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Research Article
Additions to the knowledge of the genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 from China (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)
expand article infoLi Luo‡, Qiao-Hua Zhang‡, Bin Chen‡, Ting-Jing Li‡
‡ Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China

Corresponding author: Ting-Jing Li ( ltjing1979@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2020 Li Luo, Qiao-Hua Zhang, Bin Chen, Ting-Jing Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Luo L, Zhang Q-H, Chen B, Li T-J (2020) Additions to the knowledge of the genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 from China (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77: 119-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.52309
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:111BE0A9-E64B-4C58-92D2-65C532B33AB8
Open Access

Abstract

In this study, Halysituberosus Dong & Wang, 2017 is treated as a synonym of Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 (syn. nov.). Halysituberosus yingjiangensis Dong & Wang, 2017 is a new synonym of Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900) (syn. nov.) and Halysituberosus menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017 is transferred to Allorhynchium as a new combination (comb. nov.). Based on additional COI gene sequencing and morphological characters including genitalia characters, both Allorhynchium diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986) and Allorhynchium radiatum Li, Barthélémy & Carpenter, 2019 are confirmed to be valid species, and their males of the two species are described for the first time. Allorhynchium quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997 is newly recorded from China. A key to the Chinese species of Allorhynchium are also updated.

Keywords

Allorhynchium, Eumeninae, Halysituberosus, new synonym, new record

Introduction

At present, Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 contains 20 species and four subspecies worldwide, which are mostly distributed in the Oriental region (Smith 1861; Giordani Soika 1986; Girish Kumar et al. 2016; Tan et al. 2018; Li et al. 2019). Tan et al. (2018) revised the genus from Northeast Asia and provided a key to the Oriental species. In our study, the type species of Halysituberosus Dong & Wang, 2017 is examined and verified that Halysituberosus is a synonym of Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 (syn. nov.), H. yingjiangensis Dong & Wang, 2017 is a synonym of Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900) (syn. nov.), and H. menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017 should be transferred to Allorhynchium (comb. nov.). Meanwhile, seeing that the two related species A. diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986) and A. radiatum Li, Barthélémy & Carpenter, 2019 were originally described on a single female specimen and confusing to distinguish, we provided some more morphological characters from both female and male and their COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1) sequence features. Finally, A. quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997 is newly recorded from China. And some diagnosis and figures of these species and an updated key to the Chinese species of Allorhynchium are also given.

DNA barcode was first proposed by Hebert (Hebert et al. 2003), and in his study, a model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. Hebert’s results provided reliable evidences for DNA barcode systems. After that, many scholars began to use DNA barcode technology for species identification, diversity analysis and phylogenetic analysis (Ball et al. 2005; Hajibabaei et al. 2006; Ceccarelli et al. 2012). Herein, with the development of sequencing technology and the reduction of sequencing costs, more scholars conducted in-depth researches on the genome of species and found the use of COI to identify species was a great controversial issue because it’s difficult to provide a unified discrimination standard that what’s the range of COI sequence variation rate between two different species (Moritz et al. 2004; Dasmahapatra et al. 2010). Thereinto, Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) initiated scientific research activities using COI for species identification on a global scale, and the data showed that the COI sequences of most species exhibited low intraspecific genetic differences and relatively high interspecific genetic differences (Schindel et al. 2005; Ratnasingham et al. 2007; CBOL Plant Working Group 2009). Research data in recent years have also reflected that the similarity of the same species is above 98%, and the sequence difference between species is greater than 2% (Hebert et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2011; Schmid-Egger et al. 2017; Abd-El-Samie et al. 2018; Halim et al. 2018; Fernandez-Triana et al. 2019). So, in our work, the intraspecific and interspecific differences of COI between A. diffinis and A. radiatum are analyzed.

Materials and methods

Specimens examined are deposited in Chongqing Normal University (China) and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China). Descriptions were made under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61). All figures were taken and measured with Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope. Body length was measured from the anterior margin of head to the posterior margin of metasomal tergum II by KEYENCE-VHX-5000. Photoshop CS6 was used to make the figure plates. For the description of punctures, “sparsely” means that interspaces are larger than one puncture diameter, “moderately” means equal to the diameter, and “densely” means less than one diameter.

A total of 19 dried and pinned specimens belonging to A. diffinis and A. radiatum were examined, among which some were difficult to separate from A. diffinis and A. radiatum. In order to exactly identify these specimens, we selected seven specimens of A. diffinis, A. radiatum and three other species (Allorhynchium argentatum, Allorhynchium chinense, and Anterhynchium flavomarginatum) for molecular identification (Table 1). According to the manufacturer’s instructions (https://www.qiagen.com), genomic DNAs were extracted from muscle tissues using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The COI genes were amplified by using standard primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994). PCRs were performed with the manufacturer’s instructions (https://www.cwbiotech.com). Products of PCRs were sequenced in Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Seven COI sequences newly obtained and the COI sequence of Vespa mandarinia (Sample ID: AAW6949) downloaded from Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (http://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php) were aligned with Clustal W version 1.8 (Altschul et al. 1997) in this study (Table 1). These sequences were checked for stop codons and frame shifts using the invertebrate mitochondrial code and the standard code respectively as implemented in MEGA 6.0 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0) (Tamura et al. 2013). The maximum likelihood (ML) tree (Felsenstein 1981; Kishino et al. 1990) of the COI sequences was analyzed in PhyML 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2010).

Table 1.
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The information of COI genes used in this study.

Species Collecting site Subfamily Accession number
Al. diffinis Sichuan (China) Eumeninae MT196405
Al. radiatum Guizhou (China) Eumeninae MT188371
Al. A Guangxi (China) Eumeninae MT188373
Al. B Guangdong (China) Eumeninae MT188372
Al. argentatum Guangxi (China) Eumeninae MT178403
Al. chinense Yunan (China) Eumeninae MT178402
An. flavomarginatum Hubei (China) Eumeninae MT178404
Vespa mandarinia Primorskiy (Russia) Vespinae AAW6949

Abbreviations:

CQNU Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China;

KIZ Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China;

A1 for antennal segment 1;

A2 for antennal segment 2;

T1 for metasomal tergum 1;

T2 for metasomal tergum 2;

S1 for metasomal sternum 1;

S2 for metasomal sternum 2, and so on.

Taxonomy

Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963

Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963: 57–58. Type species: Vespa argentata Fabricius, 1804, by original designation.

Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986: 143–146. Type species: Archancistrocerus diffinis Giordani Soika, 1986, by original designation.

Halysituberosus Dong & Wang, 2017: 184. Type species: Halysituberosus menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017, by original designation (syn. nov.).

Diagnosis

Anterior face of pronotum without foveae; tegula longer than wide, emarginated apically and not reaching posterior end of parategula; epicnemial carina present; dorsolateral margin of propodeum somewhat rounded and without teeth-like projections; T1 either evenly rounded or rather rectangular in lateral view, in some species T1 with somewhat transverse carina basally; in some species, S2 of male convex, or protruding medially into a transverse crest in lateral view; S7 of male with flat uplifted area or 1–3 teeth; metasoma sessile (Tan et al. 2018).

Notes

Dong and Wang (2017) established the genus Halysituberosus by the three following characters: apical margin of clypeus widely emarginated (Figs 2, 12), vertex without cephalic foveae, and both S2 and S7 with tubercles in male (Figs 6, 7, 16, 17). After our examination of its type species, it is verified that Halysituberosus Dong & Wang, 2017 belongs to Allorhynchium van der Vecht, and Halysituberosus yingjiangensis Dong & Wang, 2017 is a new synonym of Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900) and Halysituberosus menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017 should be transferred to Allorhynchium.

Distribution

Oriental, Australian and Palearctic regions.

Allorhynchium menglianensis (Dong & Wang, 2017), comb. nov.

Figs 1–9

Halysituberosus menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017: 184.

Material examined

Holotype, ♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Puer City, Menglian County, 22°19.746'N, 99°35.049'E, 962 m, 13.VI.1989, Dazhi Dong (KIZ 0101842).

Diagnosis

Dong and Wang (2017) reported Halysituberosus menglianensis from China (one male). After our examination of the type specimen (Fig. 1), we verify that Halysituberosus menglianensis Dong & Wang, 2017 should be transferred to Allorhynchium, which is a new combination. It differs from A. lugubrinum and other congeners by the combination of the following characters: a yellow square central spot on clypeus (Fig. 2); A13 (Fig. 3) elongate, slightly curved and bent backward beyond the middle of A11; tegula dark black (Figs 4, 5); wings pale brown, without purple luster; T1 rather rectangular from lateral view (Fig. 8); apical bands of both T1 and T2 medially interrupted (Figs 1, 8); S2 of male with a large ridge in the middle (Fig. 6); S7 of male with a pair of triangular teeth (Fig. 7).

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Figures 1–9. 

Allorhynchium menglianensis (Dong & Wang, 2017) comb. nov. 1 habitus (dorsal view) ♂ 2 clypeus, ♂ 3 apex of antenna, ♂ 4 tegula, ♂ 5 mesosoma (dorsal view), ♂ 6 S2, ♂ 7 S7, ♂ 8 metasoma (dorsal view), ♂ 9 information of type specimen.

Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900)

Figs 10–18

Rhynchium lugubrinum Cameron, 1900: 532.

Allorhynchium lugubrinum: van der Vecht, 1963: 60; Giordani Soika 1996: 37; Girish Kumar and Sharma 2015: 21; Girish Kumar et al. 2016: 30.

Halysituberosus yingjiangensis Dong & Wang, 2017: 184–186. (syn. nov.)

Material examined

1♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Dehong City, Yingjiang County, 24°41.722'N, 97°56.772'E, 844 m, 7.X.1997, Dazhi Dong (KIZ 0101842).

Diagnosis

Dong and Wang (2017) reported Halysituberosus yingjiangensis from China (one male). After our examination of the type specimen (Fig. 10), Halysituberosus yingjiangensis Dong & Wang, 2017 is identified to be new synonym of Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900). It differs from A. quadrimaculatum and other congeners by the combination of the following characters: clypeus rugose-punctate medially, almost yellow (Fig. 12); apex of pronotum with yellow band (Figs 10, 13); tegula reddish brown (Fig. 14); wings pale brown, without purple luster; T1 rather rectangular from lateral view, yellow apical bands of both T1 and T2 medially interrupted (Fig. 15); S2 slightly convex, not protruding medially into a crest in lateral view (Fig. 16); S7 of male with a pair of flat lobe-shaped protuberances (Fig. 17).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); India.

Figures 10–18. 

Allorhynchium lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900) 10 habitus in dorsal view, ♂ 11 apex of antenna, ♂ 12 clypeus, ♂ 13 mesosoma (dorsal view), ♂ 14 tegula, ♂ 15 metasoma (dorsal view), ♂ 16 S2, ♂ 17 S7, ♂ 18 information of type specimen.

Allorhynchium diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986)

Figs 20–28

Archancistrocerus diffinis Giordani Soika, 1986: 143–146.

Allorhynchium diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986): Tan et al. 2018: 49–64.

Material examined

6♀♀1♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Shaxi Town, 29°25.083'N, 103°26.913'E, 926 m, 11.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li (CQNU); 2♀♀, China, Sichuan Prov., Yaan City, Lushan County, Taiping Town, Chunguang village, 30°18.794'N, 102°59.351'E, 964 m, 12.VIII.2018, Xue Zhang (CQNU); 1♀, China, Sichuan Prov., Yaan City, Lushan County, Shuangshi Town, Xichuan village, 30°16.129'N, 102°53.403'E, 982 m, 11.VIII.2018, Huachuan Wang and Qian Han (CQNU).

Notes

The species A. diffinis in the original description was identified on a single female from Sichuan, China (Giordani Soika 1986) and A. radiatum Li et al., 2019 was related to it. In this study, some more specimens of A. diffinis, including one male were also collected from Sichuan. Meanwhile, some specimens (Allorhynchium A, Figs 37–46) from Guangxi, China are similar to both A. diffinis and A. radiatum, and some other female specimens (Allorhynchium B, Figs 47–52) from Guangdong, China are similar to A. radiatum by black body (Fig. 47). To precisely classify these specimens, COI genes of A. diffinis, A. radiatum, Allorhynchium A and Allorhynchium B are sequenced and analyzed. Four other COI sequences of A. argentatum, A. chinense, Anterhynchium flavomarginatum and Vespa mandarinia of the same family Vespidae are selected for comparison.

Sequence alignment results display that the same COI sequence occurs in Allorhynchium A, Allorhynchium B and A. radiatum, and 29 different nucleic acids are present in A. radiatum, Allorhynchium A, Allorhynchium B and A. diffinis (Suppl. material 1: Figure S1). ML tree topology reflects that A. diffinis is sister of A. radiatum, Allorhynchium A and Allorhynchium B, with 100% bootstrap value of support for the branch(Fig. 19); the genetic pairwise distance based on K2P (Kimura-2-parameter substitution model) (Kimura 1980) among Allorhynchium A, Allorhynchium B and A. radiatum is 0 and the distance between A. diffinis and A. radiatum, Allorhynchium A, and Allorhynchium B is 4.3% (Table 2). According to Hebert’s view that the average difference of COI sequences within the same species is usually less than 2% (Hebert et al. 2003), our results suggest that both Allorhynchium A and Allorhynchium B belong to A. radiatum, and A. diffinis and A. radiatum be valid species, respectively.

Figure 19. 

Maximum likelihood tree of eight COI sequences (The nodes are shown with their bootstrap values; Vespa mandarinia was used as the out-group)

Table 2.
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Genetic distance among eight specimens based on K2P and COI sequences.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(1) Allorhynchium diffinis
(2) Allorhynchium radiatum 0.043
(3) Allorhynchium A 0.043 0.000
(4) Allorhynchium B 0.043 0.000 0.000
(5) Allorhynchium chinense 0.152 0.166 0.166 0.166
(6) Allorhynchium argentatum 0.130 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.064
(7) Anterhynchium flavomarginatum 0.182 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.192 0.186
(8) Vespa mandarinia 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.230 0.229 0.214

First description of male

(Fig. 21): sculpture, punctuation, setae, and coloration similar to female (Figs 20, 23, 26); body length 13.5 mm, with large yellow spots and bands (Fig. 21): clypeus (Fig. 24) wholly, wide band along lower inner eye orbit, large inter-antennal spot, scape ventrally, wide anterior band of pronotum, large spot on mesepisternum, tegula except a central translucent spot, parategula, two spots of metanotum, dorsal and posterior faces of propodeum largely, wide apical band on each of both terga I and II; head and mesosoma coarsely punctate, punctures of metasoma sparser than those of head and mesosoma; A13 (Fig. 25) blunt, short and bent backward not beyond the middle of A11; S2 (Fig. 27) protruding medially into a big and strong crest in lateral view and rounded apically; S7 (Fig. 28) with three distinct teeth at basal area; genitalia as in Fig. 22: apex of penis valve not round in frontal view, apex of volsella slightly narrow in frontal view.

Diagnosis

Body with large yellow markings: clypeus wholly, anterior half of pronotum, propodeum largely, tegula except brown spot, parategula, and wide apical bands on T1–T2; clypeal apex deeply emarginated and forming acute tooth on each lateral side; body with coarse punctures, punctures on both head and mesosoma denser than those on metasoma; A13 short, bent backward, and not beyond the middle of A11; S2 protruding medially into a big and strong crest and rounded apically; S7 with three distinct teeth at basal area.

Distribution

China (Sichuan).

Figures 20–28. 

Allorhynchium diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986) 20 habitus (dorsal view) ♀ 21 habitus (dorsal view) ♂ 22 genitalia (front view), ♂ 23 clypeus, ♀ 24 clypeus, ♂ 25 apex of antenna, ♂ 26 metasoma (dorsal view), ♀ 27 S2, ♂ 28 S7, ♂.

Allorhynchium radiatum Li, Barthélémy & Carpenter, 2019

Figs 29–36, 37–46, 47–52

Allorhynchium radiatum Li, Barthélémy & Carpenter, 2019: 139–140.

Material examined

1♀1♂, China, Guizhou Prov., Qiannan City, Libo County, Maolan National Nature Reserve, Dongdai Village, 25°23.408'N, 108°04.374'E, 576 m, 21.VI.2015, Tingjing Li and Yan Peng (CQNU); 2♀♀3♂♂, China, Guangxi Prov., Guilin City, Longsheng County, Sanmen Town, Huaping National Nature Reserve, 25°37.454'N, 109°54.957'E, 740 m, 16.VII.2018, YanPeng and Xue Zhang (CQNU); 2♀♀, China, Guangdong Prov., Shaoguan City, Shixing County, Chebaling National Nature Reserve, 24°43.503'N, 114°15.658'E, 357 m, VI.2018, Feiyue Du (CQNU).

Notes

The species A. radiatum was described on a single female from Hong Kong, China (Li et al. 2019). The type specimen is almost wholly black except yellow spots on head. According to the results of COI genes in this study (Fig. 19), there are some variations of morphological characters within the species. Among the specimens which are collected from other areas of China, those from Guizhou (Figs 29–36) and Guangxi (Figs 37–46, Allorhynchium A) are with more yellow markings than the type specimen (figs 33, 34 of Li et al. 2019) and those from Guangzhou (Figs 47–52, Allorhynchium B), and S2 of male protruding medially into a transverse crest or indistinctly convex (Figs 35, 43–45).

Figures 29–36. 

Allorhynchium radiatum Li et al., 2019 (from Guizhou) 29 habitus (dorsal view), ♀ 30 habitus (dorsal view), ♂ 31 genitalia (front view), ♂ 32 clypeus, ♀ 33 clypeus, ♂ 34 apex of antenna, ♂ 35 metasoma (ventral view), ♂ 36 S7, ♂.

First description of male

(Figs 30, 38): body length 12.8–13.3 mm, forewing length 12.5–12.9 mm. Sculpture, punctuation, setae, and coloration as in female (Figs 29, 37, 47); the following parts yellow: clypeus wholly or except lateral side (Figs 33, 41), scape ventrally, anterior small separated spots of pronotum, and dorsolateral spots of propodeum; A3–A12 ventrally dark brown; T1 and T2 almost black or with thin and interrupted apical bands (Figs 30, 38); clypeus almost as wide as long, moderately punctate, apical margin strongly emarginated medially, apical width: emargination depth = 0.58: 0.21, total width: apical width = 1.8: 0.58; A13 (Figs 34, 42) slightly curved and longer than that of A. diffinis; S2 protruding medially into a transverse crest or indistinctly convex (Figs 35, 43–45); S7 with three distinct tubercles at basal area (Figs 36, 46); genitalia as in Figs 31, 39, apical tip of penis valve somewhat inflated and round.

Diagnosis

Compared with the related A. diffinis, body of A. radiatum almost black or just with a few thin yellow markings, A13 elongated and longer than that of A. diffinis, punctures on both T2 and S2 distinctly coarser, S2 protruding medially into a transverse crest or indistinctly convex (in A. diffinis, S2 protruding medially into a big and strong crest in lateral view and rounded apically), apex of penis valve round in frontal view (in A. diffinis, apex of penis valve not round).

Distribution

China (Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou).

In addition, there was an error that needs to be corrected in the reference (Li et al. 2019): figure 38 of A. radiatum in p.138 was misplaced and should be exchanged with figure 89 in page 152.

Figures 37–46. 

Allorhynchium radiatum (Allorhynchium A, from Guangxi) 37 habitus (dorsal view), ♀ 38 habitus (dorsal view), ♂ 39 genitalia (front view), ♂ 40 clypeus, ♀ 41 clypeus, ♂ 42 apex of antenna, ♂ 43–45 variations of S2, ♂ 46 S7, ♂.

Figures 47–52. 

Allorhynchium radiatum (Allorhynchium B, from Guangzhou) 47 habitus (dorsal view) ♀ 48 head, (dorsal view) ♀ 49 clypeus, ♀ 50 metasoma (dorsal view), ♀ 51 mesosoma (dorsal view), ♀ 52 metasoma (ventral view), ♀.

Allorhynchium quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997, new record

Figs 53–60

Allorhynchium quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997: 759; 2011: 1362; Tan et al. 2018: 49–64.

Material examined

2♀♀, China, Guangxi Prov., Baise City, Lingyun County, Yuhong Town, Hexiang Village, 24°29.355'N, 106°29.664'E, 791 m, 31.VII.2018, Yan Peng and Zhang Xue (CQNU); 1♀, China, Guangxi Prov., Baise City, Lingyun County, Yuhong Town, Panxian Village, 24°28.157'N, 106°33.762'E, 964 m, 30.VII.2018, Zhang Xue and Han Qian (CQNU); 1♀, China, Guangxi Prov., Guilin City, Longsheng County, Sanmen Town, 25°43.789'N, 109°51.905'E, 236 m, 17.VII.2018, Yan Peng and Xue Zhang (CQNU); 1♀, China, Guangxi Prov., Guilin City, Xingan County, Huajiang Town, Gaozhai Village, 25°50.901'N, 110°28.976'E, 430 m, 19.VII.2015, Tingjing Li (CQNU); 1♀, China, Guangxi Prov., Fangchenggang City, Shangsi County, Jaoanzhen Town, Shiwandashan National forest park, 22°06.404'N, 107°58.381'E, 280 m, 16.VIII.2017, Xudong Li (CQNU); 1♂, China, Guangxi Prov., Hechi City, Huanjiang County, Chuanshan Town, Leyi Village, 25°07.015'N, 107°58.820'E, 533 m, 23.VII.2018, Yan Peng (CQNU); 1♀, China, Sichuan Prov., Pengzhou City, Xiaoyudong Town, Luoyangba Village, 31°11.607'N, 103°45.290'E, 1013 m, 19.VII.2015, Zhang Xue and Han Qian (CQNU); 2♀♀1♂, China, Guizhou Prov., Qiannan City, Libo County, Maolan National Nature Reserve, Dongdai Village, 25°23.408'N, 108°04.374'E, 576 m, 21.VI.2015, Tingjing Li and Yan Peng (CQNU); 1♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Hekou County, Nanxi Town, 22°37.546'N, 103°56.892'E, 220 m, 19.VII.2015, Liang Wang (CQNU); 1♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Hekou County, Nanxi Town, 22°37.546'N, 103°56.892'E, 220 m, 18.VII.2018, Chunfa Chen and Liping Zhao (CQNU).

Diagnosis

Body length 12.2–13.0 mm in female (Fig. 53), 11.9–12.3 mm in male (Fig. 54). Clypeus in female length and width equal, moderately punctate, entirely black, with apical margin strongly emarginate medially, apical width: emargination depth = 0.57: 0.10, total width: apical width = 1.7: 0.57 (Fig. 55); clypeus in male yellow, total width: apical width = 1.5: 0.55, apical margin moderately emarginate medially, apical width: emargination depth = 0.55: 0.12 (Fig. 56); A13 elongate, slightly curved and backward about reaching the middle of A11 (Fig. 57); anterior vertical face of pronotum with smooth; tegula not exceeding parategula; wings dark brown, with purple luster; (apical yellow bands of T1 and T2 medially interrupted (Figs 53, 58); anterior surface of T1 rectangular in lateral view; S2 in male protruding medially into a transverse crest in lateral view (Fig. 59); S7 of male with pair of triangular teeth (Fig. 60).

Figures 53–60. 

Allorhynchium quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997 53 habitus (dorsal view) ♀ 54 habitus (dorsal view) ♂ 55 clypeus, ♀ 56 clypeus, ♂ 57 apex of antenna, ♂ 58 metasoma (dorsal view), ♀ 59 S2, ♂ 60 S7, ♂.

Distribution

China (new record: Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Vietnam; Laos.

Key to the Chinese species of Allorhynchium van der Vecht*

1 T1 evenly rounded in lateral view and without transverse rim at junction of anterior and dorsal faces 2
– T1 rather rectangular in lateral view and with transverse rim at junction of anterior and dorsal faces 4
2 Occipital carina relatively wide laterally; clypeus of male entirely black A. chinense (de Saussure, 1862)
– Occipital carina narrower laterally than the above species; clypeus of male with yellow spots 3
3 T1 and T2 with very small, sparse and thin punctures except lateral and apical portions A. argentatum (Fabricius, 1804)
– T1 and T2 with relatively bigger and denser punctures except lateral and apical portions A. metallicum (de Saussure, 1852)
4 Emargination of clypeal apex relatively wider and shallower (Figs 2, 12, 55, 56); S7 of male with two small teeth basally (Figs 7, 17, 60) 5
– Emargination of clypeal apex narrower and deeper, almost semicircular (Figs 23, 24, 32, 33, 40, 41, 49); S7 of male with three small teeth basally (Figs 28, 36, 46) 7
5 Tegula reddish brown (Fig. 14); S7 of male with pair of flat lobe-shaped protuberances (Fig. 17) A. lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900)
– Tegula dark black (Figs 4, 5, 53, 54); S7 of male with pair of triangular teeth (Figs 7, 60) 6
6 Wings dark brown, with purple luster (Fig. 53); S2 of male protruding medially into a short and high tuber (Fig. 59) A. quadrimaculatum Gusenleitner, 1997
– Wings pale brown, without purple luster (Fig. 1); S2 of male protruding medially into a transverse high and strong crest (Fig. 6) A. menglianensis (Dong & Wang, 2017) comb. nov.
7 Body almost black or with few yellow markings, T1 and T2 without apical bands or just with interrupted yellow apical bands or small spots (Figs 29, 30, 37, 38, 47); A13 in male elongate (Figs 34, 42); S2 protruding medially into a transverse crest or indistinctly convex (Figs 35, 43–45); apex of volsella round in frontal view (Figs 31, 39) A. radiatum Li, Barthélémy & Carpenter, 2019
– Body largely with yellow markings, both T1 and T2 with great wide yellow apical bands (Figs 20, 21, 31); A13 in male relatively shorter (Fig. 25); S2 protruding medially into a big, round and strong crest (Fig. 27); apex of volsella not round in frontal view (Fig. 22) A. diffinis (Giordani Soika, 1986)

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology (Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China) for helping us to take pictures of the type specimens deposited in KIZ. We thank Prof. James M. Carpenter (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA) and Dr. P. Girish Kumar (Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode, India) for their important comments and providing copies of many references. This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 31772490, 31372247, 31000976), Young Talent Incubation Programme of Chongqing Normal University (14CSDG07).

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1 * The characters are applicable to both sexes unless the sex is specified; the female of A. menglianensis (Dong & Wang, 2017) is unknown.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Figure S1

Li Luo, Qiao-Hua Zhang, Bin Chen, Ting-Jing Li

Data type: multimedia

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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