Research Article
Print
Research Article
Four new species of Rhogadopsis Brèthes from NW China (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae)
expand article infoMeng Chen‡, Cornelis van Achterberg‡, Jiang-Li Tan‡, Qing-qing Tan‡, Xue-Xin Chen§
‡ Northwest University, Xi'an, China
§ Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
† Deceased author

Corresponding author: Jiang-Li Tan ( tanjl@nwu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Gavin Broad
© 2016 Meng Chen, Cornelis van Achterberg, Jiang-Li Tan, Qing-qing Tan, Xue-Xin Chen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Chen M, Achterberg C van, Tan J-L, Tan Q-q, Chen X-X (2016) Four new species of Rhogadopsis Brèthes from NW China (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 37-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.9806
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:02479A07-F3AB-459E-8F78-B76E0B3AD622
Open Access

Abstract

Four new species of the genus Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) are reported from Shaanxi province (NW China). The new species (R. aciculifera sp. n., R. cracentata sp. n., R. longivena sp. n., and R. moniliata sp. n.) and two newly recorded species for Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces (R. mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963) and R. pratellae (Weng & Chen, 2005), respectively) are keyed and fully illustrated. Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963) is a new combination.

Keywords

Rhogadopsis , new species, new record, new combination, Shaanxi, Ningxia, key

Introduction

The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with nearly 2,000 valid species according to Yu et al. (2012), is a common group containing generally small (2–5 mm) parasitoid wasps of mainly mining or fruit-infesting dipterous larvae. It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer (1972, 1977, 1986, 1987). Li et al. (2013) supplied a key to the genera of Opiinae in China, including Rhogadopsis Brèthes, and listed six species mainly for Hunan province. In the review of the Opiinae of China (Chen and Weng 2005) the genus was not recognized and the examination of the types by the second author was necessary to list the Rhogadopsis species among the newly described species in Opius Wesmael, 1835 s.l. Despite the general scope of the latter review there have been no species of Rhogadopsis found in NW China. Recent collecting in Shaanxi (especially the Qinling Mountains) and Ningxia resulted in a large collection of Opiinae and included several species of Rhogadopsis. In this paper we give the first results of the survey.

Material and methods

The specimens were either collected by Malaise trap or by using a sweep net and directly preserved in 70% alcohol. The specimens were chemically treated with a mixture of xylene + alcohol 96% and amylacetate, respectively (AXA-method; van Achterberg 2009; van Achterberg et al. 2010). For identification of the subfamily Opiinae, see van Achterberg (1990, 1993); for identification of the Chinese genera, see Li et al. (2013); for references to the Opiinae, see Yu et al. (2012).

Morphological terminology follows van Achterberg (1988, 1993), including the abbreviations for wing venation. Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988): for the length and the width of a body part the maximum length and width is taken, unless otherwise indicated. The length of the mesosoma is measured from the anterior border of the mesoscutum to the apex of the propodeum and of the first tergite from the posterior border of the adductor to the medio-posterior margin of the tergite.

Observations and descriptions were made with an Olympus SZX11 stereomicroscope and fluorescent lamps. Photographic images were made with the Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope. The specimens are deposited in the collections of the Northwest University (NWUX) at Xi’an and of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH) at Leiden.

Taxonomy

Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913

Figs 1, 2–10, 11, 12–22, 23, 24–32, 33, 34–42, 43, 44–52, 53, 54–62

Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913: 44; Shenefelt 1975: 1212; Wharton 1987: 66 (synonymy with subgenus Lissosema); Li et al. 2013: 147 (as valid genus). Type species (by monotypy): Rhogadopsis miniacea Brèthes, 1913 [examined].

Lissosema Fischer, 1972: 359. Type species (by original designation): Opius parvungula Thomson, 1895 [examined].

Diagnosis

Propodeum with a medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Figs 4, 14, 26, 36); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into 2-CU1 and linear with vein 2-M, rarely angulate; vein 1r-m of hind wing less oblique and 0.7–1.0 times as long as vein 1-M; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina; occipital carina remaining separate from hypostomal carina ventrally; precoxal sulcus usually present and crenulate; anterior groove of metapleuron nearly always crenulate; veins CU1b and 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized; dorsope absent.

Biology

Parasitoids of Agromyzidae.

Key to species of Rhogadopsis from NW China

1 Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Figs 26, 36); ventral half of posterior groove of pronotal side sometimes smooth (Fig. 35) 2
– Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present (Figs 4, 14, 46), but sometimes only point-like impressed; ventral half of posterior groove of pronotal side crenulate (Figs 13, 45) 3
2 Vein r of fore wing long and slender, at least 5 times longer than wide medially (Fig. 24); pronotum coarsely and densely crenulate posteriorly (Fig. 25); first tergite without long median carina (Fig. 27); [face strongly punctate and tricoloured laterally; clypeus about twice as wide as high hardly protruding ventrally; first metasomal tergite parallel-sided; vein m-cu rather angled with 2-CU1] R. longivena sp. n.
– Vein r of fore wing short and at most about twice as long as wide (Fig. 34); posterior groove of pronotum smooth or finely and sparsely crenulate (Fig. 35); first tergite with long median carina (Fig. 37); [propodeum largely smooth; setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.7 times length of first tergite; clypeus about twice as wide as high, thin apically and evenly protruding; head brownish yellow anteriorly; posterior groove of pronotal side at least dorsally smooth] R. mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963)
3 Mesoscutum of ♀ brownish yellow (Figs 55–56), of ♂ with brownish yellow or brown stripes; vein r of fore wing slenderer and about 3 times longer than its medial width (Fig. 54); area in front of notauli rugose (Fig. 55); metasoma of ♀ with yellow bands (Fig. 53; of ♂ mainly dark brown); vein 1-SR of fore wing 0.4–0.5 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 54); vein 3-SR 1.5–1.6 times as long as vein 2-SR; first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically (Fig. 57); [apical half of parameres yellow; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.6–0.7 times hind tibia and about 2.5 times as long as hind basitarsus (entire exserted sheath about 4 times (= equal to hind tibia)); vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.8–1.0 times as long as vein 1-M; ovipositor sheath lamelliform basally and glabrous] R. pratellae (Weng & Chen, 2005)
– Mesoscutum black or dark chestnut brown (Figs 4, 14, 46); vein r of fore wing wider and about twice as long as its medial width or less (Figs 12, 44); area in front of notauli smooth or punctate (Figs 13, 45); metasoma of ♀ without distinct yellow bands (Figs 11, 43); vein 1-SR of fore wing 0.3–0.4 times as long as vein 1-M (Figs 2, 12, 44); [apical half of parameres dark brown, brown or yellowish; length of eye 3.2–3.3 times temple in dorsal view] 4
4 Medially second and third tergites longitudinally rugulose-striate or aciculate (Fig. 5); vein r of fore wing about twice as long as wide (Fig. 2); first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically (Fig. 5) R. aciculifera sp. n.
– Medially second and third tergites smooth (Figs 15, 47); vein r of fore wing about as long as wide (Figs 12, 44); first tergite less widened apically (Figs 15, 47); [vein 3-SR 1.7–2.0 times as long as vein 2-SR] 5
5 Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.2 times hind tibia and slightly shorter than hind basitarsus (Fig. 21); third and fourth antennal segments of ♀ rather slender (Fig. 16); first metasomal tergite elongate, 1.7–1.9 times longer than its apical width (Fig. 15); hind femur slenderer, 4.5–4.7 times as long as wide (Fig. 21); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 12) R. cracentata sp. n.
– Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.7 times hind tibia and about twice as long as hind basitarsus (Fig. 44); third and fourth antennal segments of ♀ robust (Fig. 52); first metasomal tergite rather stout, 1.2–1.4 times longer than its apical width (Fig. 47); hind femur wider, about 3.7 times as long as wide (Fig. 50); vein m-cu of fore wing rather angled with vein 2-CU1 R. moniliata sp. n.
Figure 1. 

Rhogadopsis aciculifera sp. n., female, holotype, habitus lateral.

Figures 2–10. 

Rhogadopsis aciculifera sp. n., female, holotype. 2 wings 3 mesosoma lateral 4 mesosoma dorsal 5 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 6 head anterior 7 head dorsal 8 hind leg 9 base of antenna 10 head lateral.

Figure 11. 

Rhogadopsis cracentata sp. n., female, holotype, habitus lateral.

Figures 12–22. 

Rhogadopsis cracentata sp. n., female, holotype. 12 wings 13 mesosoma lateral 14 mesosoma dorsal 15 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 16 base of antenna 17 antenna 18 apex of antenna 19 head anterior 20 head dorsal 21 hind leg 22 mandible lateral.

Figures 23. 

Rhogadopsis longivena sp. n., female, holotype.

Figures 24–32. 

Rhogadopsis longivena sp. n., female, holotype. 24 wings 25 mesosoma lateral 26 mesosoma dorsal 27 first-fourth metasomal tergites dorsal 28 base of antenna 29 antenna 30 head anterior 31 head dorsal 32 hind leg.

Figure 33. 

Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer), female, China, Liuba, habitus lateral.

Figures 34–42. 

Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer), female, China, Liuba. 34 wings 35 mesosoma lateral 36 mesosoma dorsal 37 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 38 mandible lateral 39 head anterior 40 head dorsal 41 hind leg 42 antenna.

Figure 43. 

Rhogadopsis moniliata sp. n., female, holotype, habitus lateral.

Figures 44–52. 

Rhogadopsis moniliata sp. n., female, holotype. 44 wings 45 mesosoma lateral 46 mesosoma dorsal 47 propodeum and first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 48 head anterior 49 head dorsal 50 hind leg 10 head lateral 52 base of antenna.

Figure 53. 

Rhogadopsis pratellae (Weng & Chen), female, China, Liupan Mt., habitus lateral.

Figures 54–62. 

Rhogadopsis pratellae (Weng & Chen), female, China, Liupan Mt. 54 wings 55 mesosoma lateral 56 mesosoma dorsal 57 propodeum and first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 58 base of antenna 59 head anterior 60 head dorsal 61 hind leg 62 antenna.

Rhogadopsis aciculifera Chen & van Achterberg, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/81C62748-36DC-49BD-ADD6-78BF0030A075
Figs 1, 2–10

Type material

Holotype, ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., MT1+2, c. 1495 m, 22.vi.4.ix.2015, 32°47'33"N, 106°39'52"E, JL. Tan & C. v. Achterberg”.

Diagnosis

Among the Chinese species of Rhogadopsis with the second and third metasomal tergites striate or aciculate the new species can be separated as follows: from R. dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) by having a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum (absent in R. dimidia), length of eye about 2.5 times temple in dorsal view (about 7 times) and basal half of notauli largely smooth (crenulate). Rhogadopsis sculpta (Chen & Weng, 2005) has the second and third tergites partly superficially striate, a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum and the anterior half of the notauli present on the mesoscutal disc, but has vein 2-SR+M of fore wing slightly shorter than vein m-cu or subequal (distinctly shorter than vein m-cu in R. aciculifera). Rhogadopsis tabidula (Weng & Chen, 2005) and R. sculpturator Li & van Achterberg, 2013, are similar but the new species has the anterior half of the notauli impressed (absent or as a shallow impression on mesoscutal disc in both species), hind femur and tibia similarly ivory as the hind coxa (hind femur and tibia yellow, different from pale hind coxa), vein r of fore wing about twice as long as wide (about as long as wide) and the propodeum without distinct costulae (with distinct costulae).

Description

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.4 mm.

Head. Antenna incomplete, with 16 segments remaining; third segment 1.6 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.6 and 2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 9); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather far separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and setose; face setose, with weak medial elevation, remotely and finally punctate (Fig. 6); width of clypeus 2.1 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus rather flat, straight and thin ventrally (Figs 6, 10); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 6); malar suture wide; length of malar space 0.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with long carina (Fig. 10).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; dorsal pronope large, deep and nearly round; pronotal side glabrous, mainly smooth and only medio-anteriorly crenulate; epicnemial area finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus medium-sized and crenulate (Fig. 3), remain removed from anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; anterior half of notauli present on disc and smooth; mesoscutum largely glabrous, but setose along notaulic courses and laterally; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum large and round (Fig. 4); scutellar sulcus wide and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially, smooth and glabrous; anterior half of propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina and smooth anteriorly, sparsely rugose medially and posteriorly (Fig. 4).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 2): pterostigma elliptical; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.4 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 8:58:92; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 30:49:19; r widened; 1-M and SR1 slightly curved; m-cu and cu-a far postfurcal; 1-SR 0.35 times as long as 1-M; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b medium-sized; apical 0.3 of M+CU sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 2): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 39:20:19; cu-a slightly curved; m-cu vaguely indicated.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.4, 8.4 and 7.5 times as long as wide, respectively; especially hind femur with long setae (Fig. 8).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex and striate, medially with some grooves and minute punctures, dorsal carinae united subbasally (Fig. 5); second (as third) tergite largely striate, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.05 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.09 times fore wing (Fig. 8).

Colour. Black; palpi, metasoma ventrally and legs except dark brown hind tarsus (but basal half of basitarsus yellow) pale yellow or ivory; clypeus and face dorsally orange brown (Fig. 7); mandible (except black teeth), tegulae and veins at base of wings yellow; pterostigma and veins (except basal veins) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Unknown.

Etymology

From “acicula” (Latin for “small pin”), because of the longitudinally rugulose-striate or aciculate second and third metasomal tergites (similar to the fine grooves made with a small pin), and “fera” (Latin for “carry, bear”).

Rhogadopsis cracentata Tan & van Achterberg, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/35BE7207-87FA-48B5-8F7B-BADE474ABD19
Figs 11, 12–22

Type material

Holotype, ♀ (NWUX), “NW. China: Shaanxi, Xunyangba, Ningshan, c. 1300 m, 24.vi.2014, 33°33'N 108°32'E, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”. Paratypes: 1♂ (NWUX), same data as holotype; 1♀ (RMNH), id., but 2.vi.2014; 1♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., c. 1500 m, 16.vi.2011, 32°50'N 106°31'E, Jiangli Tan”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “NW China: Shaanxi, Baolongyu, Qin[ling] Mt[s], c 1000 m, 10.vi.2015, 34°03'N 108°09'E, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”; 1♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, along the road from Huangbaiyuan to Taibai, 33°49'8.56"N, 107°39'38.64"E, 17.vii.2015, Jiangli Tan & Qingqing Tan”; 1♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Nangong Mt. N.G., 32°14'52"N, 109°4'10"E, c. 2250 m, 10.vi.2016, Qingqing Tan”.

Diagnosis

The new species is close to R. moniliata sp. n., for the differences see the diagnosis of this species. It shares with R. infernalis (Fischer, 1966) from the Philippines the first tergite about 1.5 times as long as wide apically, antenna of ♂ with 35–37 segments and a rather short temple (eye 3.2–4.0 times as long as temple in dorsal view, not twice, as is mentioned in the original description, in the paratype examined). Rhogadopsis infernalis has the third antennal segment about twice as long as wide (about 3 times in R. moniliata), the propodeum with some superficial rugae (with complete median carina and costulae), the precoxal sulcus short (long) and the hind femur 3 times as long as wide (about 4.5 times). The length of the ovipositor sheath of R. infernalis is unknown because the type series consists of only males.

Description

♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.6 mm.

Head. Antenna with 32 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.6 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Figs 16, 18); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 3.7 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and glabrous, laterally somewhat elevated; face smooth except punctulation, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 19); width of clypeus 1.7 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus convex, punctate and protruding, slightly curved and thin ventrally (Fig. 19); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 19); malar suture present; length of malar space as long as basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 22).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; dorsal pronope large and wide elliptical; pronotal side glabrous, mainly smooth and only crenulate posteriorly and medio-anteriorly; epicnemial area crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrow and mainly crenulate (Fig. 13), remain removed from anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; notauli present on disc as shallowly depression; mesoscutum largely glabrous, but sparsely setose posteriorly and along notauli; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum rather deep and round (Fig. 14); scutellar sulcus medium-sized and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially, smooth and glabrous, but setose posteriorly and laterally; propodeum with complete medio-longitudinal carina and smooth anteriorly and medially (Fig. 14).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 12): pterostigma wide elliptical; r widened and short; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 5: 69: 100; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 18:34:10; 1-M and SR1slightly curved; cu-a postfurcal; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical 0.3 of M+CU sclerotized. Hind wing: M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 10:10:6; cu-a straight; m-cu nearly absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.6, 8.0, 4.7 times as long as wide, respectively; especially hind femur with long setae (Fig. 21).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.7 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, finely rugose, dorsal carinae united and with short median carina (Fig. 15); second tergite smooth, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.07 times fore wing (Fig. 21).

Colour. Black; clypeus, scapus and pedicellus (except dark brown dorsal side), legs (but hind tarsus and apex of hind tibia brown dorsally), tegulae and veins of base of wing yellow; mandible yellowish brown (except its blackish teeth); palpi ivory; metasoma and ventrally mainly brown; ovipositor sheath, pterostigma and veins (except basal veins) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation

Length of body 2.7–3.3 mm, of fore wing 3.1–3.7 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 31(3) or 32(2) and of ♂ 35(1) or 37(1), length of hind femur 4.5–4.7 times its width; length of first tergite 1.7–1.9 times its apical width, length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and its visible part 0.07–0.10 times fore wing. Parameres of ♂ brown or apical half yellowish.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Unknown.

Etymology

From “cracentis” (Latin for “slender”) because of the slender first metasomal tergite.

Rhogadopsis longivena Chen & van Achterberg, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/BBCD7F03-B6CC-45FA-A018-D543BEA6F3CF
Figs 23, 24–32

Type material

Holotype, ♂ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., MT1+2, c. 1495 m, 22.vi.4.ix.2015, 32°47'33"N, 106°39'52"E, JL. Tan & C. v. Achterberg”.

Diagnosis

The combination of an absence of the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum (Fig. 26), the first metasomal tergite without a long median carina (Fig. 27) and vein r of the fore wing long and slender (at least 5 times longer than wide; Fig. 23) makes this species easy to separate from other known species.

Description

Holotype, ♂, length of body 4.4 mm, and of fore wing 4.2 mm.

Head. Antenna incomplete, 34 segments remaining, third segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.0, 1.9 and 1.8 times their width, respectively (Figs 28–29); maxillary palp 1.3 times as long as height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather far separated from hypostomal carina and carina dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.1 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and setose, laterally punctate and setose; face setose, with weak medial elevation, medially remotely and laterally densely punctate (Fig. 30); width of clypeus 2.1 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus moderately convex, straight and thin ventrally (Fig. 30); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 30); malar suture present; length of malar space 1.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with long carina.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side glabrous, mainly smooth and only medio-anteriorly and posteriorly crenulate; epicnemial area smooth; precoxal sulcus medium-sized and crenulate, remain removed from anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; notauli absent on disc; mesoscutum largely glabrous, but setose along notauli courses; media-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus rather narrow and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially; smooth and setose; propodeum with nearly complete medio-longitudinal carina and partly smooth anteriorly, sparsely rugose medially and with some crenulae posteriorly (Fig. 26).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 24): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 10:31:52; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 20:31:14; r slender and about 5 times longer than wide (Figs 23–24); 1-M and SR1 slightly curved; m-cu antefurcal; cu-a oblique and far postfurcal; first subdiscal cell closed and CU1b short; apical 0.2 of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 24): M+CU:1-M: 1r-m = 14:19:12; cu-a straight; m-cu completely absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 7.8 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae.

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, some grooves and minute punctures, dorsal carinae united and with long median carina; second tergite smooth, with pair of rather large basal depressions; following tergites smooth.

Colour. Black, legs, clypeus and mandible brownish yellow (but teeth black); palpi, coxae, trochanters and trochantelli ivory; hind tarsus and apical half of tibia dark brown; malar space ivory; wing membrane subhyaline; metasoma largely (except T1) and pterostigma dark brown.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Unknown.

Etymology

From “longus” (Latin for “long”) and “vena” (Latin for “vein”) because of the long vein r of the fore wing.

Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963), comb. n.

Figs 33, 34–42

Opius mediocarinatus Fischer, 1963: 297 (examined).

Opius (Lissosema) mediocarinatus ; Fischer 1972: 360–361.

Opius (Psyttalia) mediocarinatus ; Tobias 1998: 611.

Psyttalia mediocarinata ; Tobias 2000: 12.

Type material

Paratype of O. mediocarinatus, ♀ (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest) from Japan (Honshu: Kamikochi) examined.

Additional material

1♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Liuba, Hanzhong Zibai Mt. Nat. Res., N33.66° E106.78°, 5.ix.2015, c. 1627 m, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”; 1♀, “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., MT1+2, c. 1495 m, 22.vi-4.ix.2015, 32°47'33"N, 106°39'52 "E, JL Tan & C. v. Achterberg”; 1 ♀, “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., betw[een] Hongchenxia-Shicheng, c. 1490 m, 21.vi.2015, 32°47'N 106°40'E, JL Tan”.

Diagnosis

The combination of lacking a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum and the slender first metasomal tergite with a long median carina makes this species easy to separate from all other species in China.

Description

Female from Liuba, length of body 3.7 mm, of fore wing 4.1 mm.

Head. Antenna with 39 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.4 and 1.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 42); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina far separated from hypostomal carina and carina dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, with oblique striae and glabrous, laterally punctate and setose; face punctate, medially elevated (Fig. 39); width of clypeus 3.0 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face; clypeus moderately convex, punctate and protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Figs 33, 38); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 39); malar suture absent; length of malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 38).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, only anteriorly and postero-ventrally crenulate; epicnemial area crenulate; precoxal sulcus wide and mainly punctate (Fig. 35), nearly up to anterior margin of mesopleuron; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; notauli absent on disc, only anteriorly with pair of largely narrow and short smooth impressions (Fig. 36); mesoscutum largely glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus rather wide and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially, smooth and glabrous; propodeum with nearly complete irregular medio-longitudinal carina with crenulae and remainder smooth (Figs 36–37).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 34): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.6 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 3:39:60; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 23:40:11; r widened; 1-M nearly straight; SR1 slightly curved; m-cu and cu-a postfurcal; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical 0.2 of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 34): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 22:20:13; cu-a straight; m-cu completely absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 10.0 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 41).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface rather slightly convex medially, finely rugulose, with median carina and with dorsal carinae remaining separated (Fig. 37); second tergite smooth, with pair of large basal depressions; following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.07 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Fig. 41).

Colour. Black; palpi and legs (but tarsi brown) ivory or white; scapus and pedicellus ventrally, mandible (except black teeth), tegulae and head (except dark brown stemmaticum and posterior part of head yellow, but frons and face brownish medially (Fig. 39); wing membrane subhyaline; base and apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; intermediate part of ovipositor sheath and veins of basal half of wing brown; pterostigma and remainder of veins dark brown.

Variation

Length of body 2.9–3.7 mm, of fore wing 3.1–4.1 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 35(1) or 39(1), length of first tergite 1.4–1.5 times its apical width, length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.07–0.10 times fore wing and 0.2–0.3 times hind tibia.

Distribution

China (Fujian, Hunan, *Shaanxi), Far East Russia, Japan, Korea. The record from Spain (Avinent and Jiménez 1987) needs reconfirmation.

Biology

Unknown.

Rhogadopsis moniliata Tan & van Achterberg, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/D3CB76D7-9C18-4E6D-8AF0-882E1DC64631
Figs 43, 44–52

Type material

Holotype, ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Huanghualing Zhashui, 33.76°N, 108.85°E, 24.vii.2015, c 1377 m, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (RMNH), same label data as holotype; 4♀1♂ (NWUX, RMNH), “NW China: Shaanxi, Liping Nat. For. P., MT1+2, c. 1495 m, 22.vi-4.ix.2015, 32°47'33"N, 106°39'52"E, JL Tan & C. v. Achterberg”; 1 ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Baolongyu, Qin[ling] Mt[s], c 1000 m, 10.vi.2015, 34°03'N 108°09'E, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”; 1♀ (NWUX) “NW China: Shaanxi, Qinling Mts, Foping, near Biol[ogical] Stat[ion], Mal[aise] trap, 33°39'29"N, 107°48'25"E, 29.v.19.vi.2016, c 1710 m, JL. Tan & C. v. Achterberg, NWUX”.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to R. cracentata but the setose part of the ovipositor sheath is longer (0.5–0.7 times hind tibia and about twice as long as hind basitarsus versus 0.2 times hind tibia and slightly shorter than hind basitarsus in R. cracentata), the third and fourth antennal segments of the ♀ are robust (Fig. 52; slenderer in R. cracentata), the first metasomal tergite is rather stout (1.2–1.4 times longer than its apical width versus 1.5–1.9 times) and the hind femur is wider (about 3.7 times as long as wide versus 4.5–4.7 times).

It shares with R. infernalis (Fischer, 1966) from the Philippines the robust third antennal segment (being about twice as long as wide), the rather short temple (eye 3.2–4.0 times as long as temple in dorsal view) and the robust hind femur. Rhogadopsis infernalishas the propodeum with some superficial rugae (with complete median carina and costulae in R. cracentata), the precoxal sulcus short (long) and the antenna has about 37 segments (30–34 segments). The length of the ovipositor sheath of R. infernalis is unknown because the type series consists of only males.

Description

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.1 mm, of fore wing 3.3 mm.

Head. Antenna with 33 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.3, 2.1 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 52), maxillary palp as long as height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather far separated from hypostomal carina and carina dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, striae absent, with weak medial elevation and punctulate setose; face punctulate, medially elevated (Fig. 48); width of clypeus 2.4 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face, clypeus moderately convex, protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Fig. 48); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 48); malar suture present; length of malar space 0.8 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, only anteriorly and postero-ventrally crenulate; epicnemial area crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrow and crenulate (Fig. 45), absent anteriorly and posteriorly; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; notauli narrow anteriorly, on disc shallowly impressed and smooth (Fig. 46); mesoscutum largely glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum round and deep (Fig. 46); scutellar sulcus medium-sized and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially; smooth and glabrous medially but laterally with long setae; propodeum with complete regular medio-longitudinal carina and with some crenulae (Fig. 47).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 44): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.7 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 2:17:24; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 13:24:11; r short and widened; 1-M curved; SR1 slightly curved; m-cu postfurcal; first subdiscal cell closed; CU1b medium-sized; apical 0.2 of M+CU1 sclerotized; m-cu rather angled with 2-CU1. Hind wing (Fig. 44): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 24:20:15; cu-a curved; m-cu vaguely indicated.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.7, 7.8 and 4.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with rather long setae.

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex medially, finely rugulose, dorsal carinae united and with short median carina (Fig. 47); second tergite with pair of large basal depressions; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.16 times fore wing and 0.5 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.23 times fore wing (Fig. 44).

Colour. Brownish black or black, face brown dorso-laterally and medio-ventrally; clypeus and mandible brownish yellow; scapus and pedicellus (but outer side partly dark brown), legs (but coxae and trochanters white and apex of hind tibia and hind tarsus dark brown dorsally), tegulae, base of wings and sternites laterally yellow; palpi white; sternites medially brown, pterostigma and veins (except base of wings) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation

Body length of 3.0–3.5 mm and of fore wing 3.3–3.7 mm; antenna of ♀ with 30(1), 31(3), 32(1) or 33(2) segments, antenna of ♂ with 34(1) segments and third segment 2.2 times as long as wide; first tergite 1.2–1.4 times as long as its apical width; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.16–0.20 times fore wing and 0.5–0.7 times hind tibia, entire visible sheath 0.18–0.23 times fore wing; anterior half of notauli hardly or not impressed but present in female from Foping; parameres dark brown; mesosoma partly dark brown or entirely black.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Unknown.

Etymology

From “monile” (Latin for “necklace”) because of the rather necklace-like short antennal segments of the female.

Rhogadopsis pratellae (Weng & Chen, 2005)

Figs 53, 54–62

Opius (Apodesmia) pratellae Weng & Chen in Chen & Weng, 2005: 60–61, 189 (examined).

Rhogadopsis pratellae ; Li et al. 2013: 150.

Type material

Holotype, ♀ (FAFU), “[China:] Fujian, Mt. Wuyi, 2.viii.1988, Jinhua Ge”.

Additional material

2♀4♂(NWUX, RMNH), “NW China: Ningxia, Liupan Mt, Jingyuan Dongshanpo For. Farm, N35°23'26" E106°20'34.27", 4.viii.2015, c 1800 m, Jiangli Tan, NWUX”.

Diagnosis

Rhogadopsis pratellae shares with R. maculosa Li & van Achterberg, 2013, the longer vein 1-SR of the fore wing (0.5 times as long as vein 1-M), vein 3-SR of fore wing about 1.5 times as long as vein 2-SR and first metasomal tergite distinctly widened apically. It differs by having the first metasomal tergite about 1.3 times as long as wide apically (about as long as wide in R. maculosa), the propodeum mainly smooth except for carination (coarsely reticulate), the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum short elliptical or droplet-shaped (elongate), antenna with 29–34 segments (antenna with about 43 segments), area below the pterostigma subhyaline (slightly infuscate) and the anterior half of the notauli developed on the mesoscutal disc (largely absent).

Description

♀ from Liupan Mt., length of body and of fore wing 3.5 mm.

Head. Antenna with 33 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.2, 1.8 and 1.8 times their width, respectively (Figs 58, 62); maxillary palp as long as height of head, labial palp segments slender; occipital carina far separated from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 2.8 times temple; frons shallowly depressed, smooth and glabrous, laterally punctate and setose; face smooth except punctulation, medially elevated (Fig. 59); width of clypeus 2.3 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; clypeus slightly convex, punctate and protruding, straight and thin ventrally (Fig. 59); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 59); malar suture absent, but with a short depression; length of malar space 0.8 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 53).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronope large and round; pronotal side setose, mainly smooth and only crenulate medio-anteriorly; epicnemial area smooth; precoxal sulcus rather narrow and mainly crenulate (Fig. 55), remaining removed from anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; notauli largely present on disc, smooth and only posteriorly absent (Fig. 56); mesoscutum largely glabrous, but sparsely setose posteriorly; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present, droplet-shaped (Fig. 56); scutellar sulcus rather wide and crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially, smooth and glabrous, but setose posteriorly; propodeum with nearly complete medio-longitudinal carina and smooth anteriorly, rugose medially and with some crenulae posteriorly (Fig. 57).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 54): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 ending at wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 5:32:54; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 21:30:8; r rather short and widened; 1-M and SR1 slightly curved; m-cu and cu-a postfurcal; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical 0.3 of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 54): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 20:17:15; cu-a straight; m-cu nearly absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 8.6 and 6.4 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 61).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially, finely striate but medially (except apically) largely rugulose (Fig. 57), without median carina and with dorsal carinae remaining separated, present on basal third of tergite; second tergite with pair of large triangular basal depressions; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.22 times fore wing and 0.7 times hind tibia (Fig. 53); entire exposed sheath 0.28 times fore wing.

Colour. Black or blackish brown; palpi and legs (but telotarsi apically, hind tarsus largely and apical patch of hind tibia dark brown) ivory or pale yellowish; scapus (except dark brown outer side), mandible (except dark brown teeth) and tegulae yellow; remainder of antenna and ovipositor sheath dark brown; head (but dorsal part of head black except near eyes and face latero-ventrally and temple chestnut brown), mesoscutum, scutellum (except posteriorly), pronotum postero-dorsally, mesopleuron antero-dorsally, narrow dorsal transverse stripes of thirdfifth tergites, lateral patches of secondseventh tergites and metasoma ventrally (except basally) yellowish brown (Fig. 53); veins of basal third of wings pale brown (except dark brown C+SC+R); pterostigma and remainder of veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation

Length of body 2.6–3.5 mm, of fore wing 3.0–3.8 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 33(1) or 34(1), of ♂ 30(1), 31(2) or 32(1), length of first tergite 1.2–1.3 times its apical width, length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.20–0.22 times fore wing and 0.6–0.7 times hind tibia; males have mesoscutum and scutellum dark brown except more or less yellowish notaulic area, sometimes mesopleuron partly chestnut brown; males have first tergite similarly sculptured as female or rarely entirely smooth; metasoma of males (except first tergite) more or less dark brown; parameres (except basally) yellow.

Distribution

China (Fujian, *Ningxia).

Biology

Unknown.

Acknowledgements

The second author gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Drs Sergey Belokobylskij and Konstantin Samartsev (Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg) in loaning types and the hospitality of Prof. Dr Jia-Hua Chen, Mr Min-Lin Zheng and Dr Jian-Quan Yang (Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou) to study the Chinese types of Opiinae. The research was supported jointly by the Foundation for Key University Teachers by the Ministry of Education (No. 2011697505), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 31201732, 31572300), the foundation of Shaanxi Educational Committee (No. 11JK0614), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20116101120001), the National Science Foundation for Fostering Talents in Basic Research of NSFC (No. J12100063) and the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education.

References

  • Achterberg C van (1988) Revision of the subfamily Blacinae Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 249: 1–324.
  • Achterberg C van (1990) Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Holarctic Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 64: 1–20.
  • Achterberg C van (1993) Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 283: 1–189.
  • Achterberg C van (2009) Can Townes type Malaise traps be improved? Some recent developments. Entomologische Berichten Amsterdam 69: 129–135.
  • Achterberg C van, Grootaert P, Shaw MR (2010) Chapter 17. Flight interception traps for arthropods. In: Eymann J, Degreef J, Häuser C, Monje JC, Samyn Y, VandenSpiegel D (Eds) Manual on field recording techniques and protocols for All Taxa Biodiversity Inventories and Monitoring. ABC Taxa, Vols 1–2, 423–462.
  • Avinent L, Jiménez R (1987) [Opiinae from the collection of the Zoology Department in the University of Valencia: I. Madrid, Palencia and Segovia (Spain).] Boletin de la Asociacion Española de Entomologia 11: 121–134.
  • Brèthes J (1913) Hymenópteros de la América meridional. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 24: 35–165.
  • Chen J-H, Weng R-Q (2005) Systematic studies on Opiinae of China (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House, Fujian, 269 pp.
  • Fischer M (1963) Über paläarktische Opiinae (Hym., Braconidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 66: 283–305.
  • Fischer M (1972) HymenopteraBraconidae (Opiinae I). (Paläarktische Region). Das Tierreich 91: 1–620.
  • Fischer M (1977) HymenopteraBraconidae (Opiinae II). (Amerika). Das Tierreich 96: 1–1001.
  • Fischer M (1986) Neue Bestimmungsschlüssel für paläarktische Opiinae, neue Subgenera, Redeskriptionen und eine neue Art (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 88/89: 607–662.
  • Fischer M (1987) HymenopteraBraconidae (Opiinae III) - äthiopische, orientalische, australische und ozeanische Region. Das Tierreich 104: 1–734.
  • Li XY, Achterberg C van, Tan JC (2013) Revision of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Hunan (China), including thirty-six new species and two new genera. ZooKeys 268: 1–168. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.268.4071
  • Shenefelt RD (1975) Braconidae, 8. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nov. ed.) 12: 1115–1262.
  • Tobias VI (1998) Alysiinae (Dacnusini) and Opiinae. In: Ler PA (Ed.) Key to the insects of Russian Far East, 4. Neuropteroidea, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera 3, 299–411, 558–655.
  • Tobias VI (2000) New data on subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. Far Eastern Entomologist 83: 1–16.
  • Wharton RA (1987) Changes in nomenclature and classification of some opiine Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89(1): 61–73.
  • Yu DSK, Achterberg C van, Horstmann K (2012) Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Database on flash-drive. http://www.taxapad.com, Ottawa, Ontario.
login to comment