The Liopteridae are represented in the Afrotropical region by two subfamilies: Oberthuerellinae and Mayrellinae, with the former having been recently revised by Buffington and van Noort (2012) and the latter by Liu et al. (2007). An identification key to Afrotropical liopterid genera was published in Buffington and van Noort (2012) and is also available online at: http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm . The other two liopterid subfamilies, Liopterinae and Dallatorrellinae, are restricted to the Neotropical and Indo-Australasian regions respectively (Ronquist 1995).

This subfamily includes two genera, Kiefferiella and Paramblynotus, with only the latter genus occurring in the Afrotropical region (Ronquist 1995; Liu et al. 2007; van Noort and Buffington 2012). Kiefferiella is endemic to the south-western Nearctic region, whereas Paramblynotus is widespread occurring in all biogeographical regions with the exception of the western Palaearctic region and Australia (Ronquist 1995; Liu et al. 2007).

Medium-sized to very small cynipoids. Very small species look superficially like cynipids, but careful attention to the relative size of the metasomal terga will help separate Paramblynotus from cynipids. Some superficially resemble figitids, especially Thrasorinae (not found in Africa), but can be separated from the latter by having a deeply foveate pronotum and mesoscutum, as well as by the diagnostic liopterid metasomal tergal arrangement with an enlarged sixth abdominal tergum (Figs 8A, 13A). Within Afrotropical Liopteridae, Paramblynotus can be distinguished by lacking any scutellar armament, by the lack of any sort of lobe at the base of the tarsal claws, and by the presence of an axillula (= auricula) on the side of the scutellum (Fig. 28C). Two apomorphic characters were proposed by Ronquist (1995) to circumscribe the genus: a well-defined and evenly curved ventral margin to the mesopleural triangle, and the female abdominal tergum six expanded to form the largest tergite in dorsal view. The Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-group has a less well-defined mesopleural triangle ventral margin, which is regarded by Liu et al. (2007) as a reversal, since this species-group is deeply nested within the Paramblynotus clade, and because an irregularly defined margin is a basal character state within the Cynipoidea (Liu et al. 2007).

Online interactive keys to genera of Afrotropical Liopteridae are available at: http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm . A standard dichotomous key is also available online at this URL as well as in Buffington and van Noort (2012). Here we provide keys to the Afrotropical species-groups and Paramblynotus species, which are also available on WaspWeb.

The genus is represented in all biogeographical regions except for the Western Palaearctic and Australia (Liu et al. 2007; Ronquist 1995). Three species-groups are present in the Afrotropical region: the Paramblynotus trisetosus and Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-groups (two of the seven species-groups recognized by Liu et al. 2007), as well as the new species-group Paramblynotus seyrigi erected here, which are all endemic to the Afrotropical region.

The type female of Paramblynotus yangambicolus was captured on a Drypetes gossweileri (Euphorbiaceae) log in Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) (Benoit 1956). Two females of Paramblynotus yangambicolus from Uganda are labelled “ex Coleoptera”; two other females from Uganda are labeled “ex Lepidoptera” (Ronquist 1995). In fact, no verified host records exist for Liopteridae (Buffington et al. 2012; Buffington and van Noort 2012).

Paramblynotus species are rare in collections. With the exception of Paramblynotus yangambicolus (6F), Paramblynotus fuscapiculus (14F), Paramblynotus zairiensis (2F), Paramblynotus kekenboschi (2F), Paramblynotus jacksoni (5F, 2M), and Paramblynotus scalptus (2F, 1M) the remaining 19 African species of Paramblynotus treated by Liu et al. (2007) were known from single specimens. The current revision is based on the examination of a further 65 specimens that have been recently collected or unearthed in existing collections.

Key to species-groups of Afrotropical Paramblynotus

http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Keys/index.htm

1	Mesoscutum smooth, shiny with only remnants of transverse costae. Median mesoscutal impression present, reaching halfway to anterior margin. The two scutellar foveae each with four subcarinae creating a transverse row of 10 longitudinally elongate subfoveae. Latero-ventral margin of pronotum angled where it meets lateral pronotal carina. F1 of antenna shorter than F2	Paramblynotus seyrigi species-group (Paramblynotus seyrigisp. n.)
–	Mesoscutum foveate-reticulate, or transversely carinate with foveae set in rows, or with rough discontinuous transverse costae produced into irregularly raised and slightly backward pointing teeth. Median mesoscutal impression, if present, obscured by sculpture. Scutellar foveae usually two in number, or less frequently subdivided into a maximum of 6 subfoveae. Latero-ventral margin of pronotum evenly curved. F1 of antenna equal to or longer than F2	2
2	Pronotal crest gradually raised, medially forming a conspicuous slightly backward pointing ridge-like tooth. Mesoscutum with rough discontinuous transverse costae produced into irregularly raised and slightly backward pointing teeth. Speculum longitudinally costate. Median propodeal area not delimited by lateral propodeal carinae, posteriorly foveate-reticulate	Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-group
–	Pronotal crest flat. Mesoscutum foveate-reticulate or with continuous transverse carinae with foveae set in rows. Speculum smooth, rarely longitudinally costate. Median propodeal area distinctly delimited by lateral propodeal carinae, posteriorly not foveate-reticulate	Paramblynotus trisetosus species-group.

We erect this new species-group to accommodate a single species that is likely to be a Madagascan endemic. The island is known for its high degree of endemism (Goodman and Benstead 2003).

Diagnosis. Paramblynotus seyrigi has closest affinities with the two Oriental species-groups Paramblynotus ruficollis and Paramblynotus punctulatus of Liu et al. (2007), however, the species is morphologically unique possessing a number of putative apomorphies listed below. The Paramblynotus seyrigi species-group shares the sculptural arrangement of the vertex (large ocelli with three distinct carinae extending to or between the toruli) with the two aforementioned Oriental species-groups, but the lack of an occipital carina in combination with an absence of a pronotal crest or tooth, and the putative derived apomorphic states where the posterior pronotal margin is uniquely represented by a swollen rim; reduced sculpture on the mesoscutum and a unique scutellar foveal character state comprising ten subfoveae separate it from these two groups. It is distinct from the two African species-groups Paramblynotus yangambicolus and Paramblynotus trisetosus in a number of characters including a glabrous mesopleuron without sculpture, antennal F1 equal in length to F2, and the presence of an angled latero-ventral pronotal margin.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Madagascar, Behara, Museum Paris, I·38, [A.] Seyrig (MNHN). PARATYPES. 13F, 9M: same data as holotype, SAM-HYM-P031800 (MNHN, SAMC, USNM); 6F, 4M: Madagascar, Behara, Museum Paris, XI·38, [A.] Seyrig, SAM-HYM-P044099 (MNHN, SAMC, USNM).

Behara (24°57'S, 46°23'E) is situated in south-eastern Madagascar (in the district of Amboasary Sud, which is part of the Anosy Region) near Tôlanaro (formerly Fort Dauphin), the latter was the first French settlement in Madagascar. There are numerous settlements in Madagascar with the name Behara, but based on an annotated copy of the map in Seyrig’s 1932 paper in combination with the fact that he lived in Tôlanaro for many years, the above locality (which is the largest and most well known settlement named Behara) was deemed to be the most likely (Rousse pers. comm.). André Seyrig collected throughout Madagascar from 1921 to 1944, but his collecting effort was focused down the middle of the southern part of the island from Antanarivo to Tôlanaro and east of Antanarivo to the coast (see map in Seyrig 1932 and Figure 1 in Rousse et al. 2011). Seyrig’s insect collection and manuscripts were given by his widow to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, MNHN (Rousse et al. 2011) and unless there are specimens collected by him from elsewhere in Madagascar that remain undiscovered in the Paris or other museums, current evidence suggests a restricted distribution for this species. In addition extensive inventory surveys conducted by Brian Fisher and colleagues from the California Academy of Sciences across Madagascar in recent years have so far not produced any specimens of this species (that we are aware of; many samples remain to be sorted from the CASC Madagascar project (R. Zuparko, pers. comm)) suggesting that the species is rare or probably more likely to be localized in distribution. Seyrig collected 32 specimens in the months of January and November 1938 suggesting that it is not rare where it occurs.

Madagascar (currently only known from Behara).

Named after André Seyrig (1897–1945) collector of the type series and prolific collector of many other faunal and floral taxa from Madagascar. Noun in the genitive case.

Belongs to the newly erected Paramblynotus seyrigi species-group (see above). Female with 13 (male with 14) segmented antennae (Fig. 1A); F1 shorter than F2; flagellum not widening toward apex; ocellar plate not raised; ocelli large, their diameter as great as distance between lateral and median ocellus. Vertex with two distinct lateral carinae extending from each torulus towards lateral ocelli, reaching posteriorly as far as in line with median ocellus; strongly keeled medial carina present between toruli extending towards median ocellus (Figs 2C; 2E). Occiput straight in dorsal view, smooth without a carina (Figs 1C–D). Lower face protruding in lateral view. Single submedian pronotal depression (Fig. 2A). Pronotal crest not raised. Lateral carina of pronotum distinct. Posterior mesoscutum and scutellum contiguously flat in lateral view (Fig. 1C). Mesoscutum smooth, shiny with remnants of transverse costae; notaulices complete extending to anterior margin of mesocutum; median mesoscutal impression present reaching halfway to anterior margin (Figs 1D–F). The two scutellar foveae each with four subcarinae creating a transverse row of 10 longitudinally elongate subfoveae (Fig. 1F). Upper mesopleuron and speculum glabrous (Fig. 2B). T6 largest dorsally, T8 exposed (Figs 2F; 3A). Wings clear with three darker vertical patches, a small patch either side of the basalis vein, a larger patch subapically between RS and M+Cu and an apical band confluent with the wing margin (Fig. 3B).

This species, along with Paramblynotus zohy sp. n. and Paramblynotus behara sp. n. represent the first records of Paramblynotus from Madagascar.

FEMALE. Length 5.2–8.0 mm (holotype: 6.3 mm ). Head, antennae (except for terminal segments which are darker), pronotum, legs and proximal third of metasoma brownish-orange; rest of mesosoma dark brown; rest of metasoma orange (Fig. 1A). Wings transparent; with three darker vertical patches, a small patch either side of the basalis vein, a larger patch subapically between RS and M+Cu, and an apical band confluent with the wing margin (Fig. 3B). Entire head with the exception of the genae and occiput strongly pubescent. Eyes prominent, bulbous, but not laterally extended much beyond outer margin of genae in frontal view (Fig. 2C). Antenna 13 segmented; F1 shorter than F2; flagellum not widening toward apex. Vertex smooth, ocellar plate not raised; ocelli large, their diameter as great as distance between lateral and median ocellus (Figs 2C; 2E). Face punctate-rugose, humped between toruli and clypeal margin, protruding in lateral view; antennal scrobe mostly smooth with minute punctuation. Vertex with two distinct lateral carinae extending from each torulus, defining outer margin of scrobe, towards lateral ocelli, reaching posteriorly as far as in line with median ocellus; strongly keeled medial carina present between toruli extending towards median ocellus (Figs 2C; 2E). Occiput straight in dorsal view, smooth without a carina. Lower face with strong excavations (with weak vertical carinae) defining upper clypeal margin, and containing anterior tentorial pits (Fig. 2D). Clypeus smooth. Genae with distinct foveae along eye margin, polished between these foveae and genal carina. Mesosoma strongly pubescent. Anterior plate of pronotum puberulous. Pronotum dorsomedially with swollen rim without any crest. Lateral carinae of pronotum strong, fading dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate. Dorsal pronotal area smooth with minute punctures, Mesoscutum smooth, shiny with remnants of transverse costae; notaulices complete, extending to anterior margin of mesocutum; median mesoscutal impression present reaching halfway to anterior margin. The two scutellar foveea each with four subdivisions creating a transverse row of 10 longitudinally elongate subfoveae (Fig. 1F). Scutellum medially smooth with sparse punctures, peripherally areolate-punctate. Posterior mesoscutum and scutellum contiguously flat in lateral view. Mesopleural triangle defined without ventral curved carina, strongly pubescent; upper mesopleuron glabrous, smooth, anteriorly and ventrally pubescent with minute punctures; median longitudinal impression percurrent with evenly spaced transverse carinae; speculum glabrous, smooth (Fig. 2B).

Metanotal-propodeal complex strongly excavated, excavations bordered by strong carinae. Metepisternum dorsally excavated with pubescence, medially polished with indications of minor rugose remnants, ventrally pubescent. Dorsellum with two strong medial foveae; laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Lateral propodeal carina present; median longitudinal propodeal carina well-defined, crossed by wrinkled transverse and longitudinal carinae extending onto nucha (Fig. 1F). Rs+M of forewing defined, but nebulous where it arises from basal vein at posterior third. Marginal cell 2.8 times as long as wide (Fig. 3B). Abdominal petiole very short, polished, 0.25 times as long as wide in dorsal view (Figs 1C–D). Posterior ventral margin of metasomal T7 sinuate (Fig. 2F). T8 well exposed, with a patch of scattered long setae posteriorly (Fig. 3A). Ventral portions of T2-T7 covered by sternum 3. Relative dorsal length of T3–8: 27:15:15:46:13:8. Tergites dorsally finely punctate; laterally and ventrally polished. All legs sparsely punctuate, strongly pubescent, except metacoxae dorsally glabrous, smooth. Mesotibial outer spur shorter than inner spur; metatibial spurs subequal in length. Ratio of first metatarsomere to the remaining 4 metatarsomeres combined: 0.70.

MALE. Length 4–5.5 mm. Very similar to female except for abdominal petiole, which is much more elongate, T2 as long as wide in dorsal view and twice as long as high in lateral view. Tergites 6–8 each with a dorsal terminal area of setiferous punctures, rest of tergite polished.

Historically this taxon has been recognized variously at generic (Decellea Benoit, 1956) or subgeneric level (Liu et al. 2007). Decellea was synonymized with Paramblynotus by Weld (1962); followed by re-establishment of generic status by Ronquist (1995); and subsequent re-synonymisation based on phylogenetic analyses, which showed this species-group to be deeply nested within the Paramblynotus clade (Liu et al. 2007).

Previously the species-group was only known from the African mainland with three described species (Paramblynotus mixtus Liu et al., Paramblynotus alveolatus Liu et al. and Paramblynotus yangambicolus Benoit). We describe two further species from Madagascar (Paramblynotus behara sp. n. and Paramblynotus zohy sp. n.).

This species–group is characterized in females by excavations (spiracular peritremata) on the terminal portion of T8 associated with the spiracle (Figs 7B; 9D; 12A–B), not referred to by Liu et al. (2007). A distinct pronotal crest is present, medially forming a conspicuous, slightly backward pointing, ridge-like tooth (Figs 4C; 6C; 8C–D; 10C). The mesoscutum has rough discontinuous transverse costae produced into irregularly raised and slightly backward pointing teeth (Figs 4C–D; 6C–D; 8E–F; 10C–D). The speculum is longitudinally costate (Fig. 11D, and the median propodeal area is not delimited by lateral propodeal carinae.

Key to species of the Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-group (modified from Liu et al. 2007)

Cameroon.

HOLOTYPE: Male: Madagascar, Behara, Museum Paris, XI·38, A. Seyrig (MNHN). PARATYPES: 1M: same data as holotype, except for I·38 (SAMC); 1M: Madagascar, Bekily, Reg. Sud. de L’ile, Museum Paris, I·39, A. Seyrig (MNHN); 1M: Antsiranana: Orangea, 3km E of Ramena, near fort, 65m, 12°14'49"S, 49°22'17"E, 21–23.I.2001, MT, Irwin, Schlinger & Harin’Hala, littoral forest on sand. MA-01-05-02 (USNM).

Madagascar.

Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-group. Male with elongate 14-segmented antenna (Fig. 4A). Forewing with RS+M vein arising at base of basal vein (Fig. 5B), a character state shared with the other Madagascan species in this species-group, Paramblynotus zohy, and separating these two species from the African species. Uniquely, Paramblynotus behara has spectral Rs+M and basal veins (Fig. 5B). Both veins are defined in Paramblynotus zohy; however, this character may be sex-linked and not diagnostic at species level. Males are not known for any of the other species in this species-group.

There is the possibility that this species may be the male of, and hence conspecific, with Paramblynotus zohy sp. n. This is unlikely given the marked sexual dimorphism in overall appearance, a trait that is not characteristic of the genus and one that would need to be invoked if they were conspecific. This species, along with Paramblynotus seyrigi sp. n. and Paramblynotus zohy sp. n., represent the first records of Paramblynotus from Madagascar.

See note under Paramblynotus seyrigi concerning André Seyrig’s collecting.

MALE. Length 2.7 mm. Head and mesosoma black; metasoma reddish-brown; antennae (except for three terminal segments which are darker), are orangish-brown (Fig. 4A). Wings transparent (Fig. 5B). Entire head punctate-rugose, strongly pubescent (Fig. 5A). Eyes small, not laterally extended beyond outer margin of genae in frontal view; 1.17× length of malar space. (Fig. 5A). Antenna 14-segmented; F1 subequal (0.95×) in length to F2; flagellum equally wide throughout length. Vertex areolet-rugose, ocellar plate raised, not delimited by carinae; ocelli small, median ocellus diameter equal to distance between lateral and median ocellus; large areolet positioned laterad of each lateral ocellus (Figs 4D, 5A). Face areolet-rugose; antennal scrobe rugose. Vertex evenly rugose; no carinae present between toruli and lateral ocelli; strongly keeled medial carina present between toruli; extending from median ocellus (originating as v-shaped smooth area at ocellus) to level of ventral margin of toruli (Fig. 5A). Occiput concave in dorsal view, rugose except for smooth, glabrous medial area. Genal carinae extend to mid posterior eye region. Lower face with two weak excavations at upper clypeal margin, containing anterior tentorial pits. Clypeus dorsally rugose, ventrally with horizontal carina, above smooth lighter area bordering straight margin. Genae large.

Mesosoma dorsally with scattered long pubescent. Anterior flange and plate of pronotum uniformly areolete-rugulose and pubescent. Pronotum dorsomedially distinctly raised, in lateral view distinctly higher than anterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 4C). Pronotal crest prominent, raised into a sharp lighter medial tooth (Fig. 4C). Lateral pronotal carina distinct, fading well before pronotal crest. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate. Mesoscutum foveate-reticulate with foveae set in irregular rows between transverse costae irregularly raised into strong backward pointing teeth (Figs 4C–D). The two scutellar foveae each subdivided by two very weak sub-lateral longitudinal carinae. Mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate; posteriorly with truncate lamella with a straight edge in dorsal view. Mesopleural triangle ventrally defined by a smoothly curved carina; upper mesopleuron foveate-reticulate; median impression vertically carinate; speculum finely longitudinally carinate (Fig. 4C). Metanotum laterally longitudinally excavated with fine pubescence. Dorsellum with three medial foveae. Propodeum coarsely areolet-rugose, laterally pubescent. Lateral propodeal carinae indistinct and inseparable from the longitudinal carinae; median propodeal area areolate-rugose, with elongate cells posteriorly forming parallel longitudinal carinae.

Rs+M of forewing nebulous, arising from the base of basal vein (Fig. 5B). Marginal cell 2.8 times as long as wide. Abdominal petiole narrow, laterally longitudinally carinate (Fig. 4E), dorsally sparsely variolate with confused, weak, longitudinal carinulation, twice as wide as long in dorsal view (Fig. 4F). Posterior ventral margin of metasomal T6 straight and T7 weakly sinuate in lateral view. T7 largely concealed behind T6 in lateral view, with strong setate medially. T8 strongly setose, visible in lateral view. Relative dorsal length of T3–T8: 7:3.4:3:2:2:3.5. Tergites 5-8 finely punctate; T3-4 polished (Fig. 4F). Legs strongly pubescent; coxae, femora smooth, shiny; tibiae and tarsi densely punctate (Figs 4A, 4E). Mesotibial and metatibial outer spur longer than inner spur. First metatarsomere half as long as the remaining 4 metatarsomeres.

FEMALE. Unknown.

Kenya.

Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

HOLOTYPE: Female: Madagascar, Bekily, Reg. Sud. de L’ile, Museum Paris, XII·38, A. Seyrig (MNHN).

Distribution: Madagascar (currently only known from Bekily).

Zohy is Malagasy for cave or cavern, with reference to the pothole or cave-like excavations on each side of the terminal portion of T8. Noun in apposition.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus yangambicolus species-group. Female with 13 segmented antennae; F1 same length as F2; flagellum widening towards apex; ocellar plate raised; ocelli small, median ocellus diameter 0.62× distance between lateral and median ocellus (Fig. 11A). Vertex rugose with two weak lateral carinae extending from each torulus towards lateral ocelli; strongly keeled medial carina present between toruli extending from median ocellus and fading below toruli (Fig. 10E). Occiput concave in dorsal view, alveolate without carinae. Upper face protruding in lateral view (Fig. 10C). Pronotal crest distinctly raised into conspicuous medial tooth (Fig. 10C). Lateral carinae of pronotum distinct. Mesoscutum with strongly toothed and ridged transverse costae; notaulices obscured (Figs 10C–D). The two scutellar foveae polished, without divisions (Fig. 11B). Upper mesopleuron and speculum longitudinally striate (Fig. 11D). T6 not much longer than T4 and T5 (Fig. 10A). T8 exposed with two pothole excavations on each side, a smaller circular one surrounding the spiracle and a second larger oval one adjacent to the first and extending to posterior margin (Figs 12A–B). Wings clear; Rs+M arising from near base of basal vein (Fig. 12C), a character state shared with Paramblynotus behara.

This species along with Paramblynotus seyrigi sp. n. and Paramblynotus behara sp. n.represent the first records of Paramblynotus from Madagascar.

See note under Paramblynotus seyrigi concerning André Seyrig’s collecting.

FEMALE. Length 4.5 mm. Head, antennae (except for terminal segments which are darker), mesosoma (except for propodeum and mesopleuron which are black) reddish-brown; legs and metasoma dark brown. Wings clear (Fig. 10A). Entire head punctate-rugose, strongly pubescent. Eyes small, not extending beyond outer margin of genae in anterior view (Fig. 10E); 1.4× length of malar space. Antenna 13 segmented; F1 same length as F2; flagellum widening toward apex. Vertex alveolate, ocellar plate raised; ocelli small, median ocellus diameter 0.62× distance between lateral and median ocellus (Fig. 11A). Face punctate-rugose, humped between toruli and clypeal margin (Fig. 10E), protruding medially in lateral view (Fig. 10C); antennal scrobe rugose. Vertex rugose with two weak lateral carinae extending from each torulus towards lateral ocelli; strongly keeled medial carina present between toruli extending from median ocellus and fading below toruli (Fig. 10E). Occiput concave in dorsal view, alveolate without carinae. Lower face with two weak excavations at upper clypeal margin, containing anterior tentorial pits. Clypeus rugose, margin strongly convex. Genae large, swollen (Fig. 10C).

Mesosoma dorsally with scattered long pubescent (Fig. 10D). Anterior flange of pronotum weakly punctuate/foveate; plate of pronotum medially glabrate and punctate/foveate with pubescence laterally (Fig. 11C). Pronotum dorsomedially distinctly raised, in lateral view distinctly higher than anterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 10C). Pronotal crest prominent, raised into a sharp carina running parallel to mesoscutal margin, fronting a horizontal shelf on posterior prontal margin that comprises longitudinally carinate foveae (Fig. 11A). Lateral pronotal carinae distinct, not reaching pronotal crest dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate with smooth areas (Fig. 11D). Mesoscutum foveate-reticulate with foveae set in irregular rows between transverse costae irregularly raised into strong backward pointing teeth (Figs 10C–D). The two scutellar foveae not subdivided by submedian longitudinal carinae (Fig. 11B). Mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate; posteriorly raised and projected into a truncate lamella with a slight emargination in dorsal view (Fig. 11B). Mesopleural triangle ventrally defined by a smoothly curved carina; upper mesopleuron foveate-reticulate; median impression vertically carinate; speculum finely longitudinally carinate (Fig. 11D). Metapectal-propodeal complex coarsely foveate-rugose laterally with dense pubescence. Dorsellum with two medial foveae; laterally excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Median propodeal area areolate-reticulate (Fig. 11B).

Rs+M of forewing defined, arising from the base of basal vein (Fig. 12C). Marginal cell 2.7 times as long as wide. Abdominal petiole short, longitudinally carinate, 0.22 times as long as wide in dorsal view (Fig. 11E). Posterior ventral margin of metasomal T6 and T7 sinuate (Fig. 10A). T7 largely concealed benath T6 only partially visible laterally and covered on dorso-posterior central margin. T8 marginally exposed with two pothole excavations on each side, a smaller circular one surrounding the spiracle and a second larger oval one adjacent to the first and extending to posterior margin (Figs 12 A–B). Relative dorsal length of T3–8: 21:13:15:12:0:4. Tergites 4-8 finely punctate; T3 polished. All legs sparsely punctuate, strongly pubescent, except metacoxae dorsally glabrous, smooth. Mesotibial outer spur shorter than inner spur; metatibial spurs subequal in length. Ratio of first metatarsomere to the remaining 4 metatarsomeres combined: 0.65.

MALE. Unknown.

HOLOTYPE. Female: South Africa, [first label] Alexandria, Cape Province, 22.2.1962, ACC. PE 857; [second label] with Curculionid in log of Ptaeroxylon obliquum; [third label] (Hym. Cynipoidea, Mesocynipinae) Paramblynotus Cameron, 1908, sp., det. Michael Soderlund, 1994; [fourth label] red holotype label (SANC). PARATYPES. 3F: Same data as holotype. Deposited in SANC, SAMC, and USNM.

South Africa.

Named after the Alexandria Forest, which now forms part of the Greater Addo Elephant National Park.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus trisetosus clade within the Paramblynotus trisetosus species-group of Liu et al. (2007). Female with 13 segmented antennae; male unknown. Ocellar plate present, mound-like; occiput concave in dorsal view. Mesoscutum deeply foveate, notaulices complete (Fig. 13D); upper mesopleuron entirely smooth, glabrous (Fig. 13C). T6 largest, T8 slightly exposed (Fig. 13F). Wings clear, no banding present (Fig. 13A). Most similar to Paramblynotus fuscapiculus, but distinguished by: the coloration of the female flagellum (terminal segment dark in Paramblynotus alexandriensis (Fig. 13A); terminal two segments dark in Paramblynotus fuscapiculus); and setation of T9: in Paramblynotus alexandriensis, a dense brush of setae is present (Fig. 13F); in Paramblynotus fuscapiculus, T9 is glabrous or with only very short, appressed setae.

FEMALE. Length 2–2.5 mm. Head, mesosoma and metasoma dark brown; antennae and legs light yellow; terminal segment of antennae dark brown (Fig. 13A). Wings transparent (Fig. 13A). Entire head with the exception of the genae and occiput strongly pubescent (Fig. 13E). Eyes prominent, bulbous, but not laterally extended much beyond outer margin of genae in anterior view (Fig. 13E). Antenna 13 segmented; F1 shorter than F2; flagellum not widening toward apex. Vertex foveate, distinct carinae absent; ocellar plate not raised; ocelli large, their diameter as great as distance between lateral and median ocellus (Fig. 13D). Face punctate-rugose, humped between toruli and clypeal margin, protruding in lateral view; antennal scrobe mostly smooth with minute punctuation. Weakly keeled medial carina present between toruli extending towards median ocellus (Fig. 13E). Occiput concave in dorsal view, smooth without a carina. Lower face with strong excavations (with weak vertical carinae) defining upper clypeal margin, and containing anterior tentorial pits (Fig. 13E). Clypeus gently strigate. Genae with distinct foveae along eye margin, punctate-rugose and densely pubescent between these foveae and genal carina (Fig. 13C). Mesosoma strongly pubescent. Single submedian pronotal depression present. Anterior plate of pronotum puberulous. Pronotum dorsomedially with swollen rim without any crest. Lateral carinae of pronotum strong, fading dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate (Fig. 13C). Dorsal pronotal area smooth with minute punctures. Mesoscutum deeply foveate, setose; notaulices complete, extending to anterior margin of mesocutum; median mesoscutal impression absent (Fig. 13D). The two scutellar foveae each with three subcarina creating a transverse row of 8 longitudinally elongate subfoveae. Scutellum medially foveate, sparsely setose, peripherally areolate-punctate (Fig. 13D). Posterior mesoscutum and scutellum contiguously rounded in lateral view. Mesopleural triangle defined without ventral curved carina, strongly pubescent; upper mesopleuron glabrous, smooth, anteriorly and ventrally pubescent with minute punctures; median longitudinal impression percurrent with evenly spaced transverse carinae; speculum glabrous, smooth (Fig. 13C).

Metanotal-propodeal complex strongly excavated, excavations bordered by strong carinae. Metepisternum dorsally excavated with pubescence, medially polished with indications of minor rugose remnants, ventrally pubescent. Dorsellum with two strong medial foveae; laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Lateral propodeal carina present; median longitudinal propodeal carina well-defined, crossed by wrinkled transverse and longitudinal carinae extending onto nucha. Rs+M of forewing defined, but nebulous where it arises from basal vein at posterior third (Fig. 13A). Marginal cell 2.5 times as long as wide. Abdominal petiole short, longitudinally striate, 0.5 times as long as wide in dorsal view (Fig. 13C). Posterior ventral margin of metasomal T7 gently sinuate (Fig. 13F). T8 well exposed, with a patch of scattered long setae posteriorly (Fig. 13F). Ventral portions of T2-T7 covered by sternum 3. Tergites dorsally finely punctate; laterally and ventrally polished. All legs sparsely punctuate, strongly pubescent, except metacoxae dorsally glabrous, smooth (Fig. 13F). Mesotibial outer spur shorter than inner spur; metatibial spurs subequal in length. Ratio of first metatarsomere to the remaining 4 metatarsomeres combined: 0.67.

MALE. Unknown.

Angola.

Democratic Republic of Congo.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Réserve Spéciale de Forêt Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326° NW Bayanga, 3°00.27'N, 16°11.55'E, 420m, 12.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S118, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P039816 (SAMC). PARATYPES. 1F: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6km 173° S Lidjombo, 2°21.60'N, 16°03.20'E, 350m, 22.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S240, Lowland rainforest, SAM-HYM-P039849 (SAMC). 1M: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km 53° NE Bayanga, 3°02.01'N, 16°24.57'E, 510m, 4.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S27, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-HYM-P029388 (SAMC); 1F: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km 53° NE Bayanga, 3°02.01'N, 16°24.57'E, 510m, 6–7.v.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M56, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-HYM-P024994 (USNM); 1F : Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km 53° NE Bayanga, 3°02.01'N, 16°24.57'E, 510m, 6–7.v.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M60, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-HYM-P024995 (BMNH); 1F : Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Réserve Spéciale de Forêt Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326° NW Bayanga, 3°00.27'N, 16°11.55'E, 420m, 11–12.v.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M93, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P025016 (SAMC).

Central African Republic.

Named after the village Bayanga.

Belongs to the monophyletic Paramblynotus trisetosus clade, with Paramblynotus coxatus, Paramblynotus fuscapiculus, rwandensis, Paramblynotus trisetosus, Paramblynotus zairensis, Paramblynotus cameroonensis, Paramblynotus kekenboschi, Paramblynotus jacksoni, and Paramblynotus carinatus (Liu et al. 2007). Median frontal carina almost extending to clypeus (Figs 15A, 15C). Ocellar plate defined by lateral carinae (two parallel carinae) delimiting the plate (Fig. 15B). Vertex with longitudinal carination as the dominant sculpture. Paramblynotus bayangensis is similar to Paramblynotus carinatus, but the ocellar plate does not have a row of relatively uniform large foveae along lateral carinae and instead has two parallel carinae defining the lateral edge (Fig. 15B). It can be separated from Paramblynotus kekenboschi and Paramblynotus zairensis by the more extensive median frontal carina which is distinct on the lower face, extending beyond lower margin of eyes and reaching the epistomal sulcus (Fig. 15C).

FEMALE (Figs 14A–F, 15A–F): Length 2.2 mm. Head and mesosoma black, metasoma dark brown; coxae, femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown (Fig. 14A). Wings clear (Fig. 15E). Antenna 13-segmented; flagellum thicker apically, distal segment longest and widest with three interspersed rows of multiporous plate sensilla (MPS); median flagellomeres constricted proximally and apically; grading from yellow distally to dark brown apically (Fig. 14C). Vertex with smooth area bordering carinae grading to areolet-rugose towards ocelli (Fig. 14D). Eye prominent, distinctly extended laterally beyond outer margin of genae (Fig. 15A). Ocellar plate raised and defined by two parallel lateral weak carinae delimiting the plate, posteriorly foveate, medially smooth (Fig. 15B). Median frontal carina distinct (but need right lighting to see it) in lower face, reaching to epistomal sulcus and bifurcated posteriorly to delimit a glabrous triangular area beneath anterior ocellus (Figs 15A, 15C). Antennal scrobe glabrous, defined by carina laterally. Whole face coarsely areolet-rugose with pubescence. Anterior tentorial pits distinct, situated in shallow depressions. Clypeus diagonally carinate laterally, with an anterior medial smooth excavation, foveate-rugose posteriorly (Fig. 15C). Genae coarsely foveate-rugose (Fig. 14C). Genal carina extending to behind dorso-posterior eye margin. Occiput glabrous. Anterior flange of pronotum glabrate. Anterior plate of pronotum glabrous and sparsely punctate anteriorly. Pronotum dorsomedially not distinctly raised; pronotal crest medially not raised into a process (Fig. 14C). Lateral pronotal carina distinct, almost meeting pronotal crest dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate-reticulate. Mesoscutum distinctly arched dorsally and foveate-reticulate with indistinct transverse costae (Figs 14C–D). Two scutellar foveae not subdivided by carinae; mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate and sloped posteriorly; posterior margin rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 14D). Mesopleural triangle ventrally well defined by smoothly curved carina and with white pubescence (Fig. 14E). Upper mesopleuron, including speculum, glabrous; median longitudinal impression present with unevenly distributed transverse carinae; lower mesopleuron glabrous and pubescent ventrally (Fig. 14E). Metepisternum foveate-reticulate and glabrous above, with an elevated glabrous, smooth area medially, and conspicuously pubescent ventrally (Fig. 14E). Propodeum overall areolate-reticulate; lateral propodeal carina present and distinctly curved medially; median propodeal area glabrate to rugulose; median longitudinal carina present, a transverse carina present anteriorly, and two submedian longitudinal carinae present posterior to transverse carina (Fig. 14F). Rs+M of forewing nebulous, arising from bottom third of basal vein (Fig. 15E). Marginal cell 2.3 times as long as wide. Bulla on Sc+R1 absent. Abdominal petiole 0.5× as long as high in lateral view 0.33× longer than wide in dorsal view, longitudinally carinate (Figs 14C–D). Relative length of T3–7: 14:7:8:28:8; T3–5 glabrous, smooth; T6 finely punctate with a medial row of long white setae; T7 punctate with an anterior row of long white setae; T8 entirely covered by T7 (Fig. 15D). All coxae and femora smooth shiny with pubescence; pro- and meso- tibiae and tarsi finely punctuate with pubescence; meta-tibiae and meta-tarsomeres densely punctate with pubescence (Figs 14A, 14C, 15D). Four apical teeth on metatibia. Proximal metatarsal segment 0.30× length of distal 4 segments.

MALE (Figs 16A–F; 17A–B): Length 1.8mm. Very similar to female, except for longer abdominal petiole, 1.54× as wide as long in dorsal view, as long as high in lateral view (Figs 16C–D). Tergite 5 laterally expanded and by far the largest tergite, latero-medially 1.5× longer than all other tergites combined (Fig. 16D).

Cameroon.

Democratic Republic of Congo.

Uganda.

South Africa.

Zimbabwe.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Réserve Spéciale de Forêt Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326° NW Bayanga, 3°00.27'N, 16°11.55'E, 420m, 13.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S162, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P039806 (SAMC). PARATYPE. 1M: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Réserve Spéciale de Forêt Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326° NW Bayanga, 3°00.27'N, 16°11.55'E, 420m, 13.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S148, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P039807 (SAMC).

Central African Republic.

Named after the Dzanga-Sangha special forest reserve, which forms part of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park. Noun in apposition.

Belongs to Paramblynotus trisetosus clade of Liu et al. (2007). Female with 13 segmented antennae (Fig. 18A), male with 14-segmented antennae (Fig. 19D), gradually darkening from base to tip; ocellar plate raised, bound by carinae anterolaterally; vertex with longitudinal carination; median frontal carina on face very weak and only defined between toruli (Fig. 18E) (extending to lower face or clypeus in the similar Paramblynotus kekenboschi and Paramblynotus zairensis); shares strongly curved lateral propodeal carinae (Fig. 18F) with Paramblynotus kekenboschi, but the nucha is glabrous as in Paramblynotus zairensis (dorsally longitudinally carinate in Paramblynotus kekenboschi); Paramblynotus zairensis has parallel lateral propodeal carinae. Upper mesopleuron and speculum glabrous; metepisternum with a median smooth glabrous area (Fig. 18C). T6 largest, T8 covered entirely by T7 (Fig. 19A). Wings ferruginous in marginal cells (Fig. 19B).

FEMALE (Figs 18A–F, 19A–C). Length 2.8 mm. Head and mesosoma black; antenna proximally yellow grading to black distally, legs yellow, and metasoma dark brown (Fig. 18A). Forewing with marginal and submarginal cells ferruginous (Fig. 19B). Antennal F1 1.38× longer than F2 (Fig. 18C). Vertex foveate-reticulate and longitudinally carinate, with medial transverse smooth patch adjacent to occiput (Fig. 18D). Eye normal, extending laterally slightly beyond outer margin of genae in anterior view (Fig. 18E). Ocellar plate raised, defined antero-laterally by a carina. Ocelli large, diameter of median ocellus equal to distance between median and lateral ocellus. Face areolet-rugose with scattered white pubescence; antennal scrobe with fine cross striations, glabrous posteriorly with pubescence anteriorly, outside lateral edge defined by a carina. Median frontal carina weakly present between toruli, not extending onto face (Fig. 18E). Anterior tentorial pits distinct situated in slight depressions. Clypeus anteriorly excavated, margin strongly convex, weakly bilobed (Fig. 18E). Genae foveate-reticulate. Genal carina strong, extending to dorso-posterior eye margin. Occiput glabrous, smooth, shiny. Anterior plate of pronotum glabrous, smooth, shiny with two submedian pronotal depressions. Pronotum dorsomedially not distinctly raised; pronotal crest medially raised into a small sharp ridge (Fig. 18C). Lateral pronotal carina distinct, continuous dorsomedially, but not reaching pronotal crest. Lateral surface of pronotum strongly glabrous-foveate (Fig. 18C). Mesoscutum glabrous-foveate (Figs 18C–D). The two scutellar foveae not divided (Fig. 18D). Dorsal surface of mesoscutellum glabrous-foveate; sloping gradually posteriorly (Fig. 18D). Mesopleural triangle ventrally defined by smoothly curved carina; upper mesopleuron glabrous, smooth, shiny; median longitudinal impression present with evenly spaced transverse carinae; speculum glabrous, smooth, shiny (Fig. 18C). Metanotal-propodeal complex areolate-punctate-rugose with metepisternum areolate-punctate in upper part, smooth medially and pubescent ventrally (Fig. 18C). Lateral propodeal carina present, strongly curved medially; median longitudinal propodeal carina present and crossed by two transverse carinae (Fig. 18F). Posterior medial propodel area and nucha glabrous, smooth. Rs+M of forewing absent except for nebulous distal third (Fig. 19B). Marginal cell 1.8 times as long as wide. Bulla on Sc+R1 present. Abdominal petiole 3.5× as wide as long in dorsal view, 2.5× higher than long in lateral view, longitudinally carinate (Figs 18F, 19A). T6 posterior ventral margin sinuate; posterior ventral margin of T7 evenly curved covering T8 (Fig. 19A). Relative length of T3–8: 20:13:15:40:16:0; T7 sparsely finely punctate; T3–6 smooth, shiny; T6 & T7 medially with a row of long white setae (Fig. 19F). All legs smooth, shiny pubescent, yellow contrasting strongly with body (Figs 18A, 19A). Metatibia apically with four small teeth. First metatarsal segment 0.60× remaining four segments.

MALE (Figs 19D–F, 20A–E). Length 2.7 mm. Very similar to female, except for longer abdominal petiole, 2.2× as wide as long in dorsal view, 1.8× higher than long in lateral view (Figs 19F, 20C). Tergite 5 laterally expanded and by far the largest (Fig. 20C).

South Africa.

South Africa, Zimbabwe.

Namibia

Cameroon

Democratic Republic of Congo

Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6km 173° S Lidjombo, 2°21.60'N, 16°03.20'E, 350m, 22.v.2001, S. van Noort, Sweep, CAR01-S240, Lowland rainforest, SAM-HYM-P039849 (SAMC). PARATYPES. 1F: Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Belge: P.N.A., Rwindi, 1000m, 20 au 24.xi.1934, G.F. de Witt: 773; Paramblynotus trisetosus group, det Ronquist, 1994 (RMCA); 1F: Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Belge: P.N.G., Miss H. De Saeger, Dedegwa, 17-v-1952, H. De Saeger, 3481; Paramblynotus trisetosus group, det Ronquist, 1994 (RMCA).

Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo.

“Matele” is BaAka for tattoo. The BaAka pygmies, who live in the forests of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, use sap from the plant Rothmannia whitfieldii to ink tattoos onto their faces. The conspicuous lateral carinae of the antennal scrobes, which join with the genal carina forming an extensive carina running sub-parallel to the edge of the compound eyes, are reminiscent of these tattoo lines. Noun in apposition.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus trisetosus clade within the Paramblynotus trisetosus species-group of Liu et al. (2007). Immediately distinquishable from other species within this clade by the smooth dorsal area of the head (Figs 21E–F). The lateral carinae of the antennal scrobes are bound by smooth areas and each is subconfluent (almost meeting) with the genal carina on the vertex (Fig. 21F). In other species the rugose sculpture or diagonal subcarina of the vertex clearly interrupt the meeting of these two carinae. It shares the basket-like tuft of setae on the terminal end of T9 (ovipositor sheaths) with a number of other species within this clade (Figs 22C–E).

FEMALE. Length 1.9 mm. Head and dorsal mesosoma blackish-brown; lateral mesosoma, metasoma, and coxae dark brown; femora lighter brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown (Fig. 21A). Wings clear (Fig. 22F). Antenna 13-segmented in paratype (broken in holotype), proximally yellowish-brown gradually darkening towards apex; flagellum slightly thicker apically, distal segment longest and widest with three interspersed rows of multiporous plate sensilla (MPS); median flagellomeres constricted proximally and apically. Vertex posteriorly weakly areolet-rugulose, with weakly defined longitudinal carinae; anteriorly polished (Figs 21E–F). Eye prominent, distinctly extended laterally beyond outer margin of genae (Fig. 22B). Ocellar plate raised, with very weak lateral reticulate carinae; posteriorly weakly areolet-rugose, but largely polished (Figs 21E–F). Median frontal carina weakly defined between toruli extending to just below toruli. Antennal scrobe smooth, polished with isolated setae. Lateral carinae of the antennal scrobes bound by smooth areas (Fig. 21E) and subconfluent with genal carina on the vertex (Fig. 21F). Whole face and genae very weakly areolet-rugulose tending towards being polished, with pubescence (Fig. 22B). Anterior tentorial pits inconspicuous, situated in shallow depressions. Clypeus smooth, with an anterior medial depression (Fig. 22B). Genal carina crested, extending to vertex, where it is subconfluent with the lateral carina of each antennal scrobe (Figs 21E–F). Occiput glabrous, smooth, shiny (Fig. 21D). Anterior plate of pronotum ventro-medially glabrous, polished, laterally and dorsally setose. Pronotum dorsomedially not distinctly raised into a process (Fig. 21C). Lateral pronotal carina distinct, fading dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum dorsally areolet-rugulose, tending towards being polished ventrally. Mesoscutum distinctly arched dorsally and foveate-reticulate with indistinct transverse costae; notauli not evident (Figs 21C–D, 22A). Two smooth, polished scutellar foveae not subdivided by carinae; mesoscutellum areolet-rugulose and sloped posteriorly (Fig. 21D). Mesopleural triangle ventrally well defined by smoothly curved carina and with white pubescence (Fig. 21C). Mesopleuron, including speculum, glabrous, polished; median longitudinal impression present with transverse carinae; lower mesopleural margin bordered with pubescence (Fig. 21C). Metepisternum areolet-rugose, glabrous anterodorsally, conspicuously pubescent ventrally and posterodorsally; median shiny glabrous area present (Fig. 21C). Propodeum areolate-rugose; lateral propodeal carina weakly curved (Fig. 21D). Median propodeal area posteriorly glabrate to rugulose anteriorly; single reticulate transverse carina present anteriorly. Rs+M of forewing nebulous, arising from middle of basal vein (Fig. 22F). Marginal cell 2.9 times as long as wide. Bulla on Sc+R1 absent. Abdominal petiole 0.5× as long as high in lateral view, 2.2× wider than long in dorsal view, longitudinally carinate (Figs 22C–D). Relative length of T3–7: 11:8:9:29:9; T3–5 glabrous, smooth; T6 smooth with a medial row of long white setae; T7 punctate with a medial row of long white setae; T8 covered by T7; basket-like tuft of setae present on the terminal end of T9 (ovipositor sheaths) (Figs 22 C–E). All coxae smooth shiny with lines of pubescence dorsally and medially; femora smooth, shiny, strongly setose; pro- and meso- tibiae and tarsi finely punctuate with pubescence; meta-tibiae and meta-tarsomeres densely punctate with pubescence (Figs 21A, 21C, 22C). Four dorso-apical teeth on metatibia. Proximal metatarsal segment about two-fifths the length of distal 4 segments combined.

South Africa.

Democratic Republic of Congo.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Uganda, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field Station, 1587m, 0°33.408'N, 30°22.603'E, 30vii-5viii.2005, S. van Noort, UG05-M10, Malaise trap, degradedmid-altitude Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P025019 (SAMC). PARATYPES. 2F: one specimen same data as holotype (USNM); second specimen: Kenya, Western Prov., Kakamega Forest, Rondo, 0°14.13'N, 34°51.87'E, MT, 17–31.VII.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).

Uganda, Kenya.

The rainforest at Kanyawara, the area around MUBFS (Makerere University Biological Field Station) where the holotype was collected, is classified by foresters as Parinari forest, distinguished on photo aspect maps by the large spreading crowns of Parinari excelsa Sabine, a valuable timber tree. Noun in apposition.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus trisetosus clade within the Paramblynotus trisetosus species-group of Liu et al. (2007). The female flagellum is distinctly thicker toward the apex with the distal flagellomeres 1–3 black, contrasting with the preceding yellow-orange flagellomeres (Fig. 25A), a character state shared with Paramblynotus coxatus, Paramblynotus fuscapicalus and Paramblynotus alexandriensis. However, Paramblynotus parinari has finely punctate antennal scrobes without longitudinal carinae posteriorly, whereas these other three species have heavily and densely punctate antennal scrobes with longitudinal carinae posteriorly. A distinct, basket-like, dense tuft of setae is present on the terminal portion of T9 (ovipositor sheaths), a character state shared with a number of other species within the Paramblynotus trisetosus clade (Fig. 25F).

FEMALE. Length 2–2.5 mm. Head, mesosoma black; metasoma, coxae and femora (in part) dark brown; antennae and rest of legs light yellow; terminal segment of antennae dark brown (Fig. 25A). Wings transparent (Fig. 25A). Entire head with the exception of the occiput strongly pubescent (Fig. 25E). Eyes prominent, bulbous, laterally extended slightly beyond outer margin of genae in anterior view (Fig. 25E). Antenna 13 segmented; F1 shorter than F2; flagellum slightly widened toward apex (Figs 25A–B). Vertex foveate, carinae absent; ocellar plate distinctly raised, deeply foveate; ocelli large, their diameter as great as distance between lateral and median ocellus (Fig. 25D). Face punctate-rugose, keeled medially between toruli and clypeal margin; protruding in lateral view; antennal scrobe mostly smooth with minute punctuation (Fig. 25E). Occiput concave in dorsal view, smooth without a carina. Lower face deeply foveate, anterior tentorial pits set into shallow, foveate cavities (Fig. 25E). Clypeus entirely foveate. Genae with distinct foveae along eye margin. Mesosoma strongly pubescent (Figs 25C–D). Single submedian pronotal depression absent; lateral foveae present, open. Anterior plate of pronotum puberulous. Pronotum dorsomedially with swollen rim, crest absent (Fig. 25C). Lateral carinae of pronotum strong, fading dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate. Dorsal pronotal area smooth with minute punctures. Mesoscutum deeply foveate, setose; notaulices complete, extending to anterior margin of mesocutum; median mesoscutal impression reduced to small notch on posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 25D). The two scutellar foveae simple, smooth, with a few setae, separated by scutellar ridge; scutellum entirely foveate, evenly setose (Fig. 25D). Posterior mesoscutum and scutellum contiguously rounded in lateral view. Mesopleural triangle defined by ventral curved carina, strongly pubescent; upper mesopleuron glabrous, smooth, anteriorly and ventrally pubescent with distinct punctures; median longitudinal impression well developed, with evenly spaced transverse carinae; speculum glabrous, smooth (Fig. 25C).

Metanotal-propodeal complex strongly excavated, excavations bordered by strong carinae. Metepisternum dorsally excavated with pubescence, medially polished, ventrally pubescent. Dorsellum with two strong medial foveae; laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Lateral propodeal carina present, curved medially; median longitudinal propodeal carina well-defined, crossed by wrinkled transverse and longitudinal carinae extending onto nucha. Rs+M of forewing defined, but nebulous where it arises from basal vein at posterior third (Fig. 25B). Marginal cell 2.5 times as long as wide. Abdominal petiole short, longitudinally striate, 0.25 times as long as wide in dorsal view (Fig. 25F). Posterior ventral margin of metasomal T6 gently sinuate. T7 with a linear patch of long setae anteriorly, completely covering T8, except for a small protrusion that has a distinct basket-like tuft of setae (Fig. 25F). Ventral portions of T2-T7 covered by sternum 3. Tergites dorsally finely punctate; laterally and ventrally polished. All legs sparsely punctuate, strongly pubescent, except metacoxae dorsally glabrous, smooth (Figs 25A, 25F). Mesotibial outer spur shorter than inner spur; metatibial spurs subequal in length. Ratio of first metatarsomere to the remaining 4 metatarsomeres combined: 0.60.

MALE. Unknown.

South Africa.

HOLOTYPE. Female: Burundi, Ruvubu National Park, 1382m, 2.98144°S, 30.45531°E, Malaise trap, edge of forest, near Ruvubu river, 26 Nov–10 Dec 2009, R. Copeland SAM-HYM-P044100 (SAMC).

Burundi.

Named after the type locality along the Ruvubu River in the Ruvubu National Park.

Belongs to the Paramblynotus trisetosus clade within the Paramblynotus trisetosus species-group of Liu et al. (2007). Immediately distinquishable from other species within this clade by the presence of an infuscate patch, centered on the marginal and submarginal cells of the fore wing (Fig. 27E). It shares the basket-like tuft of setae on the terminal end of T9 (ovipositor sheaths) with a number of other species within this clade (Fig. 26F).

FEMALE. Length 3 mm. Head and mesosoma black, metasoma, coxae, femora dark brown; tibiae and tarsi light brown. Wings clear; weakly infuscate in marginal and submarginal cells extending towards apex slightly past vein RS (Fig. 27E). Antenna 13-segmented; flagellum thicker apically, distal segment longest and widest with three interspersed rows of multiporous plate sensilla (MPS); median flagellomeres constricted proximally and apically; light brown except for last two segments which are blackish-brown (Figs 26A–E). Vertex foveate (Fig. 27C). Eye prominent, distinctly extended laterally beyond outer margin of genae (Fig. 27A). Ocellar plate raised and weakly defined by lateral reticulate carinae; posteriorly foveate, anteriorly areolate (Figs 27A–C). Median frontal carina extending from level of toruli to approximately the level of the ventral eye margins (Fig. 27B). Antennal scrobe glabrous, medially smooth, with fine longitudinal carinae dorsally. Whole face coarsely areolet-rugose with pubescence (Fig. 27A). Anterior tentorial pits distinct, situated in shallow depressions. Clypeus diagonally carinate laterally, with an anterior finely carinate medial excavation (Fig. 27A). Genae coarsely areolet-rugose. Genal carina extending to behind dorso-posterior eye margin. Occiput glabrous, smooth, shiny. Anterior plate of pronotum ventro-medially glabrous, polished, laterally and dorsally setose and sparsely punctate. Pronotum dorsomedially not distinctly raised into a process (Fig. 26C). Lateral pronotal carina distinct, almost meeting pronotal crest dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum areolet-rugulose (Fig. 26C). Mesoscutum distinctly arched dorsally and foveate-reticulate with indistinct transverse costae (Figs 26C–E). Notauli evident posteriorly as smooth depressions with cross carinae (Figs 26D–E). The two scutellar foveae not subdivided by carinae; mesoscutellum areolet-rugose and sloped posteriorly; posterior margin rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 27D). Mesopleural triangle ventrally well defined by smoothly curved carina and with white pubescence. Mesopleuron, including speculum, glabrous, polished; median longitudinal impression present with transverse carinae; lower mesopleural margin bordered with pubescence (Fig. 26C). Metepisternum areolet-rugose and glabrous dorsally, conspicuously pubescent ventrally (Fig. 26C). Propodeum areolate-rugose; lateral propodeal carina curved medially; median propodeal area glabrate to rugulose; median longitudinal carina present, with transverse carina present anteriorly (Fig. 27D). Rs+M of forewing nebulous, arising two-fifths up basal vein (Fig. 27E). Marginal cell 2.2 times as long as wide. Bulla on Sc+R1 absent. Abdominal petiole 0.7× as long as high in lateral view, 1.7× longer than wide in dorsal view, longitudinally carinate (Figs 26C–F). Relative length of T3–7: 14:9:9:18:10; T3–5 glabrous, smooth; T6 finely punctate with a medial row of long white setae; T7 punctate with a medial row of long white setae; T8 mostly covered by T7, but ventro-posteriorly visible (Fig. 26F). All coxae smooth shiny with lines of pubescence dorsally and medially; femora finely punctate, strongly setose; pro- and meso- tibiae and tarsi finely punctuate with pubescence; meta-tibiae and meta-tarsomeres densely punctate with pubescence (Figs 26A, 26C, 26F). Four dorso-apical teeth on metatibia. Proximal metatarsal segment about half the length of distal 4 segments combined.

There is a damaged specimen in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) collection (Congo Belge: P.N.A., Escarpem. De Kabasha, 1500m, 14.xii.1934, G.F. de Witt: 919; Paramblynotus trisetosus group, det Ronquist, 1994) that possibly may be conspecific with Paramblynotus ruvubuensis, but given the damage we are unable to assign this to a species with any confidence. The metasoma and antennae are missing, as well as the wings and all legs on the right side of the body. Based on interpretation of characters available for observation the specimen appears to be related to Paramblynotus ruvubuensis. The specimen keys to Paramblynotus ruvubuensis, with which it shares the infuscate patch of the forewing.

Rwanda.

South Africa.

South Africa.

Democratic Republic of Congo.

South Africa.

1F: Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, 3°52'59.723"S, 37°52'34.631"E, 30.xii.1995, G. McGavin, Tree canopy fogging, 3/3, Acacia nilotica, SAM-HYM-P025010 (SAMC); 7F, 2M: Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, 3°52'59.723"S, 37°52'34.631"E, 30.xii.1995, G. McGavin, Tree canopy fogging, 3/2, Acacia reficiens, SAM-HYM-P025011 (SAMC; USNM); 1F: Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, 3°57'39.399"S, 37°51'44.229"E, 6.i.1996, G. McGavin, Tree canopy fogging, 3/37, Commiphora campestris, SAM-HYM-P025012 (SAMC); 2F: Kenya, Eastern Prov., Samburu Nature Reserve, nr Ewaso Ng’iro River, 874m, 0.56797°N, 37.53563°E, Malaise trap, riverine forest next to headquarters, 18.IX-2.X.2007, R. Copeland (NMKE; USNM); 1F: Kenya, Eastern Prov., Njuki-ini Forest, nr. forest station, 1455m, 0.51660°S, 37.4184°E, Malaise trap just inside indigenous forest, 28.V-11.VI.2007, R. Copeland (RCPC).

Previously only known from the holotype female (Figs 30 A–F), we provide a description of male character states where they differ from those in the female.

MALE. Length 1.5mm. Very similar to female, except for longer abdominal petiole, 1.54× as wide as long in dorsal view, as long as high in lateral view. Tergite 5 laterally expanded and by far the largest tergite, latero-medially 1.5× longer than all other tergites combined. First flagellomere 1.5× length of second, slightly wider distally, excavated laterally.

The Holotype was collected while feeding at flowers of Schotia afra L. (Karoo boer-bean), a tree in the family Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae).

Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania.

Democratic Republic of Congo.