Research Article |
Corresponding author: Srwa K. Bandyan ( srwa.bandyan@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2021 Srwa K. Bandyan, Ralph S. Peters, Nawzad B. Kadir, Mar Ferrer-Suay, Wolfgang H. Kirchner.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Bandyan S, Peters R, Kadir N, Ferrer-Suay M, Kirchner W (2021) A survey of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera) on six crops in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 81: 9-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.81.59784
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In this study, we surveyed aphids and associated parasitoid wasps from six important crop species (wheat, sweet pepper, eggplant, broad bean, watermelon and sorghum), collected at 12 locations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. A total of eight species of aphids were recorded which were parasitised by eleven species of primary parasitoids belonging to the families Braconidae and Aphelinidae. In addition, four species of hyperparasitoids (in families Encyrtidae, Figitidae, Pteromalidae and Signiphoridae) were recorded. Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima, 1992), A. flaviventris (Kurdjumov, 1913), A. varipes (Förster, 1841) (Aphelinidae), Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani, 1902), A. uzbekistanicus (Luzhetzki, 1960), (Braconidae) and Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) (Figitidae) were recorded in Iraq for the first time. The results represent the first survey of these interactions in this region and form the basis for understanding crop-aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid networks and for future biological control actions.
Aphelinidae, Aphididae, Braconidae, biocontrol, pests
Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) are considered as an economically important group amongst insect pests and attack crops in the Kurdistan region in Iraq, as well as in many other countries. There are around 4700 species of Aphididae worldwide, approximately 450 species have been reported infesting crop plants and almost 100 species have significant economic importance (
Aphids have many natural enemies, including hymenopteran parasitoids which potentially can also be used as biological control agents (
Despite the economic and ecological importance of this multi-trophic system, few investigations of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids have been conducted in Iraq (
Sampling was conducted from April to August 2017 at 12 localities on six crops in the Kurdistan region which is located the northern part of Iraq (Fig.
Samples of plants, including leaves, straws and small branches bearing aphid colonies (consisting of both live and mummified aphids) were collected weekly from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.), green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) (Table
Locations | Coordinates | Crops |
---|---|---|
Erbil-Grdarasha | 36.0444°N, 44.1091°E | Broad bean, Eggplant, Sorghum, Watermelon and Wheat |
Erbil-Sablax | 36.0442°N, 44.1024°E | Broad bean and Wheat |
Erbil-Kalak | 36.2574°N, 43.7576°E | Broad bean, Eggplant, Sorghum, Watermelon and Wheat |
Drbandi Gomaspan – Field1 | 36.3027°N, 44.2236°E | Broad bean and Wheat |
DarbandiGomaspan – Field2 | 36.2638°N, 44.3307°E | Broad bean and Wheat |
DarbandiGomaspan – Field3 | 36.2914°N, 44.2540°E | Broad bean and Wheat |
Harir – Field1 | 36.5475°N, 44.3098°E | Sorghum and Wheat |
Harir – Field2 | 36.5290°N, 44.3253°E | Sorghum and Wheat |
Harir – Field3 | 36.5860°N, 44.2862°E | Sweet pepper and Wheat |
Choman – Field1 | 36.5877°N, 44.8039°E | Wheat |
Choman – Field2 | 36.5874°N, 44.8109°E | Wheat |
Choman – Field3 | 36.5836°N, 44.8192°E | Wheat |
Wasp specimens were identified to morphospecies using a NIKON SMZ-1stereomicroscope. Based on morphospecies designation, 192 of the total 737 parasitoid wasp specimens were selected for DNA barcoding.
DNA was isolated using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit and the BioSprint 96 magnetic bead extractor by Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) in accordance with the standard protocols of the GBOL (German Barcode of Life) for purification of total DNA from animal tissue. Extracted DNA was preserved at 4 °C for the subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of a partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) gene was performed by PCR using primers: LCO1490-JJ [5'-CHACWAAYCATAAAGATATYGG-3'] and HCO2198-JJ [5'-AWACTTCVGGRTGVCC AAARAATCA-3'] (
PCR reactions were performed in a 2720 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA). The tubes were subjected to the PCR cycle involving two cycles and initial denaturation at 95 °C (15 min), the first cycle set 15 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C (35 s), annealing at 55 °C (-1 °C per cycle) and 90 s and extension at 72 °C (1 min). The second cycle involved 25 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C (35 s), annealing at 40 °C, (90 s) and extension at 72 °C (1 min), followed by a final extension at 72 °C (10 min). PCR products were stored at 4 °C in the short-term (< 1 month) before subsequent processing. Unpurified PCR products were sent for bidirectional Sanger sequencing to BGI (Hong Kong, China). Out of the 192 parasitoid wasp samples processed, 170 samples delivered sequences. Sequences were edited and assembled using Geneious R7.
The specimens were critical point dried with a Leica EM CPD 300 AUTO and card mounted. All specimens are deposited at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (
For species identification, we followed an integrative approach, using the results from analysing molecular data and identification based on external morphology. First, all sequences were checked against and compared with the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD Systems (www.barcodinglife.org) using the BOLD Blast tool. Then, the sequences were aligned with CLUSTALW in MEGA, version 5.1 (
The 170 sequences are deposited at GenBank with accession numbers MT945966–MT991672 (Suppl. material
In this study, 5382 adult and nymph aphids and 737 parasitoids specimens were collected from the six crops in the studied region. A total of eight species of aphids were recorded (Table
The trophic associations (host plant-host aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid) on six important crop plants in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Crops | Aphids | Primary parasitoids | Hyperparasitoids |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat Triticum aestivum (L) Poaceae | Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker, 1849) | Aphidius matricariae (Haliday, 1834) | None recorded |
Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856) | Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani, 1902) | ||
Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Aphidius uzbekistanicus (Luzhetzki, 1960) | ||
Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) | Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh, 1855) | ||
Schizaphis graminum (Rondani, 1852) | |||
Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L) Poaceae | Rhopalosiphum maidis | Aphidius matricariae | Chartocerus sp. |
Schizaphis graminum | Aphidius rhopalosiphi | Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché, 1834) | |
Aphelinus flaviventris (Kurdjumov, 1913) | Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr, 1876) | ||
Aphelinus sp. | |||
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus (L) Solanaceae | Aphis fabae (Scopoli, 1763) | Aphidius funebris (Mackauer, 1961) | Pachyneuron aphidis |
Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) | Aphidius matricariae | ||
Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall, 1896) | |||
Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima, 1992) | |||
Aphelinus varipes (Förster, 1841) | |||
Sweet pepper Capsicum annuum (L) Solanaceae | Myzus persicae | Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall, 1896) | Pachyneuron aphidis |
Syrphophagus aphidivorus | |||
Eggplant Solanum melongena (L) Solanaceae | Aphis craccivora (Koch, 1854) | Aphidius funebris | Pachyneuron aphidis |
Aphis fabae | Diaeretiella rapae | ||
Myzus persicae | Lysiphlebus fabarum | ||
Broad bean Vicia faba (L) | Aphis craccivora | Binodoxys acalephae | Syrphophagus aphidivorus |
Fabaceae | Aphis fabae | Lysiphlebus fabarum | Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) |
Aphelinus varipes |
The following species were recorded from Iraq for the first time:
Aphidiinae (Braconidae)
Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani, 1902) from wheat and sorghum
Aphidius uzbekistanicus (Luzhetzki, 1960) from wheat
Aphelinidae
Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima, 1992) from watermelon
Aphelinus varipes (Förster, 1841) from watermelon and broad bean
Aphelinus flaviventris (Kurdjumov, 1913) from sorghum
Figitidae
Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) from broad bean
The present study on aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids on six economically important crops is the first of its kind in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, even though this region is significant for agriculture in Iraq with a large territory that includes different bio-geographical elements and climatic conditions.
Our evaluation of trophic associations reveals several species that could potentially be considered in the environmentally friendly management of aphid pests.
The results show that the wheat and sorghum plants are infested by important and common cereal crop pest aphid species, i.e., Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Sitobion avenae and Schizaphis graminum (
Aphelinus varipes was found on two crops in our study (watermelon and broad bean). In addition, Aphelinus albipodus was found on watermelon, Aphelinus flaviventris and another Aphelinus species were found on sorghum. Aphelinus varipes is an abundant species in Mediterranean countries and Europe (
In conclusion, the knowledge across four trophic levels (crops, aphids, primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids) in economically important crop plants is significant to any future biological control programmes. The primary parasitoids species Aphidius matricariae and Lysiphlebus fabarum and the newly recorded Aphelinus varipes and A. flaviventris that are present in the field in the Kurdistan region can be potentially selected and used as biocontrol agents and could become powerful alternatives to pesticides used in this region. However, the efficiency and specificity of these parasitoid species and the effects of native hyperparasitoid will need to be studied further before applying and implementing in biological control programmes. Both, classical biological control using releases and subsequent establishment in the ecosystem as well as inundative application of mass-reared parasitoids should be taken into consideration. In addition to the basic knowledge for possible biological control actions, this study contributes to the still extremely poor knowledge of parasitoid wasps in the study region and also provides a DNA barcode resource for 15 important hymenopteran aphid associates from the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq.
This research was granted by the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig and Ruhr University Bochum. We would like to thank Jana Thormann, Björn Rulik, Claudia Etzbauer and Dirk Rohwedder at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany for lab work, processing sequences and assistance in aphid parasitoids mounting and identification. This study was also supported by the Biology and Biotechnology Department of Ruhr University Bochum and the Department of Plant Protection, Salahaddin University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. We are thankful to Ehsan Rakhshani and George Japoshvili for their identifications of wasp species. We also thank Mariusz Kanturski (Zoology Research Team, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland) for checking and confirming identifications of aphids.
Figure S1. Neighbour joining tree
Data type: phylogenetic
Explanation note: Neighbour joining tree using p-distance of 170 COI sequences of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoid on six crops (658 nucleotide positions). Bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches; Branches with less than 50% bootstrap support collapsed.
Table S1. List of aphid parasitoids species included in this study
Data type: list
Explanation note: List of aphid parasitoids species included in this study: taxonomic information, sampling location, sampling date, host species, GenBank accession numbers and ZFMK-TIS-numbers.
Alignment sequences
Data type: DNA sequences
Explanation note: Alignment sequences of aphid parasitoids species in this study.