Citation: Nugroho H, Kojima J-i, Ubaidillah R (2014) Synonymy of the potter wasp genus Philippodynerus Gusenleitner (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with Apodynerus Giordani Soika, with taxonomic notes on Apodynerus species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 36: 131–151. doi: 10.3897/JHR.36.6830
Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner, 1996, the type species of the monotypic potter wasp genus Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996, is a synonym of Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika, 1986), and consequently Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 is synonymized under Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993. Taxonomic notes on Apodynerus species are given, including two new synonymies for Apodynerus troglodytes troglodytes (de Saussure, 1856): A. t. karimonensis (van der Vecht, 1937), syn. n. and A. t. baliensis (Giordani Soika, 1987), syn. n. A synoptic key to species and a revised species checklist are provided.
Potter wasps, Vespidae, Eumeninae, Apodynerus, Philippodynerus, new synonymy
The potter wasp genus Apodynerus was proposed for Odynerus troglodytes de Saussure, 1856 (
We examined the holotypes of Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner, 1996 and Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika, 1986) [= Pachymenes gregarioides Giordani Soika, 1986], and came to the conclusion that they are synonymous. Consequently Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 is synonymized under Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993. The present paper also provides taxonomic notes on some other species of Apodynerus including new synonymies, a synoptic key to all the species of Apodynerus, and a revised species checklist.
The materials examined are deposited in the Natural History Collection at Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan (IUNH), Systematic Entomology Institute, Hokkaido University Museum, Sapporo, Japan (SEIHU), Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Indonesia (MZB), and Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (FFPRI).
The acronyms for other type repositories are as follows: BMNH – The Natural History Museum, London; ETHZ – Entomologisches Institut, Technische Hochschule, Zürich; LACM – Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California; MRSN – Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino; MVEN – Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Venice; OLM – Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseum, Linz; OUM – Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University Museum, Oxford, UK; RMNH – Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden.
Morphological characters and color patterns were examined on pinned-and-dried specimens under a stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Drawings were made using the drawing tube attached to the microscope. Terminology mainly follows
The holotypes of Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner and Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika) are both males and collected in the same locality, Palo on Leyte Island, the Philippines. We examined these holotypes and they are only slightly different from each other, allowing us to conclude that they are the same species, and thus we synonymize Philippodynerus omicroniformis under Apodynerus gregarioides. The holotype of Philippodynerus omicroniformis differs from that of Apodynerus gregarioides (character states for the latter are given in square brackets) as follows: clypeus proportionally slightly wider, 1.17 [1.13] × as wide as high in frontal view; metasomal tergum I slightly stouter (Fig. 7), 1.4 [1.45 (Fig. 6)] × as long as its apical width; mesoscutum posteriorly with paired small ferruginous spots [absent]; metasomal sternum II with no basal markings (Fig. 5) [with paired lateral yellow spots basally (Fig. 4)].
Apodynerus gregarioides. 1, 4, 6, 8, 10 holotype ♂ 2 paratype – allotype ♀. Philippodynerus omicroniformis 3, 5, 7, 9 holotype ♂ 1–3 clypeus 4, 5 Metasomal segments I–II, lateral view 6, 7 Metasomal tergum I, dorsal view 8, 9 Apical part of antenna 10 Head, lateral view. Scale 1 mm.
We did not find any characters that would allow us to differenciate Apodynerus gregarioides [=Philippodynerus omicroniformis, the type species of Philippodynerus] from the other species of Apodynerus at the generic level. Consequently Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 is synonymized under Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus
The characters given in the key for Apodynerus amandus Gusenleitner, 2002, Apodynerus diffinis Giordani Soika, 1996, Apodynerus rufipes Giordani Soika, 1994 and Apodynerus nitidiclypeus Gusenleitner, 2013, were taken from the original descriptions (
1 | Anterior face of pronotum densely punctured, with median pit. Female clypeus truncated apically; in frontal view nearly entirely flattened, with distinctly carinate border; in lateral view flattened | Apodynerus nitidiclypeus Gusenleitner |
– | Anterior face of pronotum glossy and slightly punctured laterally, without median pit and with series of median striae. Female clypeus in frontal view more or less convex, without carina; in lateral view more or less convex | 2 |
2 | Female clypeus truncated apically. Punctures on frons moderately dense in lower half, sparser and superficial in upper half; posterior part of vertex and gena with large, sparse punctures. Propodeum with lateral face distinctly separated from dorsal face | Apodynerus rufipes Giordani Soika |
– | Female clypeus at least slightly emarginate apically (Figs 2, 11–14, 41). Punctures on frons and vertex more or less dense, slightly smaller and sparser in posterior part of vertex. Border between lateral face and dorsal face of propodeum ill-defined | 3 |
3 | Submarginal carina of propodeum long, narrow, curved upwards and sharply pointed. Mesepisternum smooth and glossy, with superficial punctures. Metanotum obtusely dentiform. Male terminal flagellomere slender, curved backwards, apically nearly reaching the base of flagellomere IX | Apodynerus flavospinosus (Giordani Soika) |
– | Submarginal carina of propodeum short and wide. Mesepisternum usually with dense punctures. Metanotum dentiform or not. Shape of male terminal flagellomere variable | 4 |
4 | Tergum II in lateral view only slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 24); basomedian furrow of metasomal sternum II distinct | 5 |
– | Tergum II in lateral view convex dorsally (Figs 4, 25–27); basomedian furrow of metasomal sternum II absent or inconspicuous | 6 |
5 | Clypeus with sparse and superficial punctures. Mesepisternum with dense punctures; interspaces between punctures cariniform. Body entirely covered with long and dense setae | Apodynerus icarioides (Bingham) |
– | Clypeus with dense and deep punctures. Mesepisternum with dense punctures; interspaces non-cariniform. Body with short setae | Apodynerus formosensis (von Schulthess) |
6 | Metanotum sharply dentiform. Metasomal segment I proportionally long, 0.6 × as long as mesosoma (Figs 4, 5); in dorsal view more or less smoothly widened posteriorly (Figs 6, 7). Male terminal flagellomere flattened dorsoventrally, long and curved backwards, apically reaching the base of flagellomere IX (Figs 8, 9) | Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika) |
– | Metanotum obtuse or non-dentiform. Metasomal segment I proportionally short, about or less than 0.4 × as long as mesosoma; in dorsal view abruptly widened at the base (Fig. 30). Male terminal flagellomere short in most specimens (Figs 28, 29) | 7 |
7 | Female clypeus about as wide as high. Metanotum non-dentiform. Metasomal sternum II without basomedian furrow | Apodynerus amandus Gusenleitner |
– | Female clypeus wider than high (Figs 11, 12, 41–47). Metanotum hardly to obtusely dentiform. Metasomal sternum II with inconspicuous basomedian furrow | 8 |
8 | Metasomal tergum II with dense punctures in anterior half, interspace between punctures smaller than puncture, punctures becoming smaller but denser towards apex. Tergum I in lateral view abruptly swollen dorsally | Apodynerus diffinis Giordani Soika |
– | Metasomal tergum II more or less uniformly punctured. Tergum I in lateral view gradually swollen dorsally (Figs 25–27) | 9 |
9 | Ventral margin of clypeus proportionally wider, about 0.3 × maximum width of clypeus (Figs 41–47). Metasomal tergum II in lateral view more or less evenly and slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 25) | Apodynerus troglodytes (de Saussure) |
– | Ventral margin of clypeus proportionally narrower, about 0.2 × the maximum width of clypeus (Figs 11, 12, 15, 16) | 10 |
10 | Female clypeus about 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 11). Gena wider ventrally (Fig. 21). Anterior face of pronotum with distinct striae. Mesosoma proportionally long and slender, 1.4 × as long as high | Apodynerus yayeyamensis (Matsumura) |
– | Female clypeus about 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 12). Gena wider dorsally (Fig. 22). Anterior face of pronotum without distinct striae. Mesosoma proportionally short and stout, 1.2 × as long as high | Apodynerus quadricolor Giordani Soika, stat. n. |
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus_gregarioides
Figs 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10MALE: Head in frontal view about as wide as high; clypeus as wide as high (Figs 1, 3), in lateral view with anterior margin slightly convex dorsally and nearly straight ventrally (Fig. 10); labrum broadly rounded apically; apicalmost tooth of mandible long and sharp; gena narrow (Fig. 10); antennal flagellomeres IX and X flattened ventrally, flagellomere X smaller than preceding flagellomeres; mesosoma slender, 1.4 × as long as high and 1.3 × as long as wide; pronotum with distinct and well-developed striae on vertical anterior face; propodeum with shallow and narrow (less than half as wide as width of propodeum) concavity on posterior face; propodeal valvula subrectangular, not fused to submarginal carina; propodeal orifice oval; second submarginal cell of fore wing petiolate basally; metasomal segment I proportionally longer than that of any other species, 0.6 × as long as mesosoma; sternum VII with longitudinal carina at least in anterior half, latero-basally with brush-like setae. FEMALE: Head in frontal view about as wide as high; clypeus proportionally wider than that of male, 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 2); mesosoma 1.5 × as long as wide.
PHILIPPINES: LEYTE I.: 1 ♂ (IUNH; holotype of Pachymenes gregarioides), labeled “Palo, Leyte, Philippines, 1978.3.20, J. Kojima” and “Holotypus Apodynerus gregarioides Giordani Soika”; 1 ♂ (SEIHU; holotype of Philippodynerus omicroniformis), labeled “Naga-Naga, Palo, Leyte, Philippines, 1978.3.25, J. Kojima” and “Philippodynerus omicroniformis nov. Spec. ♂, J. Gusenleitner, det. 1996, Holotypus”; LUZON I.: 1 ♀, C.L.S.U. [Central Luzon State University], Munoz, Nueva Ecija, 18 Apr.1980, J. Kojima (IUNH; paratype of Pachymenes gregarioides).
This species is only known from the areas given in the original description (Luzon and Leyte, the Philippines).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus_flavospinosus
Figs 13, 17, 20, 23The species can be easily distinguished from other Apodynerus by the peculiar shape of the submarginal carina, which is long, narrow, sharply pointed and curved upwards. The following combination of characters also helps distinguish this species from its congeners: female clypeus in frontal view wider than high, 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 13); male clypeus in frontal view proportionally narrower than in female, as wide as high (Fig. 17); metanotum obtusely dentiform; metasomal tergum I in lateral view moderately convex dorsally, then slightly concave preapically (Fig. 23).
Apodynerus species. 11–14 ♀ 15–18 ♂. 11, 15 Apodynerus yayeyamensis 12, 16 Apodynerus quadricolor 13, 17 Apodynerus flavospinosus, holotype and paratype – allotype, respectively 14, 18 Apodynerus icarioides 11–18 Clypeus, frontal view.
Apodynerus species. 19–27 ♀ 28–29 ♂ 19, 24, 29 Apodynerus icarioides 20, 23 Apodynerus flavospinosus, holotype 25 Apodynerus troglodytes 21, 26 Apodynerus yayeyamensis 22, 27, 28 Apodynerus quadricolor 19–22 Head, lateral view 23–27 Metasomal segments I–II, lateral view 28, 29 Apical part of antenna. Scale 1 mm.
PHILIPPINES: LEYTE I.: 1 ♀ (IUNH; holotype of Pachymenes flavospinosus), labeled “Naga-Naga, Palo, Leyte, Philippines, 1978.3.26, J. Kojima” and “Holotypus Apodynerus flavispinosus”; 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (IUNH; paratypes of Pachymenes flavospinosus), Naga-naga, Palo, 25 Mar.1978, J. Kojima; 11 ♀, 11 ♂ (IUNH; paratypes of Pachymenes flavospinosus), Palo, [1 ♀, 1 Mar.1978; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 9 Mar.1978; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 20 Mar.1978; 2 ♀, 2 ♂, 24 Mar.1978; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 25 Mar.1978; 1 ♂, 26 Mar.1978; 1 ♀, 27 Mar.1978; 1 ♂, 30 Mar.1978; 3 ♀, 1 ♂, 31 Mar.1978; 1 ♂, 3 Apr.1978; 1 ♀, 2 ♂, 20 Jun.1980], J. Kojima; 1 ♀ (IUNH; paratype of Pachymenes flavospinosus), Burauen, 5. Mar.1978, J. Kojima; PALAWAN I.: 2 ♂ (IUNH; paratypes of Pachymenes flavospinosus), St. Pedro, Puerto Princesa, 29. Apr.1980, J. Kojima; 4 ♀, 7 ♂ (IUNH; paratypes of Pachymenes flavospinosus), Puerto Princesa, [1 ♀, 2 ♂, 23 Apr.1980; 1 ♂, 26 Apr.1980; 3 ♀, 3 ♂, 27 Apr.1980; 1 ♂, 29 Apr.1980], J. Kojima; LUZON I.: 8 ♀, 17 ♂ (IUNH; paratypes of Pachymenes flavospinosus), Univ. Phil. Los Banos, Laguna, [1 ♀, 18 Mar.1980; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 26 Mar.1980; 4 ♂, 4 May.1980; 1 ♂, 6 May.1980; 1 ♀, 9 May.1980; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 10 May.1980; 2 ♀, 1 ♂, 11 May.1980; 3 ♂, 12 May.1980; 1 ♂, 13 May.1980; 1 ♂, 20 May.1980; 1 ♂, 21 May.1980; 2 ♀ 3 ♂, 27 Jun.1980], J. Kojima; MINDANAO I.: 1 ♂ (IUNH; paratype of Pachymenes flavospinosus), C.M.U. Musuan, Bukidnon, 28. May.1980, J. Kojima; 1 ♂ (SEIHU), Zamboanga, 13 Jun.1933, K. Kuwasima.
This species is only known from the Philippines.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus_icarioides
Figs 14, 18, 19, 24, 29This species can be distinguished from other species of Apodynerus by the combination of the following characters: head in frontal view subcircular, slightly wider than high, 1.1 × as wide as high; female clypeus in frontal view wider than high, 1.3 × as wide as high, with dorsal and ventral margins distinctly emarginate medially (Fig. 14); male clypeus in frontal view proportionally narrower than that of female, 1.15 × as wide as high (Fig. 18); gena wide (Fig. 19); metanotum obtusely dentiform; metasomal tergum I stout, in lateral view swollen dorsally from base to mid-length, then moderately concave preapically (Fig. 24); metasomal tergum II in lateral view slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 24).
INDONESIA: Kalimantan: 2 ♀, Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan, 3, 23 Feb.1998, H. Makihara (FFPRI); 1 ♀, Mentawir River, about 50 m, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Oct.1950, A.M.R. Wegner (MZB); 1 ♂, Kayan Mentarang Nature Reserve, Pujungan, East Kalimantan, Apr.1993, D.C. Darling & R. Ubaidillah (MZB).
This species shows a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in India and Myanmar, and on Borneo. Van der
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus_yayeyamensis
Figs 11, 15, 21, 26FEMALE. Head in frontal view about as wide as high. Clypeus in frontal view wider than high, 1.2 × as wide as high (Fig. 11). Vertical anterior face of pronotum with series of conspicuously produced striae. Metanotum compressed, obtusely dentiform; posterior margin oblique in lateral view. Metasomal tergum II in lateral view distinctly swollen anterodorsally and barely convex in posterior two-thirds (Fig. 26).
Head and mesosoma black, with following yellow markings: interantennal spot, ocular sinus, scape ventrally, mandible basally, band on gena, large dorsal spot and ventral scrobal spot on clypeus; anterior half of dorsal face of pronotum interrupted medially; spot on upper part of mesepisternum, tegula except median ferruginous spot, parategula, scutellum nearly entirely, large spots on dorsal face of propodeum; antenna dark brown. Legs black, but apical part of fore and mid femora and outer face of tibiae yellow. Metasoma black, with following yellow markings: tergum I: paired sublateral bands running obliquely towards posterolateral corner of tergum and apical band; segment II: basal lateral spots on tergum, and apical band.
Lectotype male. Clypeus in frontal view about as wide as high; ventral margin proportionally narrow (Fig. 15), about 0.2 × the maximum width of clypeus. Scape 3.3 × as long as its maximum width; flagellomere X small; flagellomere XI minute, curved backward, with apex reaching about half length of flagellomere IX. Mandible with five teeth; apicalmost tooth long and sharp.
Mesosoma in lateral view about 1.4 × as long as high; in dorsal view about 1.3 × as long as wide. Metanotum dorsally with closely pair of obtuse teeth. Propodeum with somewhat deep median concavity on posterior face, in lateral view strongly convex.
Lateral face of propodeum with dense, strong punctures, in most specimens forming ridges between punctures. Metasomal segment I with dense, conspicuous deep punctures; segments II–VII with dense, deep punctures.
Black, with following yellow markings: interantennal spot, spot filling ocular sinus extending ventrally to antennal socket, band on gena, clypeus except apical ferruginous band and black transverse band at level of lateral lobes, scape except black dorsal face, mandible except ferruginous tip and narrow black band along outer margin; anterodorsal part of pronotum, scrobal spot on mesepisternum, tegula except ferruginous mid spot and outer margin, parategula, scutellum nearly entirely, spot on metanotal teeth, paired large dorsal spots on propodeum; markings on metasoma as in female, but terga IV–V with posteromedian yellow spot.
Color variation in males from Taiwan. Sublateral yellow bands on tergum I in some specimens reduced to small spots or lacking, terga IV–V and occasionally also VI with posteromedian yellow spot, and sternum III sometimes with apical yellow band.
JAPAN: 1 ♂ (SEIHU; lectotype of Apodynerus yayeyamensis), labeled “SK, Japan Matsumra, Yaeyama, VIII 07”, “Odynerus n. sp. yayeyamensis, det. Matsumura”, “Type Matsumura”, and “Pachymenes fragilis (Smith) det. K. Yasumatsu, 1938”; 1 ♀, Motobu, Sesoko I., 9 Sep.1982, J. Kojima (IUNH). TAIWAN: 2 ♂, Tojuko, Prov. Taichu [=Taichung], 1–8 Aug.1931, N. Owaki (SEIHU).
Apodynerus quadricolor is distinguished from Apodynerus yayeyamensis in the following characters [states for the latter are given in the brackets]: clypeus in frontal view proportionally narrower, about 1.1 × as wide [1.2 × as wide] as high in female (Fig. 12) and slightly narrower [wider] than high in male (Fig. 16); gena narrow (Fig. 22) [wider (Fig. 21)]; vertical anterior face of pronotum with series of striae faintly produced [distinct and conspicuously produced]; mesosoma more or less stout [slenderer], in lateral view about 1.2 [1.4] × as long as high, in dorsal view about 1.2 [1.4] × as long as wide; metanotum with posterodorsal margin rather sharply dentiform [obtusely dentiform]; metasomal tergum I in lateral view with dorsal margin arising after short distance from [at] basal slit; metasomal tergum II with dorsal margin basally strongly convex (Fig. 27) [less convex (Fig. 26)].
Color. MALE. Black, with following bright-colored markings: yellowish-orange: band on gena, interantennal spot, ocular sinus, anterior half of dorsal face of pronotum, large scrobal spot on mesepisternum, tegula except semitransparent ferruginous median spot, parategula, scutellum nearly entirely, paired small lateral spots on metanotum, dorsal face of propodeum, paired large anterolateral spots on metasomal tergum II; yellow: clypeus except dark-brown median spot and ferruginous semitransparent ventral part, mandible basally, posteromedian spot on metasomal terga V and VI; apical bands on metasomal tergum I and segment II pale yellow. Antenna pale ferruginous, darker dorsally. Pronotal lobe dark ferruginous. Coxae black; trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi ferruginous. Fore wings ferruginous, slightly darker along anterior margin.
Female. Markings as those on male, but clypeus black with yellow dorsal spot and ventral scrobal spot, only metasomal tergum V apically with median yellow oval spot.
INDONESIA: Sumba I.: 1 ♂, 9°40'S, 119°51'E, Sumba Timur, 30 Jan.2003, J. Kojima (IUNH); 2 ♂, 10°02.247'S, 120°03.332'E, alt. about 350 m, Laiwangi, 17 Jun.2010, A. Perrard (MZB); 1 ♀, 9°45'S, 120°35'E, Sumba Timur, 29 Jan.2003, J. Kojima & R. Ubaidillah (MZB).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Apodynerus_troglodytes_troglodytes
Figs 25, 30–47Apodynerus troglodytes is similar to Apodynerus yayeyamensis, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: Ventral margin of clypeus proportionally wide (Figs 41–47), about 0.3 × the maximum width of clypeus; female clypeus slightly wider than high, 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 41); male clypeus proportionally narrower than that of female, about as wide as high (Fig. 45); metasomal tergum I in lateral view with dorsal margin arising in slightly convex line from the basal slit, then broadly curved down to slight preapical convexity (Fig. 25); tergum II in lateral view more or less evenly and weakly convex dorsally.
Marking patterns of Apodynerus troglodytes. For the variations in Indian specimens, after
HONG KONG: 1 ♀, Pak Sha O, 70 m, 24 Apr.–14 May.2009, C. Barthelemy (IUNH). VIETNAM: 1 ♂, TT Mai, Chau, Hoa Binh, 3 Jun.2012, P.H. Phong (IUNH). MALAYSIA: Peninsular Malaysia: 1 ♂, Bukit Fraiser, 20 Jan.1991, T. Matsumura (IUNH); 1 ♂, Kuala Tahan, 31 Aug.1970, R. Jander (SEIHU). INDONESIA: Sumatra I.: 1 ♀, 4 ♂, Sekincau, S. Sumatra [= Lampung], 23 Jul.1982, Sk. Yamane (MZB); 1 ♂, Labuan Batu, Kec. Jabung, Lampung Tengah, 5 Nov.1975, S. Achmad (MZB); 1 ♂, West Sumatra, Kec. Limau Manis, Andalas University, 0°54.683'S, 100°28.35'E, 23. Sep.2010, H. Nugroho & J. Kojima (MZB); Sunda Strait I.: 2 ♀, P. Sebuku, S. Sumatra, 15 Jun.1955, AMR Wegner (MZB); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, P. Legundi, S. Sumatra, ♀ 19, Jun, ♂ 21 Jun.1955, AMR Wegner (MZB); 4 ♂, P. Rakata Kecil, Krakatau, 27 Jul.1982, Sk. Yamane (MZB); 1 ♂, P. Anak Krakatau, 10 Jul.1982, Sk. Yamane (MZB); Kepulauan Seribu: 6 ♀, 19 ♂, [1 ♀, Pulau Opak Besar, 05°40.23'S, 106°34.92'E, 9 Mar.2005; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Pulau Kotok Besar, 05°41.976'S, 106°32.254'E, 10 Mar.2005; 1 ♂, Pulau Samak Daun, 05°43.778'S, 106°34.313'E, 11 Mar.2005; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Pulau Pamagaran, 05°38.093'S, 106°34.74'E, 24 Mar.2005; 1 ♀, Pulau Dua Timur, 05°25.1'S, 106°29.4'E, 9 Apr.2005; 2 ♂, Pulau Bira Kecil, 05°37.6'S, 106°34.53'E, 12 Apr.2005; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Pulau Bundar, 05°31.260'S, 106°31.563'E, 28 Apr.2005; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Pulau Paniki, 05°41.726'S, 106°42.675'E, 30 Apr.2005; 4 ♂, Pulau Bokor, 05°56.744'S, 106°37.917'E, 5 May.2005; 2 ♂, Pulau Lancang Besar, 05°55.867'S, 106°35.230'E, 7 May.2005; 3 ♂, Pulau Rambut, 05°58.680'S, 106°41.569'E, 9 May.2005; 3 ♂, Pulau Untung Jawa, 05°58.611'S, 106°42.181'E, 11 May.2005], A. Spengler (MZB); Java I.: 1 ♀, 2 ♂, Carita, West Java, [1 ♀, 1 ♂, 21 Jul; 1 ♂, 13 Jul.1982], Sk. Yamane (MZB); 1 ♂, Geduwang, Baturetno, Wonogiri, Central Java, 24 Jul.2008, H. Nugroho & Giyanto (MZB); 1 ♂, 7°41.73'S, 110°28.99'E, alt. about 280 m, Manisrenggo, Klaten, Central Java, 30 Jun.2009, H. Nugroho (MZB); Kangean Is.: 4 ♀, 5 ♂, Bujutan, [3♀, 23 Aug; 1 ♀, 21 Aug; 5 ♂, 23 Aug.1954], A. Hoogerwerf (MZB); Karimunjawa Is.: 1 ♀ (MZB; holotype of Pachymenes fragilis var. karimonensis), 1 ♂ (MZB; paratype – allotype of Pachymenes fragilis var. karimonensis), “Karimon Djawa”, 22–20 Nov.1930, M.A. Lieftinck; Kalimantan I.: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Central Kalimantan, Hutan Gambut Kalampangan, Palangkaraya, Pemantang Kanal, 02°17.956'S, 114°01.625'E, alt. about 15 m, 31. May.2003, S Kahono (MZB); 2 ♀, 1 ♂, E. Borneo, Samarinda, Muara Kaman, alt. about 50 m, Nov.1950, AMR Wegner (MZB); 3 ♀, 4 ♂, E. Borneo, Balikpapan [2 ♀, Wain River, alt. about 50 m, Nov.1950; 1 ♀, 4 ♂, Mentawir River, alt. about 50 m, Oct.1950], AMR Wegner (MZB); Bali I.: 1 ♀, 8°08'S, 115°04'E, Singaraja, 9 Sep.2005, J. Kojima & R. Ubaidillah (IUNH); 1 ♂, Tanah Lot, 10 Sep.2005, J. Kojima & R. Ubaidillah (IUNH); Lombok I.: 1 ♂, Mataram, 4 Nov.2000, J. Kojima (IUNH); 2 ♀, 4 ♂, 8°31.903'S, 116°14.288'E, alt. about 270 m, Aiq Nyet, Lingsar, Lombok Barat, 28 Mar.2010, H. Nugroho (MZB); 1 ♀, 8°34.010'S, 116°14.009'E, alt. about 255 m, TWA Suranadi, Narmada, 27 Mar.2010, H. Nugroho (MZB); 1 ♀, 8°33.065'S, 116°25.245’’ E, alt. about 590 m, Tetebatu, Sikur, Lombok Timur, 3 Apr.2010, H. Nugroho (MZB); Sumbawa I.: 1 ♂, Batudulang, Batulanteh, Sumbawa Besar, 10 Nov.2000, J. Kojima (IUNH); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 8°37.555'S, 117°10.71'E, alt. about 920 m, Tepal, Batu Lanteh, [♀, 14 Apr.; ♂, 16 Apr.2010], H. Nugroho & Y.R. Suhardjono (MZB); Sulawesi I.: 2 ♀, [Remboken, Tondano; Rurukan, Tomohon], Minahasa Peninsula, 27 Nov.1999, J. Kojima (IUNH); 1 ♀, 2 ♂, Tompasu, Remboken, Minahasa peninsula, 29 Nov.1999, J. Kojima (IUNH).
This species, widely distributed in southern Asia from India in the west to Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok and Sumbawa, new records) in the east, is represented by four color forms formally recognized as subspecies, of which two are so far known respectively only from Bali (baliensis) and Karimunjawa Islands (karimonensis). As mentioned below, after examination of specimens from various localities mainly in the Indonesian Archipelago, we have reached the conclusion that Apodynerus troglodytes baliensis and Apodynerus troglodytes karimonensis are synonyms of Apodynerus troglodytes. We tentatively treat shanensis Giordani Soika, 1994 as a subspecies of Apodynerus troglodytes (see the checklist) until we have a chance to examine specimens of Apodynerus troglodytes from Myanmar including the type of Apodynerus troglodytes shanensis.
Apodynerus sparsipunctatus Gusenleitner, 2008 described from New Caledonia was synonymized under Parodynerus quodi (Vachal, 1907) by
Apodynerus amandus Gusenleitner, 2002
Apodynerus amandus Gusenleitner, 2002: 1091, 1093, ♂, ♀, “Thailand, Chiang Mai: Maerim”, holotype ♂ (LACM).
Distribution. Thailand: North Thailand.
Apodynerus diffinis Giordani Soika, 1996
Apodynerus diffinis Giordani Soika, 1996: 36, ♂, “Sulawesi: Patunuang”, holotype (MVEN).
Distribution. Indonesia: Sulawesi.
Apodynerus flavospinosus (Giordani Soika, 1986)
Pachymenes flavospinosus Giordani Soika, 1986: 80, ♀, ♂, “Naga Naga, Leyte, Palo”, holotype ♀ (IUNH).
Apodynerus flavospinosus;
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon, Leyte, Mindanao, Palawan.
Apodynerus formosensis formosensis (von Schulthess, 1934)
Odynerus formosensis von Schulthess, 1934: 101, ♂, ♀, “Formosa” [=Taiwan], syntypes (ETHZ).
Apodynerus formosensis formosensis;
Distribution. Taiwan.
Apodynerus formosensis continentalis Giordani Soika, 1994
Apodynerus formosensis continentalis Giordani Soika, 1994: 208 (key), 217, ♀, ♂, “Cina: Kukien, Kuatun”, holotype ♀ (MVEN).
Distribution. China; Laos; Vietnam.
Apodynerus formosensis indicus Giordani Soika, 1994
Apodynerus formosensis indicus Giordani Soika, 1994: 208 (key), 218, ♀, “Nepal: Taplejung Distr., Snagu, 6500 ft”, holotype (BMNH).
Distribution. Nepal.
Apodynerus gregarioides (Giordani Soika, 1986)
Pachymenes gregarioides Giordani Soika, 1986: 79, ♂, ♀, “Leyte: Palo”, holotype ♂ (IUNH).
Apodynerus gregarioides;
Philippodynerus omicroniformis Gusenleitner, 1996: 39, 40, ♂, “Philippines, Palo, Leyte, Naga-Naga”, holotype (SEIHU). Syn. n.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon, Leyte; ?Indonesia: Sumba.
Apodynerus icarioides (Bingham, 1897)
Odynerus icarioides Bingham, 1897: 363 (key), 372, ♀, “Tenasserim”, type (BMNH).
Pachymenes icarioides;
Apodynerus icarioides;
Distribution. India: Assam, Sikkim; Myanmar; Malaysia: Sarawak, Sabah; Indonesia: Kalimantan.
Apodynerus nitidiclypeus Gusenleitner, 2013
Apodynerus nitidiclypeus Gusenleitner, 2013: 121, 125, figs 11–15, ♀, ♂, “Vietnam, Dak Lak Prov., Easo, 12°55'N, 108°38'E, holotype ♀ (OLM).
Distribution. Vietnam.
Apodynerus quadricolor Giordani Soika, 1994
Apodynerus yayeyamensis tricolor Giordani Soika, 1994: 209 (key), [incorrect spelling].
Apodynerus yayeyamensis quadricolor Giordani Soika, 1994: 215, ♂, ♀, “C. Sumba: Lokojengo”, holotype ♂ (RMNH).
Distribution. Indonesia: Sumba.
Apodynerus rufipes Giordani Soika, 1994
Apodynerus rufipes Giordani Soika, 1994: 207 (key), 214, ♀, “Flores: Ruteng”, holotype (RMNH).
Distribution. Indonesia: Flores.
Apodynerus troglodytes troglodytes (de Saussure, 1856)
Odynerus troglodytes de Saussure, 1856: 249, ♂, “le Sénégal ” [type locality doubtful], type (MRSN).
Odynerus fragilis Smith, 1857: 61, ♂, “Borneo”, type (BMNH). Synonymized by
Odynerus petulans Smith, 1861: 89, ♀, “Makassar”, type (OUM). Synonymized by
Odynerus lybas Cameron, 1902: 114, ♀, “Sarawak”, type (BMNH). Synonymized by
Odynerus drescheri Cameron, 1905: 77, ♀, “Tjandi near Semarang”, type (BMNH). Synonymized by
Odynerus brooksii Cameron, 1908: 561, ♂, “Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo”, type depository unknown. Synonymized by
Pachymenes fragilis;
Pachymenes fragilis var. karimonensis van der Vecht, 1937: 278, ♀♂, “Karmon Djawa Islands”, holotype ♀ (MZB). Syn. n.
Antepipona fragilis; Lee, 1982: 218, 220.
Pachymenes troglodytes baliensis Giordani Soika, 1987: 145, ♀♂, “Bali: Samur”, holotype ♀ (MVEN). Syn. n.
Apodynerus troglodytes troglodytes;
Apodynerus “(VAN DER VECHT i. l.)” troglodytes;
Pachymenes troglodytes;
Apodynerus troglodytes;
Apodynerus troglodytes baliensis;
Apodynerus troglodytes karimonensis;
Distribution. India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; China; Hong Kong; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah; Singapore; Indonesia: Sumatra, Krakatau Islands, Kepulauan Seribu (new record), Java, Kangean Islands, Bali, Karimunjawa Islands, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lombok (new record), Sumbawa (new record).
Apodynerus troglodytes shanensis Giordani Soika, 1994
Apodynerus troglodytes shanensis Giordani Soika, 1994: 209 (key), 213, ♂, ♀, “Burma: Shan State, estremità S del lago Inle, Taugdo, 900 m”, holotype ♂ (RMNH).
Distribution. Myanmar.
Apodynerus yayeyamensis (Matsumura, 1926)
Odynerus yayeyamensis Matsumura 1926, in
Odynerus hokotoensis
Pachymenes yayeyamensis;
Apodynerus yayeyamensis yayeyamensis;
Distribution. Taiwan; Japan: Ryukyu Islands
The present study was supported by the RONPAKU program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We thank M. Ohara for arranging loans of the specimens in the Systematic Entomology Institute, Hokkaido University Museum and J. M. Carpenter for his valuable comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.