Research Article
Print
Research Article
Three new species of the genus Aphidius (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from South Korea
expand article infoSangjin Kim‡, Željko Tomanović§, Yeonghyeok Yu‡, JuHyeong Sohn‡, Yunjong Han‡, Gyeonghyeon Lee‡, Hyojoong Kim‡
‡ Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
§ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Corresponding author: Hyojoong Kim ( hkim@kunsan.ac.kr )

Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2021 Sangjin Kim, Željko Tomanović, Yeonghyeok Yu, JuHyeong Sohn, Yunjong Han, Gyeonghyeon Lee, Hyojoong Kim.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Kim S, Tomanović Ž, Yu Y, Sohn J, Han Y, Lee G, Kim H (2021) Three new species of the genus Aphidius (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from South Korea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.86.70767
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E2D51361-BE76-445E-92AA-22F6ED8C80F8
Open Access

Abstract

Several species of the genus Aphidius are well known as commercial biocontrol agents of pest aphids, and more than 130 species of the genus have been recorded worldwide. To date, only 15 Aphidius species have been recorded in South Korea. Using the DNA barcode region (ca. 658 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), we amplified sequences of 15 Aphidius Korean species, aligned them in combination with 23 reference species retrieved from GenBank for comparison and identification, and then reconstructed a barcode phylogeny by the neighbour-joining method. As a result, three Aphidius species were found to be new to Science. Descriptions and illustrations of the three species new to Science – Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov., A. longistigmus sp. nov., and A. asiaticus sp. nov. – are provided, together with their phylogenetic position within the genus Aphidius. In addition, a redescription of A. areolatus, a parasitoid of maple aphids (Peryphillus spp.), is also given.

Keywords

DNA barcoding, natural enemy, parasitoid wasps, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Aphidius consists of more than 130 species around the world and belongs to the subfamily Aphidiinae, which includes approximately 63 genera and 650 species (Yu et al. 2016). All Aphidius species are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of aphids, and many of them (e.g. A. colemani, A. gifuensis) are commercially used and produced as biocontrol agents against pest aphids worldwide (Hågvar and Hofsvang 1991; Blackman and Eastop 2000). As a species-rich genus with a huge diversity of host aphids, many new species have been discovered and described in recent studies (Tomanović et al. 2007; Davidian and Gavrilyuk 2010; Petrović et al. 2020).

Members of the genus Aphidius are medium-sized wasps, only 15 species of which have been recorded in South Korea (Starý and Choi 2000; Yu et al. 2016; Hwang et al. 2018; NIBR 2019; Kim et al. 2020). Since Aphidius species such as A. colemani and A. ervi are used as imported biocontrol agents against pest aphids worldwide, especially in agriculture and horticulture (Sequeira and Mackauer 1992; Henter and Via 1995; Fernandez and Nentwig 1997; Takada 1998), it is important to explore indigenous Aphidius species and to confirm their diversity in South Korea and surrounding regions.

In this study, we describe and diagnose three new Aphidius species and present their phylogenetic relationships with other congenerics. We also confirm the presence of A. areolatus, which was poorly known and often misidentified, in South Korea and redescribe it.

Materials and methods

Samples were borrowed from the Korean National Arboretum (Pocheon, South Korea). All of them were obtained with Malaise traps in South Korea. They are stored in 95% ethyl alcohol at -19 °C.

Specimen morphological identification was based on Shaw and Huddleston 1991; Wharton et al. 1997; Yu et al. 2016; and Rakhshani et al. 2019. We first performed morphological sorting of similar phenotypes and labeling of these samples using a dissecting microscope (OLYMPUS SZX16, Leica M205C, NIKON SMZ 1500), after which DNA extraction was performed. Total genetic DNA extraction was performed using a LaboPass Tissue Kit (COSMOgenetech, Korea) following the manufacturer’s protocol. For DNA extraction, samples consisted of single or several individuals from the same colony.

The target site for molecular identification was the front partial region of mitochondrial COI, viz., a 658-bp fragment, amplified using primers LCO1490 (forward) 5’-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’ and HCO2198 (reverse) 5’-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’ (Folmer et al. 1994) and AccuPower PCR PreMix (Bioneer Corp., Daejeon, Korea). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was conducted with 20 μl of a reaction mixture consisting of 3 μl of DNA extract, 2 μl of primer, and 15 μl of H2O. It was carried out as follows: denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C; 38 cycles of 20 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 45 °C, and 40 s at 72 °C; and final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were tested by electrophoresis on agar gel and if a band existed, we commissioned Bionics (Korea) for analysis and purification.

Sequences were aligned using Clustal W default setting and their frame-shifts were checked to avoid pseudogenes. Alignments were translated to amino acids using MEGA, version 7.0. We calculated sequence divergences using the ‘p-distance’ model commonly employed to analyze COI barcoding data. A phylogeny tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrapping replications and complete deletion in data gaps.

After morphological and molecular identification, measurements of the new species were carried out. A LEICA DMC2900 digital camera and a LEICA M205 C microscope (Leica Geosystems AG) were used for photography and characterization, several pictures being taken for each height using multifocusing technology. LAS V4.11 (Leica Geosystems AG) and HeliconFocus 7 (Helicon Soft) software were used for stacking work. After stacking work, illustrations were created using Adobe Photoshop CS6. LAS V4.11 (Leica Geosystems AG) was used to ascertain the shape of specimens (Berkovitch et al. 2009; Arias-Penna et al. 2013).

Figure 1. 

Neighbour-joining tree of 28 Aphidius spp. from South Korea based on their COI DNA barcode. Diaeretiella rapae was used for an outgroup.

Figure 1. 

Continued.

Figure 1. 

Continued.

Results

A total of 110 COI MOTUs (≥525) of 28 species, including the outgroup, were used to establish the phylogenetic tree. Fourteen species recorded in South Korea (but not A. pleotricophori because of a lack of sequence data) were used in phylogenetic analysis. Altogether, sequences of 28 species containing 72 reference sequences of 22 Aphidius species from GenBank (Suppl. material 1: Table S1), were used to explore the phylogenetic position of the three newly described species. Diaeretiella rapae was used as an outgroup.

Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov. contains two MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units), 171010-DBAP-008 in three specimens and 170718-DBAP-001 in one specimen. Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov. is clustered with Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov. and is present with two specimens (171010-DBAP-007). Genetic divergence between Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov. and Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov. is in the range of 3.1–3.9%, as compared with the two MOTUs in Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov., whose average genetic divergence is 1.6%.

Systematic accounts (description on the basis of females)

Aphidius longicarpus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/D82A1BC5-37CE-44FB-A78C-F6D6CAA643A4
Fig. 2A–G

Diagnosis

In some morphological characters (shape of the first flagellomere and antennae, number of antennal segments, shape of the pterostigma, and number of maxillary and labial palps), Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov. is similar to A. funebris and A. balcanicus. However, it clearly differs from A. balcanicus in having a shorter R1 vein (the R1 vein is subequal to pterostigma length in Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov., while in A. balcanicus the ratio of pterostigma length to R1 vein length is 1.4–2.0). It differs from A. funebris in possessing a more elongate pterostigma (the pterostigma length/width ratio is 4.06 in Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov., vs. 3.0–3.5 in A. funebris) and a more elongate petiole (the petiole length/width ratio at the spiracle level is about 3.14 in Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov., vs. 2.5–2.9 in A. funebris). The new species is distinguished from all other congeneric Aphidius species by a combination of the following characters: 16-segmented antennae, short first flagellomere (length/width ratio of about 2.6), and subequal length of the R1 vein and pterostigma.

Description

Female. Length of body about 2.26 mm (Fig. 2A). Length of forewing 2.06 mm (Fig. 2B).

Figure 2. 

Aphidius longicarpus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov., female A body B wing C antennae D head E propodeum F dorsal view of petiole G lateral view of petiole.

Head. Tentorial index 0.53 (Fig. 2D). Malar space 0.29 × longitudinal eye diameter. Antenna 16-segmented (Fig. 2C). F1 slightly shorter than F2. F1 and F2 2.61 and 3.35 times as long as their width at the middle, respectively. F1 and F2 with three and four longitudinal placodes, respectively. Maxillary palp with four palpomeres, labial palp with three palpomeres. Ratio of eye to temple in dorsal view 1.40. Face width/height ratio 1.25 (Fig. 2D).

Mesosoma. Propodeum areolated, areola length/width ratio 2.00 (Fig. 2E). Pterostigma 4.06 times as long as wide. Ratio of pterostigma length to R1 vein (=metacarpus) length 1.14 (Fig. 2B).

Metasoma. Petiole 3.14 times as long as wide at spiracles (Fig. 2F, G), with eight curved costulae in the anterolateral area (Fig. 2G). Petiole rugose on dorsal side, with prominent dorsal carina (Fig. 2F).

Colour. Antenna black; scape yellowish-brown; pedicel brown to black from base to apex. Head black. Face brown, clypeus with mouthparts yellowish-brown. Dorsal side of mesoscutum and metasoma dark brown, except yellowish brown propodeum and petiole. Legs yellowish-brown with dark apices.

Etymology

The name of the new species refers to the very long fore wing R1 vein (=metacarpus).

Specimen examined

Holotype: Korea, 1 ♀; DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, collected by Malaise trap: 20.VI.–04.VII.2017, leg. H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. Holotype deposited in the Korean National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Aphidius longistigmus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/720E0253-F2D9-4F99-AFBF-6635FBB2DBA8
Fig. 3A–G

Diagnosis

On the basis of the number of maxillary (three) and labial (two) palpomeres, number of antennal segments, and possession of an elongate pterostigma, the new species is morphologically related to A. matricariae. However, it differs clearly from A. matricariae in having a very elongate fore wing pterostigma (fore wing pterostigma length/width ratio of 4.96–5.46 in Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov., vs. 3.50–4.00 in A. matricariae) and shorter flagellomere 1 (F1 length/width ratio of 2.11–2.52 in Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov., vs. 2.50–3.00 in A. matricariae).

Description

Female. Length of body about 1.85 mm (Fig. 3A). Length of fore wing 1.45 mm (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3. 

Aphidius longistigmus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov., female A body B wing C antennae D head E propodeum F dorsal view of petiole G lateral view of petiole.

Head. Tentorial index 0.39–0.50 (Fig. 3D). Malar space 0.26–0.30 times longitudinal eye diameter. Antenna 13–15-segmented (Fig. 3C). F1 slightly shorter than F2. F1 and F2 2.11–2.52 and 1.93–2.28 times as long as their width at the middle, respectively. F1 with 2–3 and F2 with 3–4 longitudinal placodes. Maxillary palp with three palpomeres, labial palp with two palpomeres. Ratio of eye to temple in dorsal view 0.98–1.13. Face width/height ratio 1.43–1.51 (Fig. 3D).

Mesosoma. Propodeum with clearly defined central areola, areola length/ width ratio 1.00 (Fig. 3E). Pterostigma 4.96–5.46 times as long as wide. Ratio of pterostigma length to R1 vein (=metacarpus) length 1.00–1.34 (Fig. 3B).

Metasoma. Petiole 3.09–3.29 times as long as wide at spiracles (Fig. 3F, G), with about 10 curved costulae in anterolateral area (Fig. 3G). Petiole with prominent dorsal carina (Fig. 3F).

Colour. Antenna dark-brown; scape, pedicel, and flagellomere 1 yellowish–brown, partly dark-brown. Head black. Face with clypeus dark-brown, mouth parts yellowish-brown. Dorsal side of mesoscutum and metasoma dark–brown, except for propodeum with petiole. Legs yellowish-brown with dark apices.

Etymology

The name of the new species refers to the very long fore wing pterostigma.

Specimens examined

Holotype: Korea, 1 ♀; DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, collected by Malaise trap: 05.IX. – 19.IX.2017, leg. H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. Holotype deposited in the Korean National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Paratypes: Korea, 3 ♀; 1 ♀, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, collected by Malaise trap: 04.VII.–18.VII.2017, leg. H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. 2 ♀, same locality, collected by Malaise trap: 19.IX.–10.X.2017, leg. H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. Paratype specimens deposited as dry and immersion-mounted in the Korean National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Aphidius asiaticus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/D381A6F3-D58F-4799-A2AE-F9C58A1610E4
Fig. 4A–G

Diagnosis

On the basis of the number of antennal segments and wing venation pattern, the new species is morphologically related to A. matricariae and Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov.. However, it differs clearly from A. matricariae in having a more elongate fore wing pterostigma (the fore wing pterostigma length/width ratio is 4.62–4.79 in Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov., vs. 3.50–4.00 in A. matricariae) and a shorter flagellomere 1 (The F1 length/width ratio is 2.23–2.49 in Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov., vs. 2.50–3.00 in A. matricariae). Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov. differs from Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov. in having a less elongate pterostigma (the pterostigma length/width ratio is 4.62–4.79 in A. asiaticus sp. nov., vs. 4.96–5.46 in Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov.). Additionally, A. asiaticus sp. nov. has four maxillary palpomeres (or three when the last one is very long and undivided), while A. longistigmus sp. nov. has three maxillary palpomeres.

Description

Female. Length of body about 1.85 mm (Fig. 4A). Length of fore wing 1.45 mm (Fig. 4B).

Figure 4. 

Aphidius asiaticus Kim & Tomanović, sp. nov., female A body B wing C antennae D head E propodeum F dorsal view of petiole G lateral view of petiole.

Head. Tentorial index 0.47–0.50 (Fig. 4D). Malar space 0.28–0.31 times longitudinal eye diameter. Antenna 13–15-segmented (Fig. 4C), thickened at apex. F1 slightly shorter than F2. F1 and F2 2.23–2.49 and 2.11–2.14 times as long as their width at the middle, respectively. F1 with 0–3 and F2 with 1–3 longitudinal placodes. Maxillary palps with four or three palpomeres (in the latter case, the last palpomere is long and undivided), labial palp with two palpomeres. Ratio of eye to temple in dorsal view ca. 1.00. Face width/ height ratio 1.44–1.54 (Fig. 4D).

Mesosoma. Propodeum with clearly defined central areola, areola length/ width ratio 1.18–1.20 (Fig. 4E). Pterostigma 4.62–4.79 times as long as wide. Ratio of pterostigma length to R1 vein (metacarpus) length 1.26–1.32 (Fig. 4B).

Metasoma. Petiole 3.08–3.12 times as long as wide at spiracles (Fig. 4F, G), with about 10 curved costulae in anterolateral area (Fig. 4G). Mediodorsal carina of petiole well developed (Fig. 4F).

Colour. Antennal scape, pedicel, and flagellomere 1 yellow, flagellomere 2 yellow at the base, remaining parts of antennae yellowish to light-brown. Head black. Face with clypeus dark-brown, mouth parts yellow. Dorsal side of mesoscutum and metasoma dark-brown except for the yellow to light-brown propodeum (propodeum sometimes dark-brown) with yellow petiole. Legs yellow with dark apices.

Etymology

The name of the new species is derived from its known geographic distribution.

Specimens examined

Holotype: Korea, 1 ♀; DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, collected by Malaise trap: 19.IX.–10.X.2017, leg. H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. Holotype deposited in the Korean National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Paratypes: Korea, 1 ♀; DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 15.VII.2014, leg. H.T. Shin. Paratype specimen deposited as fluid- mounted in the Korean National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Aphidius areolatus Ashmead, 1906

Fig. 5A–G

Aphidius areolatus Ashmead, 1906; Starý and Schlinger 1967; Chang and Youn 1983; Starý and Choi 2000.

Redescription

Female. Length of body 2.93 mm (Fig. 5A). Length of fore wing 2.63 mm (Fig. 5B).

Figure 5. 

Aphidius areolatus Ashmead, female A body B wing C antennae D head E propodeum F dorsal view of petiole G lateral view of petiole.

Head. Tentorial index 0.35–0.39 (Fig. 5D). Malar space 0.27–0.30 times longitudinal eye diameter. Antenna 14-segmented, thickened at apex with short antennal segments (Fig. 5C). F1 slightly longer than F2. F1 and F2 2.12–2.14 and 1.63–1.76 times as long as their width at the middle, respectively. Maxillary palp with four palpomeres, labial palp with three palpomeres. Ratio of eye to temple in dorsal view 1.42. Face width/height ratio 1.46–1.57 (Fig. 5D).

Mesosoma. Propodeum areolated, areola length/width ratio ca. 1.53 (Fig. 5E). Pterostigma 3.61 times as long as wide. Ratio of pterostigma length to R1 vein length ca. 1.14 (Fig. 5B).

Metasoma. Petiole 2.17 times as long as wide at spiracles (Fig. 5F, G), with about 10 straight costulae in anterolateral area (Fig. 5G).

Colour. Antenna black. Head black. Face with clypeus black, mouth parts light-brown. Mesoscutum and metasoma black, except for brown petiole. Legs brown with dark apices.

Male. Antenna 19–20-segmented. Maxillary palp with four palpomeres, labial palp with three palpomeres.

Specimens examined

Korea, 2 ♀, 6 ♂; Korean National Arboretum, Gwangneung Forest, Soheul-eup, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, collected by Malaise trap: 19.III.–30.III.2018, leg. M.H. Kim, M.C. Kim, S.W. Jo, O. Ki.

Remarks

Morphologically, the examined specimens exhibited more variability than was known before (Starý and Schlinger 1967). The pterostigma is more triangular and the petiole more quadrate than in the original description. Chang and Youn (1983) reported A. areolatus from South Korea (one male specimen), but their record of this endemic Japanese species is doubtful. Due to misidentification (Chang and Youn 1983), Aphidius areolatus should be deleted from the previously known Korean parasitoid fauna (personal communication with Prof. Paik). It follows that A. areolatus is recorded from South Korea for the first time in the present study.

Discussion

It is well known that parasitoids, as a hyperdiverse and understudied group of organisms, generally are characterized by cryptic speciation (Derocles et al. 2012). Important biocontrol agents, aphidiine parasitoids in particular remain a largely unexplored group. In the last decades, through an integrative approach including DNA barcoding, there has been a rapid increase of knowledge about aphidiine diversity and cryptic species (Tomanović et al. 2018; Čkrkić et al. 2019; Kocić et al. 2020).

Here, we use DNA barcoding to describe three new Aphidius species from the Korean Peninsula, an area with a poorly known aphidiine fauna that includes only 58 known species (Starý and Choi 2000; Starý et al. 2001; Yu et al. 2016; Choi et al. 2017; Choi and Kim 2018; Hwang et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2020), which is not consistent with their economic and ecological importance. Aphidius longicarpus sp. nov. is a sister species to the A. absinthii – A. funebris – A. longipetiolus clade, with a long and narrow pterostigma as a clear apomorphic character, along with a short flagellomere 1 and long R1 vein as clear plesiomorphies. Aphidius longistigmus sp. nov. and Aphidius asiaticus sp. nov. are clustered with A. silvaticus, a member of the A. urticae group (Jamhour et al. 2016). Both species share a long and narrow pterostigma, along with three maxillary and two labial palpomeres in A. asiaticus sp. nov. as apomorphies and a short flagellomere 1 as a plesiomorphic character. In addition, we here redescribe A. areolatus, an interesting species related to Periphyllus aphids as hosts in the Far East (Starý and Schlinger 1967). This species is morphologically similar to the European and Central Asian A. setiger, replacing it in the forest type of habitats in the Far East, where it parasitizes Periphyllus aphids on Acer spp. Correspondingly, in our phylogeny, A. areolatus is clustered with A. setiger and A. cingulatus, both parasitoids of aphids on Acer spp. (Periphyllus spp. and Pterocomma spp., respectively).

We presume that the Korean parasitoid fauna is extremely rich due to habitat and plant diversity (NIE 2017a, 2017b; NIBR 2019). This group is very important because most of its members are already being used or are tentatively applicable as biological control agents. Further research should therefore be conducted to explore this rich parasitoid biodiversity and detect tritrophic (host plant-aphid-parasitoid) interactions.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korean National Arboretum (KNA1-1-20), and a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR202102204), This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR202130203). The contribution of ŽT was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science and Education (grant No. 451-03-9/2021-14/ 200178).

References

  • Arias-Penna DC, Whitfield JB, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W (2013) Three new species in the genus Wilkinsonellus (Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from the Neotropics, and the first host record for the genus. ZooKeys 302: 79–95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.302.4962
  • Blackman RL, Eastop VF (2000) Aphids on the world’s crops: an identification and information guide. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 466 pp.
  • Chang YD, Youn YN (1983) On four-species of Aphididae (Hym.) from Korea. Res. Rep. Env. Sci. Tech. Chungnam Univ 1(2): 16–22.
  • Choi S, Ku DS, Kim H (2017) New record of the genus Taxares Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 10(4): 596–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.004
  • Čkrkić J, Petrović A, Kocić K, Kavallieratos NG, Hebert PDN, Starý P, Tomanović Ž (2019) Review of the world Monoctonina Mackauer 1961 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): key for their identification and descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 4691(4): 359–385. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.4.3
  • Davidian EM, Gavrilyuk AV (2010) A new species of the genus Aphidius Nees (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from Western Siberia. Russian Entomological Journal 19(2): 119–121. https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.19.2.05
  • Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
  • Hågvar EB, Hofsvang T (1991) Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae): biology, host selection and use in biological control. Biocontrol news and Information 12(1): 13–42.
  • Henter HJ, Via S (1995) The potential for coevolution in a host‐parasitoid system. I. Genetic variation within an aphid population in susceptibility to a parasitic wasp. Evolution 49(3): 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02275.x
  • Hwang HS, Jung DO, Kim JW, Lee KY (2018) Molecular identification of Aphidius transcaspicus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), a closely associated species of Aphidius colemani, in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 21: 1246–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2018.09.009
  • Jamhour A, Mitrović M, Petrović A, Starý P, Tomanović Ž (2016) Re-visiting the Aphidius urticae s. str. group: re-description of Aphidius rubi Starý and A. silvaticus Starý (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Zootaxa 4178(2): 278–288. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.6
  • Kim S, Yu Y, Lee Y, Han HW, Kim H (2020) COI DNA barcoding for molecular identification of the genus Aphidius (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in South Korea, with diagnoses of two newly recorded species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 23(4): 1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2020.09.017
  • Kocić K, Petrović A, Čkrkić J, Kavallieratos NG, Rakhshani E, Arnó J, Aparicio J, Hebert PDN, Tomanović Ž (2020) Resolving the taxonomic status of potential biocontrol agents belonging to the neglected genus Lipolexis Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) with descriptions of six new species. Insects 11(10): e667. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100667
  • NIBR (2019) National List of Species of Korea. National Institute of Biological Resources. http://kbr.go.kr
  • NIE (2017a) Natural Environment Survey 30 years. National Institute of Ecology. http://www.nie.re.kr
  • NIE (2017b) Data Book of National Ecosystem Survey. National Institute of Ecology. http://www.nie.re.kr
  • Petrović A, Pérez Hidalgo N, Michelena Saval J, Tomanović Ž (2020) A new Aphidius Nees species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of Acyrthosiphon malvae (Mosley, 1841) in Europe. Phytoparasitica 49: 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00860-1
  • Rakhshani E, Barahoei H, Ahmad Z, Starý P, Ghafouri-Moghaddam M, Mehrparvar M, Kavallieratos NG, Čkrkić J, Tomanović Ž (2019) Review of Aphidiinae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of the Middle East and North Africa: key to species and host associations. European Journal of Taxonomy 552: 1–132. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.552
  • Sequeira R, Mackauer M (1992) Nutritional ecology of an insect host‐parasitoid association: the pea aphid‐Aphidius ervi system. Ecology 73: 183–189. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938730
  • Shaw M, Huddleston T (1991) Classification and biology of braconid wasps. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects (London) 7(11): 1–126.
  • Starý P, Choi JY (2000) An annotated review of tritrophic associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) in Korea. Insecta Koreana 17(1–2): 91–109.
  • Starý P, Havelka J, Choi J (2001) New parasitoid species of Cinara-aphids on conifers from Korea (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Insecta Koreana 18(2): 163–169.
  • Takada H (1998) A review of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; Aphidiinae) and closely related species indigenous to Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology 33: 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.33.59
  • Tomanović Ž, Rakhshani E, Starý P, Kavallieratos NG, Stanisavljević LŽ, Žikić V, Athanassiou CG (2007) Phylogenetic relationships between the genera Aphidius and Lysaphidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) with description of Aphidius iranicus sp. nov. The Canadian Entomologist 139(3): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-007
  • Tomanović Ž, Mitrović M, Petrović A, Kavallieratos NG, Žikić V, Ivanović A, Rakhshani E, Starý P, Vorburger C (2018) Revision of the European Lysiphlebus species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on the basis of COI and 28SD2 molecular markers and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 76(2): 179–213.
  • Wharton RA, Marsh PM, Sharkey MJ (1997) Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The International Society of Hymenopterists (Washington DC): 118–131.
  • Yu D, Van Achterberg C, Horstmann K (2016) Taxapad 2016. Ichneumonoidea 2015 (biological and taxonomical information), Taxapad Interactive Catalogue Database on Flash-drive (Nepean). www.taxapad.com

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Table S1

Sangjin Kim, Željko Tomanović, Yeonghyeok Yu, JuHyeong Sohn, Yunjong Han, Gyeonghyeon Lee, Hyojoong Kim

Data type: table

Explanation note: List of 72 reference sequences of 22 Aphidius spp. retrieved from GenBank * nine Aphidius spp. are not recorded in South Korea but included for molecular identification.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (163.84 kb)
login to comment