Monograph |
Corresponding author: Lynn S. Kimsey ( lskimsey@ucdavis.edu ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2019 Lynn S. Kimsey.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kimsey LS (2019) Revision of the south Asian amisegine genus Cladobethylus Kieffer, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae, Amiseginae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 70: 41-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.70.34206
|
The south Asian genus Cladobethylus Kieffer, 1922, is reviewed, with a key to the species. Five new species are described, one from the island of Borneo (Cl. darlingi), two from Thailand (Cl. densepunctatus and Cl. thailandicus), one from Korea (Cl. koreensis), and one from Sumatra (acehensis).
Vietnam, Eurycantha insularis, Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae
Cladobethylus Kieffer, 1922, is one of the most widespread and speciose of the south Asian amisegine genera, with 11 species, including the ones newly described below. There are undoubtedly more species to be discovered and it would not be surprising to find species in southern China, Cambodia and other islands in Indonesia, such as Sulawesi. The current distribution of the genus is probably more a reflection of where collecting has been done and the techniques used than the actual distribution. Based on personal observation, as with most other amisegines, males are more commonly collected, particularly in Malaise traps and by sweep netting. Females are rarer in collections, and are more likely to be collected in bowl and pitfall traps. This may have more to do with the environments the two sexes typically inhabit than any actual differences in numbers. Females may spend most of their time searching in and on leaf litter for walking stick eggs, whereas males fly and sit on vegetation above the ground searching for females, and are more likely to be caught in a Malaise trap.
The majority of Cladobethylus species are moderate-sized amisegine wasps ranging from 2–4 mm long. However, one species, Cl. insularis Kimsey & Dewhurst, from Papua New Guinea is much larger, ranging from 5–7 mm in length. This is also the only species, where a host is known. It parasitizes the eggs of Eurycantha insularis Lucas (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) (
Specimens were borrowed from and/or types are deposited in the following institutions, which are given in the descriptions below using their acronyms:
Morphological terminology follows that used by
Cladobethylus Kieffer, 1922: 67. Type species: Cladobethylus cruciger Kieffer, 1922:69. Original designation.
The most distinctive feature of the genus Cladobethylus is the impunctate welt that extends along the midline of the vertex from near the midocellus to the occipital carina. This feature is only shared with species of Magdalium Kimsey and Senesega Kimsey, although it is less well developed in these genera. Cladobethylus can be distinguished from those genera by the lack of an omaulus on the mesopleuron and the usually biangulate genal area, which is evenly curved in Magdalium and Senesega. In addition, Cladobethylus species have at most a weakly defined scrobal sulcus. The scrobal sulcus in Magdalium and Senesega is well defined.
Vertex with low impunctate welt along midline from midocellus to occiput; eye with short sparse setulae; scapal basin usually with at least some cross-ridging; malar space with vertical sulcus extending from ventral eye margin to mandibular articulation; occipital carina present; posterior margin of head behind eye usually biangulate in side view; male flagellum elongate and cylindrical; female flagellum short, fusiform and usually flattened on one surface; pronotum with narrow posteromedial groove; mesopleuron without scrobal sulcus or omaulus; scutum with notauli and parapsides; both sexes fully winged, forewing Rs extended by evenly curved dark streak, costal cell widest medially, stigma large and broad, R1 not indicated, medial vein arising before cu-a; propodeum with long dorsal surface and abrupt posterior declivity, lateral propodeal angle undeveloped; hindcoxa with dorsobasal carina; tarsal claws edentate in females, with one small subbasal tooth and subbasal angle in males.
(Fig.
Cladobethylus insularis was reared from eggs of the oil palm stick insect, Eurycantha insularis Lucas (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae), in Papua New Guinea (
1 | Four visible metasomal segments; flagellum tapering, broadest submedially; females | 2 |
– | Five visible metasomal segments; flagellum slender, parallel-sided; males | 11 |
Females | ||
2 | Metasomal tergum II with punctures 0–2 puncture diameters apart | 3 |
– | Metasomal tergum II with tiny punctures 5–10 or more puncture tiny diameters apart | 6 |
3 | Flagellomeres I–III whitish | 4 |
– | Flagellomeres I–III dark brown | 5 |
4 | Malar space 3.5 MOD wide; femoral apices whitish, contrasting with rest of femur; body with bluish metallic highlights, particularly dorsally; Papua New Guinea | Cl. insularis Kimsey |
– | Malar space 4.5 MOD wide; femoral apices not whitish or contrasting with rest of femur; body without bluish metallic highlights; Papua New Guinea | Cl. aquilus Kimsey |
5 | Underside of head with occipital fovea on either side of occipital suture; body with bluish metallic highlights, particularly dorsally; Philippines | Cl. cruciger Kieffer |
– | Underside of head with occipital fovea on either side of occipital suture; body with bluish metallic highlights, particularly dorsally; Thailand, Viet Nam | Cl. densepunctatus Kimsey, sp. nov. |
6 | Underside of head without occipital fovea on either side of occipital suture; metapleuron and propodeal side cross-ridged or wrinkled | 7 |
– | Underside of head with occipital fovea on either side of occipital suture; metapleuron and propodeal side smooth without cross-ridges or wrinkles | 8 |
7 | Malar space less than 4 MOD wide; ocular setulae less than 1 MOD long; Thailand | Cl. thailandicus Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Malar space more than 4.5 MOD wide; ocular setulae 1 MOD long or longer; body with bluish metallic highlights, particularly dorsally; Korea | Cl. koreensis Kimsey, sp. nov. |
8 | Flagellomere I less than 1.5× as long as broad; flagellomere II broader than long | 9 |
– | Flagellomere I twice as long as broad or longer; flagellomere II as long as broad or longer | 10 |
9 | Malar space more than 4 MOD wide; flagellomere X twice as long as broad; Malaysia | Cl. gilbus Kimsey |
– | Malar space less than 4 MOD wide; flagellomere X 1.5–1.6× as long as broad; Borneo | Cl. sarawakensis Kimsey, sp. nov. |
10 | Legs and antennae yellow; malar space less than 4.5 MOD wide; body without metallic highlights; Borneo | Cl. darlingi Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Legs and antennae brown; malar space more than 4.5 MOD wide; body with metallic highlights; Japan | Cl. japonicus Kimsey |
Males | ||
11 | Metasomal tergum II with punctures 0–2 puncture diameters apart | 12 |
– | Metasomal tergum II with tiny punctures 10 or more puncture diameters apart | 15 |
12 | Malar space less than 3 MOD wide; post ocular distance 2 MOD wide; body length 5–7 mm; Papua New Guinea | Cl. insularis Kimsey & Dewhurst |
– | Malar space 3 MOD wide or wider; post ocular distance less than 2 MOD wide; body length less than 4.5 mm | 13 |
13 | Face and malar space coarsely punctate; head dorsolaterally strongly angulate behind eye in lateral view; Thailand, Viet Nam | Cl. densepunctatus Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Face and malar space largely impunctate, with few scattered punctures; head dorsolaterally rounded or obtusely angulate behind eye in lateral view | 14 |
14 | Malar space more than 3.5 MOD wide; postocular distance 1.5 MOD wide or wider; Sri Lanka. | Cl. ceylonicus Krombein |
– | Malar space 3 MOD wide; postocular distance less than 1.5 MOD wide; Papua New Guinea | Cl. aquilus Kimsey |
15 | Postocular distance more than 2 MOD wide; scapal basin without cross ridging; flagellomere X less than 5.5× as long as broad; Thailand | Cl. thailandicus Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Postocular distance less than 1.6 MOD wide; scapal basin with zones of cross-ridging; flagellomere X more than 5.5× as long as broad | 16 |
16 | Malar space less than 3 MOD wide; postocular distance less than 1 MOD wide; Malaysia. | Cl. gilbus Kimsey |
– | Malar space 3 or more MOD wide; postocular distance 1 MOD wide or wider | 17 |
17 | Flagellomere I 4× as long as broad or longer; Sumatra | Cl. acehensis Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Flagellomere I 3.5× as long as broad or shorter | 18 |
18 | Least interocular distance twice greatest eye width or more in front view; Borneo | Cl. darlingi Kimsey, sp. nov. |
– | Least interocular distance 1.5× greatest eye width or less, in front view; Philippines | Cl. cruciger Kieffer |
This species is part of the group that has a nearly impunctate second metasomal tergum, including Cl. darlingi, Cl. densepunctatus, Cl. gilbus and Cl. philippinensis. It can be distinguished from these and other species by the combination of the pale antenna, flagellomere I 4× as long as broad or longer, flagellomere II 1.5× as long as broad or shorter, flagellomere XI 6.5× as long as broad, and flagellomeres VII–X asymmetrical. Other diagnostic features include the long malar space, slightly less than 4 midocellar diameters wide, and body with bluish highlights.
Body (Figs
Unknown.
Holotype male: Indonesia: Sumatra, Aceh, Gunung Lauser Natl. Pk., Ketambe Res. Sta. xi/1989, IIS890004, D.C. Darling (MBZ). Paratypes: 24 males same locality data as holotype; 8 males: 5 Sept. 1989, screen sweep, B. Hubley and D. C. Darling, ROM893044; 1 male: 22–30 Sept. 1989, D. C. Darling, Malaise trap with pans, IIS890003; 1 male: 1–30 Oct. 1989, Malaise trap with pans, D.C. Darling, IIS890007; 3 males: Nov. 1989, Malaise trap, D. C. Darling, IIS890006; 1 male: Nov. 1989, D. C. Darling, IIS890005; 1 male: 1–30 Nov. 1989, D.C. Darling, Malaise trap with pans, IIS890012; 1 male: 1–31 Dec. 1989, Malaise trap with pans, D.C. Darling, IIS890013; 1 male: 1–31 Jan. 1990, Malaise trap, D.C. Darling, IIS900001; 2 males: 1–31 Jan. 1990, Malaise trap, D.C. Darling, IIS900005; 2 males: 1–28 Feb. 1990, Malaise trap, D.C. Darling, IIS900009; 1 male: 1–28 Feb. 1990, Malaise trap, D.C. Darling, IIS900011; 2 males: 1–31 Mar. 1990, Malaise trap, D.C. Darling, IIS900021 (
Indonesia: Sumatra, Aceh, Gunung Lauser National Park.
The species is named after Aceh Province on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it was collected.
Cladobethylus aquilus
Cladobethylus aquilus males most closely resemble those of Cl. ceylonicus and Cl. insularis based on flagellomere I 4.0–4.5× as long as broad, the dark brown antenna, nearly impunctate metasomal tergum II, and reduced cross ridging in the scapal basin. However, Cl. aquilus can be distinguished from those and other species by the combination of the longer subantennal distance, lack of metallic blue highlights, slightly medially lobate apical flagellomeres, and flagellomere XI 6× as long as broad. Females most closely resemble those of Cl. insularis and Cl. thailandicus based on the bicolored antenna and flagellomere II about as long as broad. They can be distinguished from these and other species by the scapal basin lacking cross ridges, bicolored legs and densely punctate metasomal tergum II.
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov., Bulolo, 900 m, 13/ii/-13/iii/1979, J. Sedlacek; Tekadu, 100m, i/1–17/2000, Sears & Binatung brigade; 7–9/ii/2010, T. Sears & Binatung brigade, 7°38'S, 146°34'E; Lakekamu Basin, Ivimka Research Sta., 120 m 7°7'44"S, 146°30'E, MT; 20/ii-2/iii/2000, T. Sears, MT iv/1–20/2000, T. A. Sears; xi/2–8/1999, Heydon, Schiff & Sears; Wau; 1100 m, 15/ix/1964, J. Sedlacek, MT; Baiyer River, 6–25/ii/1979, 1100m, J. Sedlacek; Madang Prov., Mt. Wilhelm, 200m, 16–25/v/2013; 700m, 5°43'55.596"S, 145°15'7.9194"E; 23–24/v/2013, 1200m, 5°43'15.1464"S, 145°16'10.1994"E; Wanang, ix/16–22/2012, 5°13'39.6114"S, 145°4'46.92"E; East Sepik Prov., Amboin Patrol Post, Karawar Lodge, ii/1983 A. C. Messer; 19 males and 3 females were examined (
Cladobethylus ceylonicus
The most distinctive features of Cl. ceylonicus are the long first and second flagellomeres, a characteristic shared with Cl. acehensis and Cl. densepunctatus. However, Cl. ceylonicus can be distinguished from these and other species by the combination of these features, along with the densely punctate second metasomal tergum, asymmetrical apical male flagellomeres and short subantennal distance.
Body (Figs
Unknown.
Sri Lanka: Rat Dist., Gilimale, Induruwa Jungle, Central Prov., Kandy Dist., Adams Peak. The holotype and one male paratype were examined.
Cladobethylus cruciger
Cladobethylus cruciger var. antennalis
Cladobethylus coeruleus
Cladobethylus cruciger males most closely resemble male Cl. darlingi based on the cylindrical apical flagellomeres, nearly impunctate metasomal tergum II, and flagellomere I less than 3.5× as long as broad. It can be distinguished from Cl. darlingi and other Cladobethylus species by the combination of the male least interocular distance equal to the eye width in front view, postocular distance one midocellar diameter wide, brown antenna and body with bluish highlights dorsally. There are insufficient characters given by Kieffer to distinguish female “Cl. coeruleus” from other female Cladobethylus.
Body (Figs
(based on Kieffer’s description of Cl. coeruleus). Body length 4.0 mm. Head. Flagellomere I 2.5× as long as broad; flagellomere II 1.5× as long as broad; flagellomere X more than twice as long as broad. Metasoma. Third tergum closely and rather finely punctured. Color. Body black, except mesosomal dorsum with metallic blue highlights; legs including coxae yellow.
Philippines: Mindanao: Misamis Or., Dinawehan Gingoong, 26 km e Gingoong City, 100–300m, 12/viii/1965, L. Torrevillas; Butan; Luzon, Laguna, Mt. Maquiling; one non-type male has been seen (BPBM).
The description above is based on Kieffer’s descriptions of Cl. coeruleus and Cl. cruciger, plus a single male specimen from the island of Mindanao that fits Kieffer’s description.
Kieffer’s Cladobethylus coeruleus is synonymized here with Cl. cruciger as his description of coeruleus matches the shared characteristics between male and female Cladobethylus seen in other species where both sexes are known. Both specimens are from Mindanao. In the female description, Kieffer refers to punctation of the third tergum, but it is not clear whether he counted the propodeum as the first tergum.
The subspecies Cl. antennalis might be a valid species based on the differences in flagellomere dimensions and collection location on a separate island. In Kieffer’s description flagellomere I is 3.5× along as broad and flagellomere II 3× as long as broad in Cl. cruciger s. s., but in Cl. antennalis flagellomere I is 3× as long as broad and II twice as long as broad. However, without access to the types it is impossible to be certain.
Males of this species most closely resemble those of Cl. cruciger as discussed under that species. It can be distinguished from Cl. cruciger and other male Cladobethylus by the combination of the malar space 3.5 midocellar diameters wide or wider, interocular distance more than twice eye width in front view, flagellomere I less than 3.5× as long as broad, flagellomere II less than 2.5× as long as broad, and flagellomere XI more than 6.5× as long as broad.
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
Holotype male: Indonesia: Borneo, West Kalimantan, Gunung Palung Nat. Park, Cabang Panti Res. Sta., 100m, Malaise trap, rainforest alluvial, 1°15'S, 110°5'E, 15 Jun-15 Aug, 1991, Darling, Rosichon, Sutrisno, IIS910122 (
Borneo. Additional non-type material from Borneo includes three males: East Kalimantan, Kac. Pujungan, Kayan-Mentarang Nat. Res., 21/iii/-4/iii/1992, 2°52'N, 115°49'E, lowland Dipt. Forest, Lalut Birai riparian vegetation 378m, screen sweep, DC Darling, IIS930008; 4 males: Brunei, Kuala Belalong, FSC, 4°34'N, 115°7'E, 18/v/1991, Malaise, N. Mawdsley,
The species is named after Chris Darling who not only collected this species, but also has collected many other Cladobethylus species in Southeast Asia.
This is the most distinctive of the Cladobethylus species. The coarse punctation and long, strongly angulate vertex will immediately separate Cl. densepunctatus from all other species in both sexes. In addition, males have the apical flagellomeres asymmetrical, and females have the longest first flagellomere (2.5×), widest interocular distance (more than twice eye width), longest subantennal distance (more than 1.3 midocellar diameters), lack occipital fovea (shared with Cl. thailandicus) and have an entirely brown antenna.
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
Holotype male: Thailand: Lampang Prov., Chae Son NP, Huai Yen, 18°50'012"N, 99°28'656"E, 419m, pan trap, 7–8/v/2008, Kwannui & Sukpeng, T5304 (QSBG). Paratypes: 6 males, 9 females: 1 male: Bangkok, Khao Yai NP, 15/iv/1990, Black light, B.V. Brown; 1 female; Chiang Mai Prov., Doi Chang Dao NP, Pha Tang substation, 19°25'N, 98°55'E, 526 m, Songkran & Apichart, 21–28.x.2007, MT, T3180; 1 female: Jugeau & Watwanich, 8–15/iv/2008, T5791; 1 female: Doi Inthanon NP, Vachiratharn Falls, 18°32.311'N, 98°36.048'E, 700m, Malaise trap, 2–8.vii.2006, Y. Areeluck. T51; 1 female: Chiang Mai Botanic Garden, 18.8955N, 98.8636E, 11–25/vii/2013, M. Hauser; 1 female: Chaiyaphum Prov., Pa Hin Ngam NP, Thepana waterfall, 15°38.948'N, 101°25.625'E, 604m, Malaise trap, 7–13.x.2006, Sa-nog & Adnafai, T660; 1 male: Chanthaburi Prov., Khao Khitchatkut NP, 12°50.2'N, 102°7.3'E, 46m, 10–17/IV/2009, S. Charoenchai, MT, T4878; 1 female: Loei Prov., Phu Ruea NP, 17°27.901'N, 101°21.301'E, 700m, Malaise trap, 5–12.xii.2006, Patikom Tumtip, T1263; 1 male, 1 female: Phu Kradeung NP, 273m, 16°56.589'N, 101°42.074'E, 21/x/2006, S. Glonglasae, T786; 1 male: 16°49.9'N, 101°47.6'E, 273m, Malaise trap, 14–21/v/2008, T. Phatai, T5011; 1 female: Sakon Nakhon Prov., Phu Phan NP, 16°48.628'N, 103°53.591'E, 522m, Malaise trap, 3–9.xii.2006, S. Kongnara, T1241; 1 male: Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Ban Huaraed, 8°54.555'N, 98°30.522'E, 122m, MT, 6–13/I/2009, Pongphan, T3913; 1 male: Trang Prov., Khaophappha Khaochang, 200–400m, 10.1.1964, W. Samuelson; 1 female: Ubon Ratchathani Prov., Pha Taem NP, 15°37.321'N, 105°36.982'E, 419m, Malaise trap, 13–20.x.2006, T723 (
Thailand: Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chaiyaphum Chanthaburi, Loei, Sakon Nakhon, Surat Thani, Trang, Ubon Ratchathani Provinces. One additional male was seen from Viet Nam: 6 km s Dalat, 1400–1500 m, 9/vi-7/vii/1961, N. R. Spencer.
The species is named for the unusually dense, coarse punctation on the head and thorax.
Cladobethylus gilbus
Cladobethylus gilbus shares the nearly impunctate second metasomal tergum with Cl. darlingi, Cl. acehensis and Cl. densepunctatus. In males it can be distinguished from those species by the narrow malar space (less than 2.8 midocellar diameters), flagellomere I less than 4× as long as broad, flagellomere II more than 2.5× as long as broad, flagellomere XI 7× as long as broad and postocular distance less than 1 MOD. Females have the basal three flagellar segments paler than the rest of the flagellum, very short flagellomeres I and II and malar space 4.5 midocellar diameters wide (shared with Cl. aquilus).
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
MALAYSIA: Negeri Sembilan, Pasoh Forest Res.; 106 males and 50 females were examined (
Cladobethylus insularis
Kimsey, Dewhurst & Nyaure, 2012: 3. Holotype male; Papua New Guinea, Northern Prov., Higaturu (
This is the largest bodied species of Cladobethylus, with males averaging about 1.5× the length of the known other species. Male Cl. insularis can be distinguished from Cl. aquilus, the only other species known from New Guinea by the pronotum without blue tints, a much broader zone of cross-ridging in the scapal basin, legs brown instead of yellow (Cl. aquilus) flagellomere I shorter (4× as long as broad versus 5× in Cl. aquilus), and flagellomere XI shorter (5× as long as broad versus 6× in Cl. aquilus). Features of female Cl. insularis not shared with other Cladobethylus include the bicolored antenna and legs, long clypeus (1 MOD long versus 0.3–0.6 MOD in other species), and narrow distance between the midocellus and nearest eye margin (up to 2 MOD versus 2.6–2.7 MOD in the others).
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
Papua New Guinea, Northern (Oro) Province, Higaturu; 18 males, 6 females; ex Eurycantha insularis eggs (
Cladobethylus japonicus
This species has several unusual diagnostic female features. The eye has very long dense setulae, the hindocelli are very close to the ocular margins and the malar space is very long. In addition, the pronotum is longer than the scutum, and the metapleuron is cross-ridged from wing base to coxa.
Unknown.
Body (Figs
JAPAN: Kyoto; 1 female (the holotype) examined (
This species has several unusual female features. The eye has very long dense setulae, the hindocelli are very close to the ocular margins and the malar space is very long. In addition, the pronotum is longer than the scutum, and the metapleuron is cross-ridged from wing base to coxa.
Unknown.
Body (Figs
Holotype female: South Korea: Jeollanam-Do, Wando Arboretum, 34.3585N, 126.6685E, 10/viii/2015, T-S. Kwan, forest Malaise trap (
South Korea: South Jeolla Prov.
The species is named for the country of collection.
This is a distinctive species. Males can be distinguished by flagellomere XI 5× as long as broad (shared with Cl. ceylonicus and Cl. densepunctatus), scapal basin without cross-ridging, subantennal distance more than 1 midocellar diameter long and body lacking metallic bluish highlights. Females have a bicolored antenna, with the basal segments whitish and the apical segments dark brown, the postocular distance is less than one midocellar diameter, and the gular bridge lacks occipital foveae.
Body (Figs
Body (Figs
Holotype male: Thailand: Nakon Nayok Prov., Khao Yai NP, Lam Takong view point, 14°25.762'N, 101°23.527'E, 732m, 5–12/x/2006, W. Sook Kho, T741 (QSBG). Paratypes. 7 males, 10 females. 1 female: Nakhon Nayok Prov., Khao Yai, 14°24.619'N, 101°22.708'E, MT, 19–26/vii/2006, P. Sandao, T148; 1 female: Khao Yai NP, 6/vi/1965, P. D. Ashlock; 1 males, 2 females: 180 km NE Bangkok, Khao Yai NP, 780m, 11–18/iv/1990, MT, B.V. Brown; 2 males, 1 female: Nakhon Si Prov., Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, 8°14.3'N, 99°48.3'E, 952m, Malaise trap, Paiboon, 30/iii-6/iv/2009, T4658; 1 male: Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, road to Khao Mhen 150m from Nern 499, 8°16.959'N, 99°39.149'E, Malaise trap, 8–15/vi/2008, S. Samnaokan, T3095; 1 male: Trang Prov., Khaophappha Khaochang, 200m, 1–3/i/1964, GA Samuelson, Malaise trap, Bishop; 1 male: Chanthaburi Prov., Khao Khitchakut NP, Khao Prabaht Peak, 875m, 12°50.4'N, 102°10'E, MT, S. Charoenchai, 6–13/iii/2009, T4060; 1 male: Phetchabun Prov., Nam Nao NP, 16°43.695'N, 101°33.797'E, 921m, YPT, 25–26/x/2006, N. Hongyothi, T1006; 1 female: Petchaburi Prov., Kaeng Krachan NP, 320m, 12°47.9'N, 99°27.2'E, 27/vi-4/vii/2008, MT, Sirichai, T4338; 1 female: Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Khao Yai NP, 700–800m, 18–24/iv/1990, MT, E. Fuller; 1 female; Tiger trail, 760m, MT, 14°27.5'N, 101°22'E, 26/vi-2/vii/2007, P. Sandao, T2232; 1 female: Chiang Mai Prov., Doi Chiangdao NP, Huai Na Lao, 500m, 19°24.731'N, 98°55.315'E, MT, 3–9/v/2008, Jugsu & Watwanich, T5803; P. Sandao, T2232; 1 female: Surat Thani Prov., Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 122m, 8°54.6'N, 98°30.5'E, 5–12/v/2009, MT, Pongphan, T4861 (
Thailand: Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Si, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Surat Thani, and Trang Provinces.
The species is named after the country of collection.
This study was made possible by the individuals who collected these specimens as part of their studies, or had them in their collections and made them available to me for study, including Chris Darling, David Wahl, Brian Harris, Jim Boone and David Notton. In addition, particular thanks to Cheol Min Lee, from the Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea, for the Korean specimens.