Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Carlos Ruiz ( cruizcar@ull.edu.es ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2020 Carlos Ruiz, Daniel Suárez, Manuel Naranjo, Pilar De la Rúa.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ruiz C, Suárez D, Naranjo M, De la Rúa P (2020) First record of the carpenter bee Xylocopa pubescens (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the Canary Islands confirmed by DNA barcoding. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 169-175. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59649
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Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the introduction of exotic species that can have an impact on local fauna and flora. Here, the carpenter bee Xylocopa pubescens is reported in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) for the first time. This species is native to North Africa and the Near East and shows a rapid dispersion across the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, together with a single record in the southernmost tip of the island. Different hypotheses about its arrival to the island are discussed.
Canary Islands, Exotic species, range expansion, new record, social media, wood nesting bees
Bees of the genus Xylocopa are characterised by a large size (13–30 mm) and robust jaws used for cutting the corolla of tubular flowers to extract the nectar, and also for their nesting habits, mainly in trees and wooden structures. The genus has 469 species grouped into 38 subgenera (
Several species of Xylocopa have been introduced into both continental (
In the Canary Islands, despite their proximity to the African continent (Fuerteventura is 96 km off the northwest coast of Morocco), there were no representatives of the genus until 2013–2014, when Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) was recorded for the first time on the south of the island of Gran Canaria (
The arrival of an exotic species can lead to negative impacts on ecosystems such as competition with native pollinators for floral and nesting resources, or the introduction of new pathogens (
Early detection of invasive species is therefore one of the most important actions to ensure the success of control or eradication campaigns, as it reduces costs and potential damage. In this context, citizen science has proven as an effective tool for early detection of exotic species irrespective of their invasive potential (
From June to October 2020, several observations were made of a new species of Xylocopa by the authors and in social networks such as Facebook (‘Fauna Vertebrada e Invertebrada de las islas Canarias’ and ‘Sociedad Entomológica Canaria Melansis’) and Whatsapp groups. For each species observation (captures included), we obtained photographic evidence from authors and asked them to provide the following information: date/period, number of individuals observed and location with GPS coordinates.
In order to confirm the identification, DNA from a single leg of a captured individual was extracted and amplified in a single step using Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit (Thermo Scientific) and standard barcoding primers (LCO1490, HCO2198).
Spain: Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 1 ♀ Ciudad Jardín, 11 Jun. 2020, Kings Ruly obs.; several ex. Parque Doramas, 28.120, -15.428, Jun. 2020, Pablo Martínez Darve obs.; 1 ♀ Mercado central, 06 Jul. 2020, 28.133,-15.432, Manuel Betancor obs.; 1 ♀ Playa de las Canteras, 28.142,-15.432, 18 Aug. 2020; 1 ♀, 1♂ Parque Doramas, 28.120, -15.428, 2 Oct. 2020, Manuel Arechavaleta obs.; 4 ♀, 5 ♂, Parque de La Ballena, 28.1052, -15.4424, 30 Sept. 2020, M. Naranjo obs.; 1 ♀, 1♂ Urbanización Las Filipinas, 28.0761, -15.4198, 25 Sept. 2020, M. Naranjo leg.
Spain: Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas. 1 ♀ Playa del Inglés, 27.749, -15.578, 05 Sep. 2020, Carlos Velázquez Padrón leg.
Xylocopa pubescens was identified at subgenus level (Koptortosoma) by its external morphology. It is morphologically unique among Canary Island bees; the only species of Xylocopa on the archipelago is X. violacea. From this last species, X. pubescens can be easily differentiated by the mesosoma covered dorsally with yellow hairs. Males are smaller than females, and they can be distinguished by a narrow head and yellow pubescence covering their entire body (Fig.
Xylocopa pubescens is naturally distributed in Near-East and North Africa. The species is expanding its native range, as it has been recently detected in the Balcanic Peninsula (Greece;
The occurrence of Xylocopa pubescens in the island of Gran Canaria can be explained by two alternative scenarios. It may have arrived in a shipment of wood in the port of Las Palmas, with a secondary expansion up to Maspalomas. This hypothesis is supported by its wide distribution around the port area of the capital (Fig.
Alternatively, X. pubescens may have arrived by its own means, transported by the warm east-wind from the Moroccan desert (locally known as ‘calima’). X. pubescens is adapted to xeric conditions, and it is likely expanding its native range by colonizing southern Europe in two independent events during the last decade, probably in relation with the global climate change. Therefore, a natural expansion to the Canary Islands cannot be ruled out. This process may also explain the record of the species in an isolated locality at the very south of Gran Canaria. Future genetic analysis including continental populations should be conducted to discern between both hypotheses.
The species is conspicuous with local abundance in the surroundings of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and it has been widely observed during the summer and autumn of 2020. The potential negative effects on native bees has not been evaluated yet, therefore it is important to continue monitoring its spread on the island and to assess its possible impacts on island ecosystems. These results provide an example of the potentiality of social media and citizen science for exotic species early detection and monitoring.
We would like to thank all the social media users who provided photos and information regarding X. pubescens in Gran Canaria. We are indebted to José Mateo López for reporting the presence of the species, Sergio Viera for the specimen collected for DNA identification, Carlos Velázquez for the specimen collected in Playa del Inglés and to Ana Asensio for the molecular work. Two anonymous referees made valuable comments that have much improved the manuscript. P. De la Rúa is supported by Project 19908/GERM/2015 of Regional Excellence (Fundación Séneca).