There is only one species of Biroia in Thailand though it is extreme in its color variation. The head and pro- and mesothorax vary from entirely black to orange. In Thailand there is little variation between these two extremes, although several of the orange forms have the vertex black. One specimen from Brunei has the head mostly black and the mesoscutum black in the posterior 2/3. The wings are melanic-infuscate basally and milky white distally. 28S sequence data for four specimens of the melanic form and one specimen of the orange and black form are identical (Fig. 2).

Biroia fuscicornis Cameron 1903, Cremnops satapensis Cameron 1907, Isopronotum seminigripenne Enderlein 1920, Isopronotum tricolor Enderlein 1920, and Biroia soror van Achterberg and Long 2010 are all considered here as junior synonyms of Biroia fuscicornis. The major differences between these nominal species are in coloration and it is noteworthy that all three of the taxa described by Enderlein are from the same locality, Sarawak, and presumably from similar dates. Biroia abdominalis (Enderlein 1920) is also very similar and may represent the same species but until sequence data are available we choose to keep it separate, in agreement with van Achterberg and Long (2010).

H0030: #HQ667945 (black form). H0018: #HQ667942. H0020: #HQ667943. H0049: #HQ667944. H0082: #HQ667941

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei), Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Distribution maps can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/bfuscicornis.

Examined specimens are deposited in the following collection: MZPW, BMNH, HIC, USNM, UKM, QSBG, RMNH.

Only two species are known from Thailand; however three species from Peninsular Malaysia are included due to their likelihood of occurring in southern Thailand.

1a	Dorsal head and mesoscutum entirely yellow	2
1b	Dorsal head and mesoscutum entirely reddish brown	Braunsia sumatrana Enderlein
1c	Dorsal head black and mesoscutum melanic or mostly melanic	3
1d	Dorsal head black, mesoscutum yellowish orange	Braunsia fumipennis (Cameron)
2a	Apex of antenna yellow, hind tibia with 13 or more spines	Braunsia chaweewanaeSharkey, sp. n.
2b	Apex of antenna melanic, hind tibia with 12 or fewer spines	Braunsia smithiiDalla Torre
3a	Mesosoma with many infusions of yellow color especially on pronotum and propodeum	Braunsia comosa Enderlein
3b	Mesosoma mostly melanic with the lateral lobes of scutellum sometimes deep reddish black; pronotum and propodeum melanic	Braunsia burmensis Bhat & Gupta

Mesosoma entirely melanic, sometimes with the lateral lobes of the mesoscutum reddish black; wings weakly infuscate; second metasomal median tergite pale in basal half or more.

H1101: #DQ201930

Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia (Cameron Highlands). Specimens are deposited in NHRS (holo- and allotype), and HIC (one specimen). The species is included here due to its likelihood of occurring in Thailand. Distribution maps can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/burmensis.

Differs from Braunsia smithii (Dalla Torre 1898)as follows: Apex of antenna yellow; fore wing with a larger melanic parastigmal spot and apex of fore wing darker; mid and hind tibia with more apical spines. The lateral ocelli of Braunsia chaweewanae are slightly more than ½ as wide as the distance from the eye to the lateral ocellus, whereas those of Braunsia smithii are distinctly less than ½ as wide.

Holotype female.Essentially as in Braunsia smithii except as follows:

Body length. 9.5mm.

Head. OOL 0.32; POD 0.13; IOL 0.16; 45 flagellomeres

Mesosoma. tubular portion of 2RS2 of fore wing shorter than length of 2nd submarginal cell; midtibia with 9 (right) to 11 (left) melanic spines; hind tibia with 16 (right) spines.

Metasoma. Median tergite 1 about 1.7X as long as wide apically (length = 1.66mm, width = 1.0mm).

Color. Yellow except as follows: the following are melanic: flagellum except apical segments, large parastigmal spot, distal 1/3 of fore wing and hind wing, apex of hind tibia and tarsus somewhat darkened.

Male. Unknown.

H245: #HQ667950

Known only from the holotype female from Thailand. Distribution maps can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/chaweewanae.

Holotype female: H245, Thailand, Loei, Phu Ruea NP, Suan hin Palee, 17.4977°N, 101.3425°E, 1178m, MT, 12–19.x.2006, Nukoonchai Jaroenchai [QSBG].

The color of this species is unique in that the mesosoma is yellow and black with most of the central areas of the sclerites black and the margins yellow, and the propodeum is mostly yellow. The first metasomal median tergite is long and narrow. The mesosoma, especially the propodeum laterally, is quite setose.

Male. Unknown.

Besides the holotype from Indonesia (Sumatra) one specimen from Peninsular Malaysia is deposited in UKM. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/comosa. It is included here due to its likelihood of being present in southern Thailand.

The color pattern is somewhat similar to that of Braunsia sumatrana, but this is the only similarity between the species. The first median metasomal tergite of Braunsia fumipennis is much narrower than that of Braunsia sumatrana (compare figures 12f and 16c), and the first metasomal tergum of Braunsia fumipennis is entirely melanic whereas that of Braunsia sumatrana is white basally.

The mid femur varies from yellow to black; the fourth metasomal tergum varies from almost completely smooth to aciculate, and may or may not have several transverse rows of setae. None of these character states are correlated in such a manner as to suggest different species.

H393: #HQ667947. H915: #HQ667946. H140: #HQ667975.

North eastern India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. This is a wide distribution but the specimens from disparate areas vary only in minor details. Distribution map from Thailand and Myanmar can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/fumipennis.

Examined specimens are deposited in OUMNH, RMNH, BMNH, HIC, and QSBG.

Similar species include Braunsia maculifera van Achterberg and Long, Braunsia pappi Chen and Yang 2006, Braunsia margaroniae Bhat and Gupta 1977, Braunsia bimaculata Enderlein 1920, Braunsia bipunctata Enderlein 1920, Braunsia matsumurai Watanabe 1937, and Braunsia tuberculata Cameron 1899. All of these differ in having more melanic color either on the wings or on the body or both, and most have the first metasomal median tergite somewhat wider than Braunsia smithii. The first metasomal median tergite is about twice as long as wide apically in Braunsia smithii, whereas the aforementioned nominal species are approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Undoubtedly there are more synonymies to be made amongst these nominal species but that is beyond the scope of this paper. Braunsia smithii is also similar to Braunsia chaweewanae; see the diagnosis of that species for differences between the two.

The type of B. smithii is from Ceram Island, Indonesia (Wallacea). Thus the geographic range of the species is wide. Despite this, examination of specimens from this wide range provides no morphological grounds on which to separate the two nominal species. As a warning to future revisers, all older specimens examined, and these include specimens from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, have an oily residue that causes the cuticle to darken in a variety of patterns depending on where the substance contacts the cuticle. This is especially apparent on the metasoma.

H292: #HQ667948. H906: #HQ667949.

Examined specimens are from Malaysia (Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia (South Moluccas). It is undoubtedly much more widespread. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/smithii.

Specimens are deposited in OUMNH, RMNH, MZPW, BMNH, HIC, UKM, and QSBG.

Large specimens with unique coloration; especially noteworthy is the extent of white coloration on the first metasomal median tergite.

Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia). It is included here because of the likelihood that its range extends into southern Thailand. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/sumatrana.

Examined specimens are deposited in HIC, UKM, RMNH, USNM.

1a	Metasomal terga almost entirely orange, and lacking a distinct white band, head entirely orange	Camptothlipsis hanoiensis van Achterberg & Long
1b	Metasomal terga mostly or entirely melanic with or without a pale transverse band on median tergite 2	2
2a	Mesoscutum almost entirely orange	Camptothlipsis philippinensis Gupta & Bhat
2b	Mesoscutum entirely melanic or almost so	3
3a	Penultimate labial palpomere about ½ the length of the apical palpomere (Note: the second palpomere, that which is next to the basal palpomere, is present and it is the thickest palpomere; in this side of the couplet there should be two palpomeres distal to it); mid tibia with more than 8 lateral spines	Camptothlipsis nigra Gupta & Bhat
3b	Penultimate labial palpomere absent or barely perceptible (Note: only one apparent palpomere distal to the thickest palpomere); mid tibia with less than 6 lateral spines	4
4a	Posterodorsal corner of pronotum orange	Camptothlipsis sheilaeSharkey, sp. n.
4b	Posterodorsal corner of pronotum melanic	Camptothlipsis annemariaeSharkey, sp. n.

Very similar to its sister species, Camptothlipsis sheilae. Similarities include median tergite 2 weakly granulate, pronotum mostly smooth posterodorsally (in the lateral corner) and 28S sequence data that differ at only 3 sites (of roughly 600 base pairs total) (Fig. 2). Camptothlipsis annemariae differs as follows: pronotum melanic orange in posterolateral corner, ovipositor distinctly shorter than body (see couplet 4 above to compare ovipositor lengths).

Holotype female.

Body length. 3.0 mm.

Head. Third labial palpomere not visible under a light microscope at 80x (uncertain whether or not a small palpomere remains), OOL 0.14; POD 0.05; IOL 0.11; 27 flagellomeres.

Mesosoma. Pronotum mostly smooth posterodorsally (in the lateral corner); sternaulus well impressed and distinctly crenulate for ¾ mesopleuron length; propodeum evenly areolate rugulose with small areolae; midleg with 5–6 spines; hind leg with 5 spines.

Metasoma. First metasomal median tergite (T1) 1.3 times longer than wide apically and distinctly granulate; T2 weakly granulate, remaining median tergites smooth.

Male. Unknown.

H394: #HQ667953

Known only from the type specimen in Thailand. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/anemariae.

Named in honor of the first author’s sister, Annemarie.

Holotype female: H394, Thailand, Petchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27, 12.822°N, 99.371°E, MT, 25.i-4.ii.2009, Sirichai [QSBG].

The extensive pale color of the body is not found in other Thai species.

The species is only known from Vietnam and is included here due to the possibility that it may occur in Thailand. See van Achterberg and Long (2010).

Quite variable in coloration; mesosoma from mostly black to extensively pale especially laterally; median tergite 2 from completely pale to mostly melanic with a pale transverse band basally. Third labial palpomere well developed, more than 9 spines on the mid tibia. Figures 19, 20 and 21 are of Thai specimens, figure 22 illustrates the holotype.

H096: #HQ667952. H433: #HQ667951. H546: #HQ667957. H1627: #HQ667955. H1635: #HQ667956.

The holotype is well described in Gupta and Bhat (1974). Based on the original description, and the name of the species, we assume that the melanic color of the type specimen has faded. Below are a few details for the Thai specimens.

Body length: 3.7 - 3.8 mm. Penultimate labial palpomere well developed. OOL 0.17; POD 0.06; IOL 0.10; 26 flagellomeres. Mid tibia with 9–10 spines; hind tibia with 12–13 spines. First metasomal median tergite (T1) 1.3 times longer than wide apically and distinctly granulate; sculpture of T2 distinctly granulate, remaining median tergites smooth.

The holotype is from Java and other specimen records include eastern India and Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/nigra.

Specimens are deposited in the USNM (holotype, and paratypes), CNC (paratypes), other examined specimens are deposited in QSBG, HIC and RMNH.

The pale color of this species is enough to distinguish it from others in Thailand. The penultimate labial palpomere is well developed. Figures 22 and 23 are of the sole Thai specimen, a male. Figures 24 and 25 are of the holotype.

Known only from Philippines and Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/philippinensis.

The holotype, from The Philippines, is deposited in the USNM and the Thai specimen is in QSBG.

Very similar to its sister species, Camptothlipsis annemariae. Similarities include median tergite 2 weakly granulate; pronotum mostly smooth posterodorsally (in the lateral corner) and 28S sequence data that differ at 3 sites (Fig. 2). Camptothlipsis sheilae differs as follows: pronotum yellowish orange in posterolateral corner, ovipositor about as long as body.

Holotype female.

Body length. 3.4 mm.

Head. Third labial palpomere not visible under a light microscope at 80x (uncertain if a small palpomere remains) OOL 0.15; POD 0.06; IOL 0.10; 26 flagellomeres.

Mesosoma. Pronotum mostly smooth posterodorsally (in the lateral corner); sternaulus well impressed and distinctly crenulate for ¾ mesopleuron length; propodeum evenly areolate rugulose with small areolae; mid leg with 4 spines; hind leg with 7 spines.

Metasoma. First metasomal median tergite (T1) 1.3 times longer than wide apically and distinctly granulate; T2 weakly granulate, remaining median tergites smooth.

Color. Head orange with black in ocellar triangle. Most of mesosoma black; posterolateral corner of pronotum yellowish orange. Median tergites melanic except median tergite 2 yellowish white.

Male. Unknown.

H664: #HQ667954

Known only from the type specimen in Thailand. Distribution map can be found on http://purl.org/thaimaps/sheilae.

Named in honor of the first author’s sister, Sheila.

Holotype female: H664, Thailand, Kanchanaburi, Khuean Srinagarindra NP, Tha Thung-na/Chong Kraborg, 14.5°N, 98.884°E, 210m, MT, 9–16.iv.2009 Boonnam & Phumarin [QSBG].

1a	Fore wing melanic distally with a melanic spot near parastigma. Scape entirely melanic or with some weak pale infusions medially	Coccygidium phaeoscapos Sharkey, sp. n.
1b	Fore wing weakly melanic distally with a basal transverse melanic band posterad parastigma (note the dark veins in this area). At least half of scape pale; scape half melanic (laterally) and half yellow (medially)	Coccygidium mastigion Sharkey, sp. n.
1c	Fore wing mostly hyaline with slight infuscation distally and small melanic area around parastigma; scape mostly yellow with a thin melanic stripe laterally	Coccygidium malayensis(Bhat & Gupta)

Fore wing almost evenly hyaline; scape with a narrow melanic band laterally. There is a widespread undescribed species in peninsular Malaysia that is very similar to Coccygidium malayenisis. The undescribed species differs as follows: ocular- ocellar length (OOL) longer, almost twice as long as lateral ocellar diameter. Yellow coloration on stigma less than 1/3 of stigma surface.

Body length. 6.7mm

Head. OOL 0.19; POD 0.14; IOL 0.08; EH 0.85; MS 0.20; 46 flagellomeres.

Mesosoma: Mesoscutum punctate; notauli well impressed and crenulate; scutellum with apical carina and subapical transverse depression; sternaulus well impressed and crenulate, extending about ¾ length of mesopleuron; metapleuron rugose in ventral 1/3, punctate dorsally; fore tibial spur as long as basitarsus.

Metasoma. Median tergite 1 about twice as long as wide apically (length = 1.11mm, width = 0.54mm).

Color. Yellow except as follows: flagellum melanic, scape yellow except for narrow melanic stripe laterally, pedicel yellow; tip of hind tibia black, hind tarsomeres brown to black, hind tibial spurs pale brown. Fore wing almost evenly hyaline, veins mostly yellow, somewhat more melanic apicoanteriorly; stigma yellow in basal 1/3 to 1/2, vein R pale from stigma to union with RS. Hind wing hyaline with yellow veins.

Male. Eyes are somewhat smaller than those of the female. This may be typical of most nocturnal species of Coccygidium. OOL 0.22; POD 0.13; IOL 0.12; EH 0.69; MS 0.29; 45 flagellomeres.

H071: #HQ667960. H075: #HQ667959. H086: #HQ667961. H971: # HQ667958

Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/malayensis.

Holotype female. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 1950, AEI. Identified specimens are deposited in HIC, AEI, RMNH, QSBG, and UKM.

Fore wing weakly melanic distally with a basal transverse melanic band posterad parastigma. Scape half melanic (laterally) and half yellow (medially).

Holotype female.

Body length. 6.12 mm

Head. OOL 0.13; POD 0.15; IOL 0.09; EH 0.88; MS 0.16; 38 (38–40) flagellomeres.

Mesosoma. Mesoscutum punctate; notauli well impressed and crenulate; scutellum with apical carina and subapical transverse depression; sternaulus well impressed and crenulate, extending about ¾ length of mesopleuron; metapleuron rugose in ventral 1/3, punctate dorsally; fore tibial spur as long as basitarsus.

Metasoma. Median tergite 1 about twice as long as wide apically (length = 0.94mm, width = 0.48mm).

Color. Yellow, except as follows: flagellum melanic, scape melanic in lateral half, yellow in medial half, pedicel melanic; tip of hind tibia black, hind tarsomeres mostly black but each paler basally, hind tibial spurs yellow to pale brown. Fore wing weakly infumate in distal half and in a longitudinal stripe basad stigma, veins yellow basally, melanic where the membrane is weakly melanic; stigma yellow in basal half, vein R pale from stigma to union with RS. Hind wing hyaline with yellow veins.

Male. Eyes smaller than those of female. OOL 0.17; POD 0.15; IOL 0.11; EH 0.79; MS 0.23; 40 flagellomeres.

H102: #HQ667977. H680: #HQ667962.

Known only from Thailand. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/mastigion.

Mastigion is the diminutive form of the Greek word mastix; it is a reference to the short flagellum of this species.

Holotype female: H102, Thailand, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, lawn near Sab Somboon forest unit, 16.013°N, 101.975°E, 648m, MT, 26.xi-3.xii.2006, Tawit Jaruphan [QSBG], Paratype male: H680, Thailand, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, 15.9586°N, 101.9073°E, MT, 12–19.iv.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong [HIC].

Fore wing melanic distally with a melanic spot near parastigma. Scape entirely melanic or with some weak pale infusions medially.

Holotype female.

Body length. 7.1 mm

Head. OOL 0.17; POD 0.17; IOL 0.12; EH 1.04; MS 0.18; 42 flagellomeres.

Mesosoma: Mesoscutum punctate; notauli well impressed and crenulate; scutellum with apical carina and subapical transverse depression; sternaulus well impressed and crenulate, extending about ¾ length of mesopleuron; metapleuron rugose in ventral 1/3, punctate dorsally; fore tibial spur distinctly longer than basitarsus.

Metasoma. Median tergite 1 about twice as long as wide apically (length = 1.11mm, width = 0.59 mm).

Color. Yellow except as follows: flagellum melanic, scape entirely melanic or rarely with some weak pale infusions medially, pedicel melanic; tip of hind tibia varying from black to brown, hind tarsomeres varying from dark yellow to black, hind tibial spurs yellow to pale brown. Fore wing infumate in distal half and with a dark spot near parastigma, veins yellow basally, melanic distally; stigma yellow in basal half, vein R pale from stigma to union with RS. Hind wing yellowish hyaline basally and distinctly melanic distally.

Male. Unknown.

H265: #HQ667965. H266: #HQ667964. H267: #HQ667967. H342: #HQ667966. H560: #HQ667968. H671: #HQ667963.

Known only from Thailand. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/phaeoscapos.

From the Greek phaios meaning dusky or brown, and scapos; this is a reference to the dark scape which distinguishes this species.

Holotype female: H267, Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Phu Krajeaw foothill 15.667°N, 105.508°E 246m MT 2–9.vi.2007 Tongcam & Banlu [QSBG].

Paratypes ♀: Thailand: H671, Chaiyaphum, Pha Hin Ngam NP, deciduous forest/ Tepa Waterfall, 15.649°N, 101.418°E, 614m, MT, 19–25.iv.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai [QSBG]; H265, Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam NP, deciduous forest, 15.666°N, 101.453°E, 357m, MT, 13–19.vi.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai[ HIC]; H342, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Mixed deciduous/S Na Noy office 16.817°N, 101.794°E, 276m, MT, 14–21.v.2008, Thonghuay Phatai; H266, Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan NP16.81°N, 103.892°E, 512m, MT, 16–22.vi.2007, Winlon Kongnara [QSBG]; H631, Tat Tone NP, 16°0.79N, 101°58.472E, 648m, MT, 12–19.v.2007, Jaruphan & Budsawong [QSBG]; H553 & H560, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Dipterocarp forest at Sapsomboon substation 16.018°N, 101.977°E, 674m, MT, 19–26.v.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong [QSBG, HIC]; H306, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Dipterocarp forest at Sapsomboon substation, 16.043°N, 101.977°E, 675m MT, 5–12.v.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong [QSBG]; H395 & H398, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Dipterocarp forest at Sapsomboon substation, 16.043°N, 101.977°E, 675m, MT, 26.v.-2.vi.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong [QSBG, HIC].

1a	Metasoma and hind leg mostly or entirely pale	2
1b	Metasoma and hind leg mostly or entirely melanic	Cremnops fuscipennis Brullé
2a	Fore wing variable but never as in 2b and usually with a yellow stigma area and two or three pale bands	Cremnops desertor (Linnaeus)
2b	Fore wing mostly deep yellow with the distal edge infumate and a small infumate patch below the parastigma (The latter may be variable.)	Cremnops mekongensis Turner

This is a highly variable and widespread species. The fore wing varies from completely infuscate to mostly hyaline with dark and yellow bands. The images in the key (above) show a good range of variation. The combination of characters given in the key is sufficient to identify Thai specimens.

Contrary to van Achterberg and Long (2010) we do not recognize the species status of Cremnops atricornis (Smith) but rather consider it to be a junior synonym of Cremnops desertor. The character that van Achterberg and Long used to separate eastern and western specimens of Cremnops desertor is the relative lengths of the fore tibia and tarsus. The first two specimens that we checked from Thailand fit their concept of the West Palearctic forms, and looking at all specimens from a large number of Oriental specimens the measurements are variable with no clear gap between long and short. Cremnops desertor has recently been found in North America. There is one specimen from Ottawa, Canada and one from Washington DC. These are in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa and the US National Museum in Washington, respectively. Among the specimens of Cremnops desertor from Thailand one was particularly small, i.e., 5.4 mm rather than the average length of 6.8 mm. 28S sequence data of several specimens, including the smallest, were identical (Fig. 2). A recently collected specimen of Cremnops desertor from Sweden differed in only 4 positions (~600 bps total) from the two Thai specimens that were checked (Fig. 2). The specimen of Cremnops mekongensis, which is very similar morphologically to Cremnops desertor, differed in 11 sites in the 28S rDNA (Fig. 2). There is no magic number as to how many site changes constitute a distinct species but we predict that as 28S sequence data are obtained for specimens of Cremnops desertor from sites between Europe and Thailand that there will be a grade in the 4 sites in which the 28S sequences differ.

H098: #JF506256. H8099: #JN019810. H294: #JN019811

Widespread over temperate and tropical Eurasia and, recently, accidentally introduced to eastern North America. Distribution map of Thai and Peninsular Malaysia specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/desertor.

Examined specimens are in the following collections: BMNH, HIC, QSBG, CNC and UKM.

Fore wing evenly and darkly infuscate, with or without a small clear patch posterior to the stigma; hind leg and metasoma black; head yellow with black vertex, mesosoma yellow except metathorax and propodeum which vary from yellow to black; notauli smooth and weakly impressed, especially anteriorly.

Very similar to Cremnops collaris Ashmead 1904, the type of which is from the Philippines, and Cremnops indicus Bhat 1979, from India. The three nominal species may represent one variable widespread species. The only obvious differences are minor variation in body color and wing color pattern.

Examined specimens are from Java and Peninsular Malaysia. Literature records are only from Java. Although the species has not been recorded in Thailand it is included here due to the likelihood that its range extends into southern Thailand. Distribution map of Peninsular Malaysia specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/fuscipennis.

Examined specimens are in the following collections: BMNH, HIC, and UKM.

Easily distinguished from other species by body and/or fore wing color. This is only the second specimen of the species collected, the other being the holotype.

H470: #HQ667976

Thailand and Laos. Distribution map of the sole Thai specimen deposited in HIC can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/mekongensis.

This is the only species of Cremnoptoides that is not almost entirely black. The other two species, Cremnoptoides furcatus and Cremnoptoides pappi, do not have the extensive yellow coloration present in Cremnoptoides yui. For descriptions of the other two species see van Achterberg and Chen (2004).

Holotype female.

Length. 7.0 mm.

Head. Antenna with 40 flagellomeres; head slightly elongate; frons with sharp lateral carinae extending to lateral ocelli.

Mesosoma. Sternaulus weakly impressed with elongate transverse, shallow carinae extending the length of the mesopleuron; metapleuron aciculate to rugose and moderately setose; propodeum areolate with a spindle-shaped medial cell; propodeum moderately setose except medial cell; hind trochantellus with longitudinal carina, medial and lateral hind claws both with a right-angled or slightly acute basal lobe, hind femur aciculate; mid tibia with one peg; hind tibia with 3 pegs; last abscissa of RS of fore wing sinuate.

Metasoma. Metasomal tergum 1 with a smooth transverse groove; border between tergum 2 and 3 marked by a smooth transverse groove; ovipositor slightly shorter than body length.

Male. Essentially as in the holotype.

The holotype is representative of darker specimens. Other specimens may have more extensive yellow color on the metasomal tergites and the flagellum may be pale brown, almost dark yellow.

Known only from the above localities in Thailand. Distribution map can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/yui.

Named in honor of Dr. Dicky Yu, for his immense contributions to hymenopterology.

Holotypefemale: H039, Thailand, Phitsanulok, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Mixed deciduous forest (Gang Sopa waterfall), Malaise trap, 4–12.xi.2006, Pongpitak Pranee, [QSBG].

Paratypes: Thailand: 1♀, H1182, Chiang Mai, Pa Huay Tong Moo 8 Tambon Bo Luang, 1–20.ix.1997, S. Sonthichai, [HIC]; 2♀♀, H1183 & H1184, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Huay Lao Kao, Malaise trap, 9–16.viii.2006, Sutin Khonglasae, [HIC, QSBG]; 2♀♀, H632 & H644, Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, Check point, Malaise trap, 5–12.v.2007, Noopean Hongyothi, [HIC]; 1♀, H681, Suphanburi, Pu Toei NP, Phu Toei hill top/road, Malaise trap, 1–8.viii.2008, Saunbua. L. , [QSBG]; 1♀, H1185, Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Don Huay Can, Malaise trap, 9–15.vi.2007, Tongcam & Banlu, [QSBG]; 1♀, H1181, Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Huay Sa Nhom plateau, Malaise trap, 11–18.xi.2006, Sorawit and Thongdee, [QSBG]; 1♂, H1186, Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Kua nang nee, Malaise trap, 25.viii-2.ix.2006, Bunlu Subsiri, [HIC]; 1♀, H766, Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Phu Krajeaw foothill, Malaise trap, 9–15.vi.2007, Tongcam & Banlu, [HIC]; 1♀, H001, Chaiyaphum Tat Tone NP, Malaise Trap, 12–19.x.2006, Tawit Jaruphan, [HIC].

1a	Mesoscutum yellow with a black spot on each lobe; notauli with wide crenulations	Disophrys strigata Enderlein
1b	Mesoscutum reddish orange; notauli with wide crenulations	Disophrys erythrocephala Cameron
1c	Mesoscutum yellow; notauli without wide crenulations	2
2a	Blunt tubercles between antennae	Disophrys rhinoides van Achterberg & Long
2b	Sharp carinae between antennae	Disophrys subfaciata (Brullé)

The color of this species is unique to Disophrys in the region.

H090: #HQ667971

Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra, Krakatau, Kangean Islands) (van Achterberg and Long 2010). Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/erythrocephala.

Identified specimens are deposited in HIC and QSBG.

The rounded protuberances between the antennae are unique.

H007: #HQ667970

Vietnam and Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found on http://purl.org/thaimaps/rhinoides.

Identified specimens are deposited in HIC and QSBG.

The general color pattern and the wide crenulae on the notauli are sufficient to distinguish this species.

Van Achterberg and Long (2010) described Disophrys maculifera as a distinct species based on the following distinctions. “Disophrys strigata differs by having the hind leg completely black (Disophrys maculifera has at least hind coxa, trochanter and trochantellus yellowish ventrally), fore coxa with a black patch, middle of mesopleuron and dorsal third of metapleuron and propodeum medially black (brownish-yellow in Disophrys maculifera).” Contrary to the preceding, the ventral surface of the hind coxa is yellow in the type of Disophrys strigata. However the major reason for synonymizing the two is that the Thai specimens are intermediate in coloration between the Vietnamese (Disophrys maculifera) and Sumatran (Disophrys strigata) specimens, which is what one would expect if they represent the same species. For example, the Thai specimens have yellow on the hind coxa and femur ventrally, agreeing with Disophrys maculifera, and the metasomal median tergites are entirely black, agreeing with Disophrys strigata.

This species is very similar to Disophrys insignis Roman, 1913 from the Philippines but differs in that the latter has much shallower notauli and the lateral carinae of the frons are much higher than those of Disophrys macilifera. They are undoubtedly closely related in that the pattern of the propodeal carinae is unlike those of other Disophrys. Normally the medial cell of the propodeum is greatly expanded anteriorly and laterally, however in these two species it is in the form of a small pentagon. The Thai specimens are somewhat darker than those of Vietnam.

H006: # HQ667969

Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/strigata.

Identified specimens are deposited in HIC and QSBG.

The color patterns, the relatively smooth notauli, and the sharp ridges between the antennae are sufficient to distinguish this species.

Van Achterberg and Long (2010) wrote the following concerning the similarity between their new species Disophrys quymanhi and Disophrys subfasciata, “Similar to Disophrys subfasciata (Brullé, 1846) from India, but that species has the scapus partly yellowish (entirely black in Disophrys quymanhi), no ramellus (present) and the notauli are deeply impressed (shallow).” Contrary to these comments, the ramellus, or 2RS2 vein of the fore wing, is present in the holotype of Disophrys subfasciata. The notauli of the Thai and Vietnamese specimens are deeply impressed and smooth exactly as in the holotype of Disophrys subfasciata. The remaining difference is the presence of some yellow on the scape of the holotype of Disophrys subfasciata which is absent in the Thai and Vietnamese specimens. In light of the fact that many specimens from India also lack this yellow coloration, and are otherwise identical to the type, we believe it to represent intraspecific variation.

H1862: #JF506257

Thailand, India and Vietnam. Distribution map of the Thai specimens can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/sybfaciata.

Besides the types, identified specimens are in HIC and QSBG.

This species is very similar to Earinus longensis Sharkey 1996. The coloration of the Thai specimens match specimens of Earinus longensis (China, Japan and Far East Russia) almost exactly, however specimens of Earinus aurantius are more gracile and their ovipositor sheaths are wider.

The Thai specimens differ from those described from Vietnam in that the former have less orange brown color on the mesosoma. In the Thai specimens this color is restricted to the apex of the scutellum.

H041: #HQ667972

Thailand and Vietnam. Distribution map of the Thai specimens which are deposited in HIC and QSBG can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/aurantius.

The light color of the metasoma combined with the color pattern of the wings is sufficient to distinguish this species. Gyrochus nigripennis Enderlein 1920 and Gyrochus sumatransis Enderlein 1920, both from Indonesia (Sumatra), are similar and differ in the presence of more extensive melanic color especially on the metasoma. Gyrochus ornatipennis (Cameron 1905) (New Combination for Disophrys ornatipennis Cameron 1905), from Borneo also has more melanic color. Gyrochus flavipennis (Brullé 1846) (New Combination for Agathis flavipennis Brullé 1846), from Papua New Guinea, has fore wings that are completely yellow.

Gyrochus helvus Enderlein 1920, from Sumatra, has a similar pale body but the fore wing is completely yellow except some very weak infuscation restricted to the apex. Gyrochus guangensis Wang, from China also has the fore wing completely yellow.

The five nominal species of Gyrochus differ almost exclusively in color pattern, particularly in the wings. Van Achterberg and Long (2010) illustrated a specimen from Vietnam with much darker wings than that of the holotype; however they have correctly identified the specimen. The specimen illustrated here from Thailand conforms much more closely to the coloration of the holotype.

H543: # HQ667973

China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens which are deposited in HIC and QSBG can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/yunnanensis.

1a	Pro and mesothorax orange, mid and hind basitarsomeres milky white	Lytopylus ebulus(Nixon)
1b	Pro and mesothorax mostly or entirely melanic, mid and hind basitarsomeres mostly melanic	Lytopylus romani (Shestakov)

The orange pro- and mesothorax combined with milky white mid and hind basitarsomeres distinguish this species.

Here we synonymize Agathis burmensis Bhat and Gupta (1997). It differs from the holotype of Lytopylus ebulus only in minor color variation and the degree of sculpture on metasomal tergum three, which is somewhat reduced in Agathis burmensis.

Examined specimens are from India, Taiwan, Burma, and Thailand. The pale specimen figured in van Achterberg and Long (2010, Fig. 217) identified as Lytopylus romani appears to be a representative of this species. Distribution map of the Thai specimens which are deposited in QSBG can be found on http://purl.org/thaimaps/ebulus.

The melanic mesothorax combined with melanic mid and hind basitarsomeres distinguish this species in this geographic area.

Lytopylus romani may be an uncommonly widespread and variable species or it may represent a complex of species. We suspect that the latter is more likely. The length of the ovipositor varies considerably within the “species” with some specimens from Far East Russia possessing particularly long ovipositors. A molecular approach may be necessary to resolve species limits.

Taiwan, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Far East Russia, Thailand. Distribution map of the Thai specimens which are deposited in QSBG can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/romani.

There is one other Oriental species. Troticus giganteus van Achterberg and Long (2010), has much more extensive melanic color on the fore wing. It is illustrated and described in van Achterberg and Long (2010).

Thailand and Vietnam. Distribution map of the sole Thai specimen can be found at http://purl.org/thaimaps/alloflavus.