2♀, 4♂, Bac Kan, Cho Don, Binh Trai, Nam Xuan Lac NP, 22°16'65"N, 108°11'08"E, 12 Aug. 2020, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al leg.

As in Fig. 1A–E. SVIII ~1.9 × as long as wide (at widest part), with basal margin slightly convex (Fig. 1A). Parameral spine without setae. Volsella flattened, spatulate, wide from inner aspect, without setae at top (Fig. 1B). Digitus quite thick, exceptionally wide from base to near apex, ~ 2.5 × as long as wide (at widest part), with exceptionally dense, long setae on its surface and left lateral margin, with sides almost parallel from the base then abruptly tapering near the top to form pointed apex (Fig. 1C). Penis valves long, much longer than basal apodeme (~ 1.7 × as long as basal apodeme); in ventral view, proximal part strongly produced laterally into an almost square corner (Fig. 1D); in lateral view, apical part strongly produced into a sharp-pointed lobe (Fig. 1E), dorsal rod shorter than basal apodeme.

Figure 1. 

Euodynerus dantici violaceipennis Giordani Soika, 1973. Male genitalia A SVIII, dorsal view B inner aspect of paramere with volsella and digitus C digitus D aedeagus, ventral view E aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E).

It was mentioned by Ma et al. (2017) that E. carinatus Ma, Chen, & Li differs from E. dantici and other congeners by the clypeus distinctly longer than its width in both sexes, clypeus of female with an extremely strong longitudinal carina, cephalic fovea with dense setae, apex of FXI of male bent backward reaching the base of FVIII, and the volsella of the male wide but narrowed apically (wide apically in E. dantici). We examined specimens of E. dantici (Rossi, 1908) from Vietnam and found that E. dantici has a clypeus that is also longer than wide, with a strong longitudinal carina, and the shape of the digitus is quite similar to that of E. carinatus (fig. 3 in Ma et al. (2017) in that the digitus is wide but narrow apically (Fig. 1C). The only character different between E. dantici and E. carinatus is that the apex of FXI of the male is bent backward to reach the middle of FVIII. In the future, carefully dissecting and examining the male genitalia of E. carinatus to determine the precise shapes of the digitus and penis valve will be needed, and for comparison with those of E. dantici, as these could be synonyms. For present, we leave the status of E. carinatus as it is but note the potential for synonymy in the future.

China: Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hong Kong; Vietnam (new records: Bac Kan); Taiwan; Korea; Japan (including Ryûkyû Islands).

1♂, Ha Giang, Quan Ba, Dong Ha, 23°03'48"N, 105°02'01"E, alt. 515 m, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien leg.; 2♀, Lao Cai, Lao Cai city, 5 Apr. 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Nguyen Quang Cuong leg.; 1♂, Yen Bai, Tan Phuong, Khe Bin, 22°15'51.3"N, 104°38'07"E, alt. 500 m, 7 Sep. 2017, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Nguyen Quang Cuong, Vu Thi Thanh Tam leg.; 3♀, 1♂, Tuyen Quang, Ham Yen, Phu Luu, Nam Nuong, Cham Chu NR, 22°12'44"N, 105°02'44"E, alt. 116 m, 30 Oct. 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Nguyen Quang Cuong, Luong Viet Tuan leg.; 1♀, Bac Kan, Cho Ra, Ba Be, alt. 140 m, 22 May 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien leg.; Lang Son, Huu Lung, Huu Lien, Huu Lien NR [1♂, 21°43'22.9"N, 106°22'40.2"E, alt. 370 m, 12 Jun. 2018; 1♂, 21°43'29.1"N, 106°22'31.1"E, alt. 257 m, 13 Jun. 2018], Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al. leg.; 1♀, Cai Kinh, 11°43'36.2"N, 109°11'57.7"E, alt. 129 m, 10 Jun. 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al. leg.; 1♀, Son La, Moc Chau, Chieng Nua, 20°43'18"N, 104°45'28"E, alt. 550 m, 23 Jun. 2020, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al. leg.; 1♂, Thanh Hoa, Quan Hoa, Pu Hu NR, 20°31'32.1"N, 104°57'38.5"E, alt. 284 m, 12 Jun. 2016, Truong Xuan Lam et al. leg.; 1♂, Thanh Hoa, Quan Hoa, Trung Son, 1 Oct. 2017, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien leg.

As in Fig. 2A–E. SVIII ~1.7 × as long as wide (at widest part), with basal margin slightly convex (Fig. 2A). Parameral spine without setae. Volsella flattened, spatulate, wide on inner aspect, without setae at top (Fig. 2B). Digitus wide through almost its entire length, gradually and slightly narrowed to one-third apically, 3 × as long as wide (at widest part), surface without setae, with long and exceedingly sparse setae on left side (Fig. 2C). Penis valves longer than basal apodeme (~ 1.5 × as long as basal apodeme); in ventral view, proximal part produced laterally into almost triangular shape (Fig. 2D); in lateral view, apical part strongly produced into a blunted lobe (Fig. 2E), dorsal rod much shorter than basal apodeme.

Figures 2. 

Euodynerus nipanicus tonkinensis Giordani Soika, 1973. Male genitalia A SVIII, dorsal view B inner aspect of paramere with volsella and digitus C digitus D aedeagus, ventral view E aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E).

Vietnam (new records: Ha Giang, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan, Lang Son, Son La, Thanh Hoa); China: Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Yunnan.

1♀, Lang Son, Huu Lung, Huu Lien, Huu Lien NR [1♂, 21°43'22.9"N, 106°22'40.2"E, alt. 370 m, 12 Jun. 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al. leg.; 1♀, Phu Tho, Cam Khe, Jun. 2016, Vu Thi Thuong leg.

The genitalia of this species are described for the first time. Genitalia as in Fig. 3A–E. SVIII ~1.9 × as long as wide (at widest part), with basal margin almost straight (Fig. 3A). Parameral spine without setae. Volsella flattened, spatulate, wide on inner aspect, and with setae at top (Fig. 3B). Digitus thick, almost like an orthogonal trapezoid shape, wide from base to near rounded apex, 2 × as long as wide (at widest part), surface without setae, with some short setae at left side (Fig. 3C). Penis valves long, much longer than basal apodeme (~ 1.9 × as long as basal apodeme); in ventral view, proximal part slightly produced laterally into a rounded shape (Fig. 3D); in lateral view, apical part strongly produced into a bluntly pointed lobe (Fig. 3E), dorsal rod shorter than basal apodeme.

Figures 3. 

Euodynerus trilobus (Fabricius, 1787). Male genitalia A SVIII, dorsal view B inner aspect of paramere with volsella and digitus C digitus D aedeagus, ventral view E aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E).

British Indian Ocean Territories; Mauritius (Chagos Archipelago); Réunion; China: Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guagdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Gansu, Guizhou, Taiwan, Hong Kong; Vietnam (new records: Lang Son); Malaysia; Indonesia: Java; Taiwan; Japan: Ryûkyû Islands.

The female of this species can be distinguished from other species of Oriental Euodynerus by the following combination of characters: Clypeus as wide as high, apical teeth spaced about 1/5 of the maximum width of the clypeus, noticeably reflexed and carinate; pronotal lateral surface concave, with concavity clearly separated from the dorsal surface by a blunt carina; TII with apical margin widely lamellate; SII in lateral view quite strongly convex, without a mediolongitudinal furrow basally; TI–II covered with deep and strong punctures, with interspaces larger than puncture diameter; mesoscutum as long as wide, densely and coarsely covered with flat-bottomed punctures, with interspaces raised to form reticulation.

Holotype : Vietnam: ♀; Lang Son province, Huu Lung, Huu Lien, Lan Nghe, Huu Lien NR, 21°33'48.6"N, 106°24'36.4"E, alt. 289 m, 11 Jun. 2018, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Truong Xuan Lam, Tran Thi Ngat, Luong Viet Tuan, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha leg. Paratype (deposited in IEBR). Vietnam: Son La: 1♀, Moc Chau, Chieng Nua, 20°43'18"N, 104°45'28"E, alt. 550 m, 23 Jun. 2020, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien et al. Leg.; Vinh Phuc: 1♀, Me Linh biodiversity station, 25 May 2013, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien leg.; 1♀, Dak Lak, Ea Kar, Ea So, Ea So NR station N^o5, 12°59'14.7"N, 108°40'17.8"E, alt. 78 m, 14 Apr. 2015, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Nguyen Dac Dai, Nguyen Phuong Minh leg.; 1♀, Ha Tinh, Vu Quang, Sơn Kim 2, Vu Quang NP, Khe Che, 18°24'10.3"N 105°18'42.7"E, 10 Jul. 2023, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Nguyen Quang Cuong, Tran Thi Ngat leg.

Female. Body length 10–12 mm (holotype 12 mm); fore wing length 9.0–10.0 mm (holotype 10 mm).

Head in frontal view about 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 4A). Inner compound eye margins slightly converging below, interocular distance about 1.1 × wider at vertex than at clypeus (Fig. 4A). Clypeus in frontal view as wide as high, narrowly and weakly emarginate at apex; apical teeth spaced about 1/5 of the maximum width of clypeus, noticeably reflexed and carinate; carina prolonged throughout apical sixth of clypeus, delimiting a clearly depressed area; basal margin convex and not contacting antennal toruli (Fig. 4A); clypeus in lateral view evenly convex in basal half, then straight to near apical margin, shallowly depressed near apex. Vertex with small cephalic foveae which placed at a large depress area which bordered by a faint arcuate carina; occipital carina complete, reflexed on upper three fourths of gena (Fig. 4B). Gena about 0.4 × as wide as compound eye at bottom of ocular sinus; distance from posterior ocellus to occipital carina about 1.8 × as distance from posterior ocellus to inner compound eye margin. Mandible with five teeth. Scape long, 4.7 × as long as apically wide; FI 1.6 × as long as wide, FII subquadrate, FIII–IX wider than long, FX bullet-shaped, 1.2 × as wide as high.

Figure 4. 

Euodynerus furvus sp. nov. Holotype, female A head, frontal view B head and mesosoma, dorsal view C pronotum, lateral view D metanotum, frontal view E propodeum, posterior view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Mesosoma 1.2 × as long as wide in dorsal view (Fig. 4B). Pronotal carina complete and sharp, rounded on humeri; pronotum with lateral surface concave, concavity clearly separated from dorsal surface by a blunt carina (Fig. 4C). Mesoscutum as long as wide, in lateral view weakly convex, somewhat flattened posteriorly (Fig. 4B). Mesoscutellum slightly raised before meeting mesoscutum, disc of mesoscutellum almost flat; anterior margin crenate and forming 8–9 pits (Fig. 4B). Metanotum oblique and evenly sloping to propodeum, transition from horizontal to vertical surface forming a sharp corner and strongly crenulate when viewed from front (Fig. 4D). Epicnemial carina strong and complete, almost reaching pronotal margin. Propodeum excavated medially, posterior surface with a strong carina running from basal half to middle and a deep median furrow running from middle to apex; upper part of propodeum with well-distanced carinae forming a clearly visible large tooth at top (Fig. 4E), dorsal surface smoothly connected to posterior surface; border between posterior and lateral surfaces angled (Fig. 4E).

TI subcylindrical, with lateral margins almost parallel, as wide as TII, in dorsal view 1.7 × as wide as long. TII in dorsal view with weakly and evenly convex sides, 1.4 × as wide as long, with apical margin widely lamellate and reflexed (Fig. 5A). SII in lateral view quite strongly convex (Fig. 5B), without a basal longitudinal median furrow.

Figure 5. 

Euodynerus furvus sp. nov. Holotype, female A metasomal segment, dorsal view B habitus. Scale bar:1 mm.

Body covered with short, silvery setae. Clypeus with sparse and strong punctures, bearing short setae; interspaces between punctures about as wide as or 2 × larger than puncture diameter, with minute punctures, area near apical margin with coarse sculpture. Frons with dense and coarse and shallow punctures, interspaces narrow and slightly raised to form week reticulation. Vertex and gena with punctures similar to those on frons but punctures deeper and stronger; lower part of gena with small and shallow punctures; vertex depress medially. Scape with sparse small punctures. Pronotum with coarse punctures, spaces between punctures narrow, strongly raised to form reticulation. Mesoscutum densely and coarsely covered with flat-bottomed punctures, with interspaces raised to form reticulation. Mesoscutellum and metanotum with punctures similar to those on mesoscutum. Tegula with sparse minute punctures. Mesepisternum with flat-bottomed punctures, larger and denser posterodorsally, smooth ventrally; mesepisternum with bigger and coarser punctures posterodorsally than on pronotum, barely punctured anteroventrally; epicnemial carina positioned at border between posterodorsal and anteroventral part. Metepisternum with weak short striae laterally and small punctures at upper parts of dorsal area, with sparse shallow punctures in ventral area. Propodeum with punctures on dorsal surface very large, interspaces strongly raised to form reticulation, punctures on lateral parts much smaller and shallower than in dorsal part, posterior surface shiny with strong sparse punctures, with oblique short striae lateral of median furrow.

TI–II covered with large and deep punctures, with interspaces as wide as or smaller than puncture diameter, punctures near apical margin of TII deeper and coarser than those on other parts of tergum, punctures on TIII–IV similar to those near apical margin of TII, punctures on TV smaller and weaker than those on TII–IV, TVI with minute punctures; punctures on sternum II deeper and larger than those on TII.

Color. Black; following parts light yellow: small spot on vertex behind compound eye, spots at anterior margin of pronotum, apical margin of TII, and a small spot at lateral corner of SII. Ventral surface of scape reddish brown. Wings dark brown.

Male. Unknown.

Vietnam (Lang Son, Son La, Vinh Phuc, Ha Tinh, Dac Lak).

The specific epithet is from the Latin adjective furvus (meaning, “black”), and refers to the black body of this species.

This species is seemingly close to E. koenigsmanni Giordani Soika, 1972 by having the pronotum concave laterally and the clypeus noticeably reflexed and carinate, but can be separated by the following characters: TII with well-developed lamella and reflexed at apical margin (TII not reflexed at apical margin in E. koenigsmanni); SII without a basal mediolongitudinal furrow (SII with a short basal mediolongitudinal furrow in E. koenigsmanni).