 1996)

Megascolia Betrem, 1928

subg. Megascolia Betrem, 1928

subg. Regiscolia Betrem & Bradley, 1964

(= Ascoli Saussure, 1855, nomen rejiciendum propositum)

(= Ascolia Argaman, 1996)

(= Elpaholta Argaman, 1996)

(= Guigliana Argaman 1996 non Betrem in Bradley & Betrem, 1967)

(= Laskariska Argaman, 1996)

(= Paconzitva Argaman, 1996)

(= Sugorpilfa Argaman, 1996)

(= Xirgoniqua Argaman, 1996)

(= Zazilayza Argaman, 1996)

Microscolia Betrem, 1927b

(= Jupadora Argaman, 1996)

Mutilloscolia Bradley, 1959

Pyrrhoscolia Bradley, 1959

Rostopasca Argaman, 1996

Scolia Fabricius, 1775

subg. Clypeiscolia Bradley, 1974a

subg. Discolia Saussure, 1863

(= Agombarda Argaman, 1996)

(= Burgamurga Argaman, 1996)

(= Hangasorna Argaman, 1996)

(= Iksalonca Argaman, 1996)

(= Katapolda Argaman, 1996)

(= Kokarevta Argaman, 1996)

(= Naysebwa Argaman, 1996)

(= Onkoknoa Argaman, 1996)

(= Rihamlika Argaman, 1996)

(= Scolioides Guiglia & Capra, 1934)

(= Stiboranna Argaman, 1996)

(= Tonsoygata Argaman, 1996)

(= Vardombra Argaman, 1996)

(= Wogungela Argaman, 1996)

subg. Hesperoscolia Bradley, 1974b

(= Ycasbraia Argaman, 1996)

subg. Scolia Fabricius, 1775

(= Buzatlana Argaman, 1996)

(= Lacosi Guérin-Méneville, 1838)

(= Lacosia Argaman, 1996)

(= Lisoca Costa, 1858)

(= Orlovinga Argaman, 1996)

(= Pardesiya Argaman, 1996)

(= Vobalayca Argaman, 1996)

Subfamily incertae sedis

†Araripescolia Nel, Escuillie & Garrouste, 2013

Thirty family-group names and 160 genus-group names are currently available for Scoliidae, including fossil taxa. Of these, 23 family-group names (77% of the total) and 73 genus-group names (46%) may be attributed to a single publication, Argaman (1996). A further 61 genus-group names (38%) were made available by Betrem and/or Bradley. Only 16% of available genus-group names in Scoliidae were not established by these three authors. Two genus-group names (Micromeris Betrem in Bradley and Betrem 1967, and Guigliana Argaman 1996) are invalid due to being preoccupied. One further name, Ascoli Saussure, 1855, is available but proposed for suppression due to its confused history and lack of general usage.

Subsequent authors have not accepted many of the taxa recognised by Argaman (1996). None of his family-group names are currently recognised as valid. Of those genera he proposed de novo, only one, Rostopasca, is provisionally accepted above, albeit only as a reflection of the uncertain classification of its type species. Nevertheless, twelve names attributed by Argaman (1996) to earlier authors must be regarded as published by Argaman himself due to the absence of earlier descriptions and/or their status as emendations. Three of these, Bellimeris, Colpacampsomeris and Tristomeris, have been accepted as valid by subsequent authors, though the correct spelling for the last name differs from that regularly used.

Recent years have seen an upswing of interest in scoliid systematics (Castagnet and Bitsch 2019; Castagnet 2021; Kim 2021; Liu et al. 2021b; Taylor and Barthélémy 2021; Ramírez-Guillén et al. 2022; Golfetti and Noll 2023). Khouri et al.’s (2022) phylogenetic analysis of the family, though preliminary, suggests that some genera as currently recognised may not be monophyletic. It is to be hoped that future revisions are able to avoid the nomenclatural pitfalls of the past.

Thanks are due to Mark Harvey who provided nomenclatural advice, particularly regarding the challenging issue of Ascoli. Denis Brothers and Ivan Fernandes Golfetti provided invaluable criticism of the manuscript. Douglas Yanega also provided comments. I must also acknowledge the creators of the Biodiversity Heritage Library (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org) who have made a study of this kind far more achievable than would have once been possible. This work has been funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Laureate Fellowship (KG #FL210100103). The author has declared that no competing interests exist.